US3792463A - Apparatus for producing graphic images on an image surface - Google Patents

Apparatus for producing graphic images on an image surface Download PDF

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Publication number
US3792463A
US3792463A US00224019A US3792463DA US3792463A US 3792463 A US3792463 A US 3792463A US 00224019 A US00224019 A US 00224019A US 3792463D A US3792463D A US 3792463DA US 3792463 A US3792463 A US 3792463A
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elements
area
pattern elements
pattern
control means
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E Eriksson
O Nilsson
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G1/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with cathode-ray tube indicators; General aspects or details, e.g. selection emphasis on particular characters, dashed line or dotted line generation; Preprocessing of data
    • G09G1/06—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with cathode-ray tube indicators; General aspects or details, e.g. selection emphasis on particular characters, dashed line or dotted line generation; Preprocessing of data using single beam tubes, e.g. three-dimensional or perspective representation, rotation or translation of display pattern, hidden lines, shadows
    • G09G1/08—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with cathode-ray tube indicators; General aspects or details, e.g. selection emphasis on particular characters, dashed line or dotted line generation; Preprocessing of data using single beam tubes, e.g. three-dimensional or perspective representation, rotation or translation of display pattern, hidden lines, shadows the beam directly tracing characters, the information to be displayed controlling the deflection and the intensity as a function of time in two spatial co-ordinates, e.g. according to a cartesian co-ordinate system
    • G09G1/10—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with cathode-ray tube indicators; General aspects or details, e.g. selection emphasis on particular characters, dashed line or dotted line generation; Preprocessing of data using single beam tubes, e.g. three-dimensional or perspective representation, rotation or translation of display pattern, hidden lines, shadows the beam directly tracing characters, the information to be displayed controlling the deflection and the intensity as a function of time in two spatial co-ordinates, e.g. according to a cartesian co-ordinate system the deflection signals being produced by essentially digital means, e.g. incrementally

Definitions

  • An apparatus for producing graphic images on an electronically controlled display surface, the images being subdivided into a plurality of area elements a number of which are filled with pattern elements which give each of said area elements a preselected surface representation.
  • the apparatus is operative to store data defining the contour of successive area elements to be reproduced, along with informaspecifying the pattern density of the respective area element.
  • a control circuit responsive to said stored information operates to determine the position of the first of said pattern elements within the respective area element, and thereafter successively determines the position of the remaining pattern elements within the respective area element.
  • the apparatus further comprises means for modifying the surface representation of each area element by controlling the visual appearance of the pattern elements which fill said area element.
  • This invention relates to an apparatus, especially for use in visual data presentation, for producing graphic images on an image surface, said images comprising a plurality of area elements, each of which is filled with pattern elements in order to obtain a certain surface structure.
  • An apparatus made in accordance with the invention is primarily characterized in that it is provided with means for determining the positions of the symbols in dependence of stored data defining the edge of the respective area element and comprises means for modifying the surface structure of said area elements by controlling the pattern characteristics, such as size, shape, intensity, sharpness, colour, angular direction and density of the pattern elements.
  • Said apparatus which below will be referred to as an area generator, can be arranged to produce images of desired structure by producing them in the form of area elements, each of which is filled with symbols of a certain density and appearance, i.e., size, shape, intensity, sharpness, colour and angular direction of the pattern elements can be individually varied.
  • symbols may for instance consist of parallel lines, dots, and geometrical figures, such as triangles, squares, circles and the like, which make it easier for an observer to perceive the different elements as areas.
  • the area generator can be arranged to produce either a single type of symbol of a predetermined density and appearance or symbols of varying density and appearance. In the latter case i the choice of symbol density etc. can be controlled either by manually operated control means of the area generator or by external information supplied to the generator.
  • FIG. 1 shows, by way of example, a block diagram of an area generator according to one embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 2 shows a number of diagrams illustrating different signals appearing in the area generator as functions of time, when the apparatus is used to generate symbols in the shape of parallel lines.
  • FIG. 3 shows corresponding diagrams when the apparatus is used to generate symbols in the shape of triangles.
  • FIG. 4 and 5 show an area produced by means of the area generator according to FIG. 1, which area is filled with symbols in the shape of parallel lines and triangles, respectively.
  • reference numeral 10 designates a saw tooth voltage generator the output signal of which through a memory 47 is fed on the one hand to a comparator l3 and on the other hand to an adder 44.
  • adder 44 the output voltage from generator 10 is added to a voltage from a pattern element or symbol generator 43.
  • the resulting output from adder 44 is fed on the one hand as vertical deflection voltage to a cathode-ray tube 11, and on the other hand to a comparator 12.
  • Each comparator 12, 13 has two additional inputs. These additional inputs of comparator 12 are each supplied with the output signal from a control voltage source 14 and 15, respectively, while the corresponding inputs of comparator 13 are fed with variable D.C.
  • Reference numeral 18 designates a generator which through an adder 45 delivers the horizontal deflection voltage to cathode-ray tube 11 and reference numeral 19 refers to an intensity controlling circuit connected to the cathoderay tube.
  • the input of generator 18 is connected to the output of a gate circuit 20 having two control inputs and one main signal input.
  • the main signal input of said gate circuit is connected to the output of comparator 13.
  • Reference numeral2l designates a further gate circuit of the same type as gate circuit 20 and having its main signal input connected to the output of comparator l2 and its output connected, on the one hand to one control input of gate circuit 20 and on the other hand to one input of the intensity controlling circuit 19.
  • the output of gate circuit 20 is also connected to the input of a down counter 22.
  • the output of this down counter is coupled, on the one hand to a terminal 23, and on the other hand to one input of an OR-gate 24, having its other input connected to a terminal 25.
  • the output of gate 24 is coupled on the one hand to the second control input of each gate circuit 20 and 21, and on the other hand to a further input of the intensity controlling circuit 19, and finally to one input of each control voltage source 14 and 15, respectively.
  • Reference numeral 26 designates an AND-gate having its one input connected to a terminal 27 and its other input coupled to the output of comparator 13.
  • the output of AND-gate 26 is connected on the one hand to the first control input of gate 21, and on the other hand to a further input of each one of the two control voltage sources 14 and 15, and finally to a register 42.
  • the control voltage sources 14 and 15 are identical and each of them contains two memories or registers 28 and 29, respectively, which are connected each to one digital-analog converter 30 and 31, respectively.
  • the output signal from converter 30 is fed directly to one input of an adder 32, while the output of converter 31 is connected, over an electronic switch 33, to the input of an integrator 34, the output signal of which is supplied to a second input of adder 32.
  • Switch 33 is controlled by the output signals from gates 24 and 26.
  • the output signal from adder 32 is fed to the input of a sampling circuit 35 supplied with trigger pulses from the output of comparator 13.
  • the output signals from the two sampling circuits 35 are fed each to one input of comparator 12.
  • the horizontal deflection voltage generator 18 consists of an adder 36, two memories 37 and 38, and a digital-analog converter 39.
  • Adder 36 has a trigger input fed with the output pulses from gate circuit 20.
  • Adder 36 also has two inputs connected each to one of the two memories 37 and 38, and an output coupled to memory 37.
  • Memory 37 is also connected to the input of converter 39, the output signal of which is added to the output from symbol generator 43 in adder 45.
  • the resulting output from adder 45 forms the horizontal deflection voltage for the cathode-ray tube 11.
  • the intensity controlling circuit 19 comprises a flipflop circuit 40 having a trigger input connected to the output of gate circuit 21. Said flip-flop circuit is arranged to be supplied with the output signal from OR- gate 24 in order to assume a state to cut-off the electron-beam in cathode-ray tube 1 1 before each area generation.
  • the output signal from flip-flop 40 is fed to a control input of a controller 41.
  • a second input of the controller is coupled to the intensity output of the pattern element or symbol generator 43.
  • a third input of the controller is fed from a register 46 storing information relating to desired intensity and colour of the symbols.
  • controller 41 the information from generator 43 and register 46 are compared, and if the grey tone or colour of the pattern element do not correspond to the values stored in register 46, the grey tone or colour is controlled.
  • the output of controller 41 is coupled to the cathode-ray tube 11. If the flip-flop 40 is in a state corresponding to energized electron-beam the output signal from controller 41 will be supplied to the cathoderay tube 1]. Otherwise this signal is blocked and the electron beam is cut-off.
  • Register 42 stores information relating to the desired shape and size of the pattern elements and space between the elements in vertical direction.
  • the inputs of register 42 are connected to the outputs of AND-gate 26 and gate 21, and the output is coupled to symbol generator 43, in which a plurality of pattern elements are stored. It is also possible later on to store new pattern elements in generator 43 which has four outputs.
  • Outputs for horizontal and vertical deflection voltages are connected to adders 44 and 45, respectively, wherein said voltages are added to the outputs from the generators l and 18, respectively, to form the final deflection voltages for the cathode-ray tube 1 1.
  • the third output controls the memory 47, which upon a control signal stores the instantaneous value of the output voltage from generator 10.
  • the fourth output is an intensity output and as mentioned above this output is connected to the controller 19.
  • Reference numeral 51 designates a register storing information relating to variations of the size of the pattern elements.
  • the output from this register is controlled from generator 18 in such a way that the output signal is increased or decreased as a function of the value stored in memory 37 of the generator 18.
  • Each time the generator is stepped forward the output signal from register 51 will increase or decrease dependent on what type of information is stored in the register.
  • the output signal from register 51 is supplied to register 42 in which it controls the information relating to the size of the pattern elements.
  • the symbol generator is fed with a signal defining the size of the pattern element, which signal is dependent on the horizontal deflection voltage from generator 18 and will cause the generator to produce pattern elements of an increasing or decreasing size.
  • register 51 is connected to memory 47 or directly to generator 10.
  • the arrangement is such that area elements reproduced on the screen of the cathode-ray tube will be filled with vertical lines or vertical rows of triangular symbols of a certain density. Any separate reproduction of the edge or periphery of the area does not take place.
  • the apparatus of FIG. 1 is restricted only to the reproduction of trapezoids having their parallel edges extending in vertical directions. Naturally, this includes the marginal case wherein the shortest one of the parallel edges has a negligible length, i.e., the area in question is a triangle.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 show, by way of example, a reproduced area having the shape of a trapezoid and being filled with symbols in the shape of lines and triangles, respectively.
  • the comers of the area are designated P P P and P respectively.
  • the figures also show a coordinate system (X,Y) corresponding to the horizontal and vertical axes of the screen of the cathode-ray tube.
  • the different corners of the area can be defined by means of the following coordinate expressions:
  • the corresponding resetting is caused by a signal from down counter 22.
  • the sawtooth voltage from oscillator 10 is supplied directly to adder 44, i.e., the unit 47 is inactive.
  • the output signals from symbol generator 43 are zero which means that the signal from oscillator 10 is supplied to the cathoderay tube 11.
  • adder 45 also the voltage from generator 18 will be supplied directly to the cathoderay tube 11.
  • values corresponding to the desired area have to be fed to and stored in registers 28, 29, 37, 38, 42, 46, 51 and in down counter 22. Said values can suitably be calculated in a computer, although, in some special cases, it
  • the values Y and A are stored in registers 28 and 29 of voltage source while the corresponding registers 28 and 29 in control voltage source 14 are supplied wtih the values of Y +A and A respectively.
  • the corresponding values of X and D are stored in registers 37 and 38, while the value of L is stored in down counter 22.
  • Register 46 is fed with information relating to colour and intensity of the symbols and register 42 is in this case supplied with information only indicating that an area element is to be reproduced whereupon it disconnects the symbol generator 43, as only parallel lines are to be reproduced.
  • a starting signal u supplied to terminal 27.
  • This signal can suitably consist of a DC. voltage which is applied during a short period of time.
  • the starting signal is fed to one input of AND-gate 26, theother input of which is connected to the output of comparator 13 as mentioned above.
  • the output signal a from comparator 13 has the shape of equally spaced short pulses which serve as synchronization pulses. Such a pulse is generated each time the vertical deflection voltage u from generator 10 passes any of the existing values U and U respectively, for the output voltages 11,, and L4,; from D.C. voltage sources 16 and 17.
  • the first subsequent synchronizing pulse from comparator 13 will cause an output signal from AND-gate 26 opening gate circuit 21 which has previously been closed.
  • the output signal from AND- gate 26 also serves as a control signal for the two switches 33 in the control voltage sources 14 and 15, whereby said switches close the connections between the respective digital-analog converters 31 and integrators 34.
  • the output signal u from comparator 13 activates also the two sampling circuits 35 which serve as signal sources for comparator 12 and produce the output signals u and u respectively, the initial values of which have been designated Uy +A and Uy respectively, in FIG. 2.
  • the integrator 34 can for instance be of a capacitive type, i.e., its function can be based on the charging of an RC circuit.
  • the output voltage from such an integrator will, when a DC. voltage is applied to the input, vary from the initial zero value and asymptotically approach the value of the applied voltage.
  • As the output voltage from the integrator follows an exponential function it is, when said voltage is intended to represent a straight line, viz. one of the two dashed edge lines of the trapezoid shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, possible to use only the first portion of the voltage curve.
  • the size of the part of the exponential curve that can be utilized is determined by the permitted deviation from a pure linearity. The above circumstances mean that the digital analog converters 31 which feed the integrators 34 have to deliver output voltages which have been amplified to a sufficient degree.
  • the sampling circuits 35 are such that each time they are supplied with a trigger pulse from comparator 13, they will instantaneously sense and store the resulting value formed in the respective adder 32.
  • the resulting output voltage u and u respectively, from each one of the two sampling circuits 35 will thus be a step function according to FIG. 2.
  • gate circuit 21 is open and gate circuit 20 is closed, the electron beam is cut-0K and the integrators have started.
  • the next following moment is initiated when the vertical deflection voltage u,, i.e., the output voltage from generator 10, passes any of the levels representing the instantaneous values of the output signals 14,, and a respectively, from the sampling circuits 35.
  • comparator 12 is caused to deliver a pulse u which through gate circuit 2, now open, passes on the one hand to gate circuit 20 and opens said gate circuit, and on the other hand to flip-flop circuit 40 causing this circuit to shift to a position for brightening the electron beam of the cathoderay tube 11.
  • gate circuits 20 and 21 are both open, the electron beam is energized, the horizontal deflection of said beam is proportional to the value X and its brightness and colour are determined from the values in register 42 which are fed to the controller 41.
  • the electron beam will now, during the next period, move vertically upwards or downwards until the vertical deflection voltage reaches the other one of the two levels defined by signals u and a In this moment comparator 12 will generate a new output pulse which causes flip-flop circuit 40 to shift to a position for cutting-off the electron beam.
  • the output signal from controller 41 has in FIG. 2 been designated u,.
  • the next change in the conditions of the different circuits is caused when the vertical deflection voltage assumes a value corresponding to the output voltage u, or u from any of the two DC.
  • voltage sources 16 and 17 which are set so that u, u and u u and so that the pulse spacing between the synchronizing pulses u from comparator 13 remains constant.
  • the pulse now delivered from comparator 13 is transmitted on the one hand to AND-gate 26, and on the other hand to the two sampling circuits 35, and finally also through gate circuit 20 to down counter 22 and adder 36.
  • AND-gate 26 does not cause any change in the conditions of the other circuits as switch 33 and gate circuit 21 are already open.
  • the pulse fed to gate circuit 20 from comparator 13 instead causes a change of the condition of down counter 22 as well as of the horizontal deflection generator 18.
  • the described process is then cyclically repeated until down counter 22 reaches the zero value, at which time the down counter delivers a pulse to OR-gate 24 to close gate circuits and 21 and shift the position of circuit 40.
  • Said pulse from down counter 22 is also fed to terminal 23 wherefrom it can be transmitted to any suitable means for indicating that the reproduction of the area in question has been completed. New values can then be fed into memories 28, 29, 37, 38, 42, 46 and 51 and into down counter 22 whereupon the reproduction of another area can be initiated.
  • the illustrated arrangement can be used for producing other areas than trapezoids and triangles. These areas should then be divided into a number of subareas of the above kind, the division into subareas being made so as to satisfy the desired accuracy requirements. Moreover, the arrangement can easily be modified so that the areas will be reproduced filled with horizontal lines instead of vertical lines. Through pulse modulation of the intensity controlling signal one can also obtain dashed lines instead of full lines. The width of the lines can be varied on the one hand by changing the intensity and the focusing of the electron beam, and on the other hand by noise modulation of the horizontal deflection.
  • the area element can be reproduced utilizing other types of symbols as mentioned above. Below, the function of the apparatus will be described when it is used for reproducing area elements filled with triangular symbols arranged in vertical rows, reference being made to FIGS. 3 and 5.
  • the area generator works generally as in the example above but with some exceptions. Information is stored in registers 28, 29, 37, 38, 42, 46 and 51 and in the down counter 22. Symbol generator 43 which in the previous example has been inactive will now be active as register 42 indicates that the symbols shall be in the shape of triangles, i.e., not lines.
  • a ready signal u is supplied to symbol generator 43.
  • the generator 43 delivers a signal u, to the memory 47 indicating that the instantaneous value of the voltage u,, from oscillator 10 shall be stored and supplied to adder 44.
  • the output signal u,, from memory 47 is shown in FIG. 3.
  • the signal u shows the voltage supplied to the cathode-ray tube 11.
  • signal u I is increasing and reaches its maximal amplitude after one time-unit, during which period signal u' has remained on zero level. Accordingly, a horizontal line forming the base of the triangle is drawn.
  • Register 42 comprises a controlled time-delay circuit which after a predetermined time period causes a new pattern element to be reproduced.
  • the following symbols are reproduced in the same way as the first. But when the instantaneous value of the voltage from oscillator 10 becomes so high, see the signals defining the second pattern element in FIG. 3, that the deflection voltage from adder 44 will be higher than the value a when signal u, reaches its maximal value, comparator 12 will deliver a signal through gate 21 to controller 19 in order to cut-off the intensity signal.
  • the electron beam in the cathode-ray tube 1 1 is cut-off and will not be reenergized until the value of signal u, is decreased to a value such that the output signal from adder 44 is lower than u
  • comparator 12 which delivers a ready signal to intensity regulator 19.
  • the symbol will be truncated in such a way that the final area element will follow the imaginary boundary line as near as possible.
  • the invention is not restricted to the embodiment above described and illustrated in the drawings. Especially, it should be noted that the arrangement can be such that it can be used for producing other areas than those which similar to trapezoids and triangles have straight edge lines. Moreover, the area generation can be obtained by other means than cathode-ray tubes or the like. Thus, it is for instance possible to use light-beams which by suitable control means are caused to move according to a desired pattern on a photographic film or the like.
  • An apparatus for producing graphic images which are subdivided into a plurality of area elements a number of which area elements are filled with pattern elements in order to obtain for each of said area elements a preselected surface representation comprising an electronically controlled display surface, register means for storing data defining the peripheral contour of successive area elements to be reproduced on said display surface, means for successively filling selected ones of said area elements with pattern elements of preselected configuration, said last-named means including density defining means for establishing the pattern element density to be produced in a selected one of said area elements, coordinate control means jointly responsive to the contour data in said register means and to said density defining means for determining the coordinate position of the first of said pattern elements within said selected area element on said display surface and for thereafter automatically determining the successively different coordinate positions of each of the remaining pattern elements to be filled into said selected area element, display control means responsive to said coordinate control means for successively reproducing said patterns at said successively determined coordinate positions, and visual control means for selectively modifying the surface representation of said each of said area elements by controlling a pre
  • An apparatus in accordance with claim 1, comprising means for varying the characteristics of the pattern elements within the area elements in dependence of the positions of the pattern elements within said area elements.
  • An apparatus in accordance with claim 1, comprising means for supplying a completion signal after each complete generation of an area element to bring the apparatus into a ready state for receiving information about a new area element.
  • said visual 'e'dntrol means includes means operative to control the size of each of said pattern elements.
  • said visual control means includes means operative to control the intensity of each of said pattern elements.
  • said visual control means includes means operative to control the shape of each of said pattern elements.
  • said visual control means includes means operative to control the sharpness of each of said pattern elements.
  • said visual control means includes means operative to control the colour of each of said pattern elements.
  • said visual control means includes means operative to control the angular orientation of each of said pattern elements.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Image Generation (AREA)
  • Controls And Circuits For Display Device (AREA)
  • Video Image Reproduction Devices For Color Tv Systems (AREA)
US00224019A 1968-10-24 1972-02-07 Apparatus for producing graphic images on an image surface Expired - Lifetime US3792463A (en)

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SE14432/68A SE341284B (fr) 1968-10-24 1968-10-24

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US (1) US3792463A (fr)
DE (1) DE1953725A1 (fr)
FR (1) FR2021506A1 (fr)
GB (1) GB1292327A (fr)
SE (1) SE341284B (fr)

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3893100A (en) * 1973-12-20 1975-07-01 Data Royal Inc Variable size character generator with constant display density method
US3941925A (en) * 1975-03-10 1976-03-02 Sarkes Tarzian, Inc. Digital soft edge video transition system
US4225940A (en) * 1978-10-02 1980-09-30 Tektronix, Inc. Oscilloscope system for acquiring, processing, and displaying information
US4297693A (en) * 1976-06-21 1981-10-27 Texas Instruments Incorporated Apparatus for displaying graphics symbols
US4566038A (en) * 1981-10-26 1986-01-21 Excellon Industries Scan line generator
US4614941A (en) * 1982-10-10 1986-09-30 The Singer Company Raster-scan/calligraphic combined display system for high speed processing of flight simulation data
US6545686B1 (en) 1997-12-16 2003-04-08 Oak Technology, Inc. Cache memory and method for use in generating computer graphics texture

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4678969A (en) * 1983-06-22 1987-07-07 Raytheon Company Pseudo-raster weather display apparatus

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3422419A (en) * 1965-10-19 1969-01-14 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Generation of graphic arts images
US3441789A (en) * 1968-01-12 1969-04-29 Lee Harrison Means and method for generating shadows and shading for an electronically generated display
US3603963A (en) * 1967-12-29 1971-09-07 Texas Instruments Inc Seismic format generator

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3422419A (en) * 1965-10-19 1969-01-14 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Generation of graphic arts images
US3603963A (en) * 1967-12-29 1971-09-07 Texas Instruments Inc Seismic format generator
US3441789A (en) * 1968-01-12 1969-04-29 Lee Harrison Means and method for generating shadows and shading for an electronically generated display

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3893100A (en) * 1973-12-20 1975-07-01 Data Royal Inc Variable size character generator with constant display density method
US3941925A (en) * 1975-03-10 1976-03-02 Sarkes Tarzian, Inc. Digital soft edge video transition system
US4297693A (en) * 1976-06-21 1981-10-27 Texas Instruments Incorporated Apparatus for displaying graphics symbols
US4225940A (en) * 1978-10-02 1980-09-30 Tektronix, Inc. Oscilloscope system for acquiring, processing, and displaying information
US4566038A (en) * 1981-10-26 1986-01-21 Excellon Industries Scan line generator
US4614941A (en) * 1982-10-10 1986-09-30 The Singer Company Raster-scan/calligraphic combined display system for high speed processing of flight simulation data
US6545686B1 (en) 1997-12-16 2003-04-08 Oak Technology, Inc. Cache memory and method for use in generating computer graphics texture

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FR2021506A1 (fr) 1970-07-24
SE341284B (fr) 1971-12-20
GB1292327A (en) 1972-10-11
DE1953725A1 (de) 1970-04-30

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