US3786314A - Regulating arrangement for solenoid valves and the like - Google Patents

Regulating arrangement for solenoid valves and the like Download PDF

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Publication number
US3786314A
US3786314A US00268637A US3786314DA US3786314A US 3786314 A US3786314 A US 3786314A US 00268637 A US00268637 A US 00268637A US 3786314D A US3786314D A US 3786314DA US 3786314 A US3786314 A US 3786314A
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Prior art keywords
solenoid
current
voltage
threshold value
arrangement
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US00268637A
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English (en)
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W Misch
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16K—VALVES; TAPS; COCKS; ACTUATING-FLOATS; DEVICES FOR VENTING OR AERATING
    • F16K31/00—Actuating devices; Operating means; Releasing devices
    • F16K31/02—Actuating devices; Operating means; Releasing devices electric; magnetic
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/20—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/20—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils
    • F02D2041/2017—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils using means for creating a boost current or using reference switching
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/20—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils
    • F02D2041/202—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils characterised by the control of the circuit
    • F02D2041/2058—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils characterised by the control of the circuit using information of the actual current value

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT An arrangement for regulating the current flow in the solenoid of an electromagnetically actuated mechanism, particularly a high-speed solenoid valve, of the type requiring a higher activating current to effect movement of the armature from a first to a second position and a lower holding current to maintain the armature in such second position.
  • the arrangement includes a power supply connected to the solenoid, a switch for initiating the build-up of current in the solenoid and a control arrangement responsive to the solenoid current and operative for maintaining the voltage across the solenoid substantially constant until the solenoid current reaches a predetermined threshold value.
  • the control arrangement furtherincludes a current-regulating arrangement operative after said threshold value has been reached for maintaining the solenoid current at a holding value lower than said threshold value.
  • the invention relates to the energization of solenoids of electromagnetically actuated mechanisms, and most particularly solenoid valves.
  • the invention relates to the energization of high-speed solenoid valves of the type requiring a higher activating current to effect opening of the valve and a lower holding current to maintain the valve open.
  • solenoid valves and the like It is desirable in the operation of solenoid valves and the like to supply to the solenoid a current no larger than actually necessary for proper operation of the mechanism. Ideally, it is desirable to supply an activating current no higher than necessary to effect valve opening, for instance, and a holding current no higher than actually required to keep the valve open.
  • the reduction of the solenoid current to these minimum necessary values is a matter of economy.
  • the solenoid current is significantly in excess of that actually needed, additional heat is generated and the dissipation of such additional heatvis troublesome in many situations, for instance in the engine of a vehicle.
  • the additional heat generation can have an adverse effect on the vehicle electrical system, and particularly those components which actually carry the solenoid current. Variations in component values may even constitute interference signals interfering with proper timing of the valve operations.
  • an arrangement for regulating the current flow in the solenoid of an electromagnetically actuated mechanism, particularly a high-speed solenoid valve, of the type requiring a higher activating current to effect movement of the armature from a first to a second position and a lower holding current to maintain the armature in such sec- 0nd position includes a power supply connected to the solenoid, switch means for initiating the build-up of current in the solenoid, and control means responsive to the solenoid current and operative for maintaining the voltage across the solenoid substantially constant until the solenoid current reaches a predetermined threshold value.
  • the arrangement further include current-regulating means operative after such threshold value has been reached for maintaining the solenoid current at a holding value lower than said threshold value.
  • FIG. I is a generalized block diagram of an arrangement for controlling the solenoid current in an electromagnetically actuated mechanism
  • FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of one such arrangement
  • FIG. 3 is a timing diagram of the operation of the circuit of FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 1 is a generalized block diagram of an arrangement according to the invention.
  • a power supply U is connected across positive supply line 91 and ground line 92.
  • Connected across the power supply is a series connection of three components, namely, the solenoid of a solenoid valve, the collector-emitter path of a power transistor contained in an output stage 20, and a series resistor 41 whose purpose'will become evident later.
  • the voltage across resistor 41 corresponds to the solenoid current and is applied, via voltage divider 40, across the input of a current-monitoring circuit 50 which is operative after the solenoid current has reached a certain threshold value.
  • a feedback-signal amplifier 30 controls the conductivity of the power transistor in unit 20, and is adapted to amplify a feedback signal corresponding to the solenoid voltage.
  • a constant current source 60 serves to bias the series resistor 41. Switch E initiates the build-up of solenoid current. The relationships between these components will become clearer from a consideration of the specific example of FIG. 2.
  • the circuit of FIG. 2 is merely exemplary. Basically, the circuit has four parts: the solenoid 70 of a solenoid valve, a voltage supply U switch means 10 for initiating the build-up of solenoid current and for thereafter terminating the solenoid current, and a control means comprising units 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60.
  • Unit is an output power stage including a power transistor 22 whose collector-emitter path is connected in the current path of solenoid 70.
  • the base of power transistor 22 is controlled from the emitter of preliminary transistor 21 whose emitter current flows through resistors 24 and 25, and whose input circuit includes a resistor 23.
  • the base of transistor 21 constitutes the input to the power stage 20.
  • the base voltage of transistor 21 varies, the base voltage of transistor 22 will vary, the conductivity of transistor 22 will vary, and accordingly the effective resistance in series with the solenoid coil 70 will vary.
  • the output resistance of transistor 22 will be kept low, in a manner to be described, so as to permit the fastest possible build-up of solenoid current.
  • Unit constitutes feedback-signal and amplifying means, and includes a feedback-signal amplifying transistor 33 whose emitter-collector path is connected between ground line 92 and, via high-voltage diode 34, with the input (base of transistor 21) of power unit 20.
  • the base-emitter junction of transistor 33 is shunted by resistor 35, and a Zener diode 32 is connected between the base of transistor 33 and the cathode of diode 31.
  • unit 30 serves to amplify feedback signals of two different types to be described later. It will be clear, for example, that as the base voltage of transistor 33 rises, its collector-emitter voltage will fall; the decreased collector-emitter voltage produces a decrease in the base voltage of preliminary transistor 21, a lowered conductivity of transistor 21, and thus a lower base voltage and lower conductivity of power transistor 22. The complete operation will be described below.
  • Unit 10 is a simple switch comprising switching transistor 12, and biasing resistors 11, 13 and 14. When switching transistor 12 is OFF, its collectoremitter voltage is great, its collector voltage is thus close quite low, and transistors 21, 22 will be OFF.
  • Unit 40 is a voltage divider whose function will become clearer below.
  • the base-emitter circuit of current-monitoring transistor 56 is connected across series resistor 41, via diode 44 and resistor 42 of voltage divider 40. As the solenoid current varies, the voltage drop across series resistor 41 varies, and so also varies the base-emitter bias of current-monitoring transistor 56.
  • the resistance value of series resistor 41 is so chosen that when the solenoid current reaches a predetermined threshold value, the voltage applied by resistor 41 to the input circuit of transistor 56 will be sufficient to render transistor 56 conductive; conversely, when the solenoid current is lower than such threshold value, transistor 56 is OFF.
  • Current-monitoring circuit 50 also includes a second transistor 51, sharing the emitter resistor 52 of transistor 56, and having a base biased from the tap of a voltage divider composed of resistor 53, diode 55 and resistor 54.
  • second transistor 51 will be discussed after the basic operation has been explained.
  • Unit 60 is a constant current source including a transistor 61 having an emitter resistor 62 and a base connected to the input of output stage 20 via capacitor 63. It is the purpose of capacitor 63 to suppress stray voltage signals.
  • the fixed-magnitude current flowing through the collector-emitter path of transistor 61 flows to ground line 92 from higher-voltage line 91. The flow of this fixed-magnitude current is chiefly through series resistor 41, and to a much lesser extent through the base-emitter junction of currentmonitoring transistor 56.
  • Constant current source 60 is adjustable by way of adjustable resistor 62 and serves to adjustably establish the threshold value of solenoid current which will render transistor 56 conductive. That is, constant-current source 60 establishes a flow of current through, and thus a voltage drop across, components 41, 42, 44 even when the solenoid current is practically zero. Thus, the additional solenoid current through resistor 41 needed to turn transistor 56 ON, is less than if no biasing current flowed through components 41, 42, 44 from constant current source 60.
  • transistor switch 12 is OFF, the collectoremitter voltage of transistor 12 is great, the collector voltage of transistor 12 is low, the base voltage of transistor 21 is low, and transistors 21, 22 are OFF.
  • the solenoid current 1' the solenoid voltage U and thus the feedback signal U are all zero.
  • Switching transistor 12 is rendered conductive, and the base voltage of transistor 21 rises sharply, so that transistor 21 and thereby transistor 22 are rendered conductive.
  • switch 12 when switch 12 is rendered conductive,
  • the solenoid voltage is very low, the base voltage of transistor 33 is low, its collector voltage is therefore high, the base voltage of transistor 21 is high, and the base voltage of transistor 22 is very high, so as to maintain a low collector-emitter voltage despite the flow of only low solenoid current.
  • the solenoid current builds up, the collector-emitter voltage of transistor 22 tends to decrease, and the solenoid voltage U,,, tends slightly to decrease, tending to increase the conductivity of transistor 33 and decreasing the base voltage on transistor 22.
  • the solenoid current builds-up, the base voltage of transistor 22 shifts in a sense maintaining the solenoid voltage U constant at voltage level 101. Since the solenoid voltage U is fixed during this time, the feedback signal U proportional to the solenoid voltage, will also be fixed. This is evident in FIG. 3.
  • the solenoid voltage U is fixed, the sole noid current rises linearly, until it reaches a value 103 sufficient to effect armature movement.
  • the plateau in the rise of i corresponds to the period of no increase of stored magnetic energy, because the energy furnished from the battery U,, is dissipated as work in moving the armature.
  • the current i continues to rise until it reaches a predetermined threshold value 104. At this point, the total voltage drop across resistor 41 (solenoid current plus constant current from source 60) plus the voltage drop across components 44, 42 (due to current from source 60) renders current-monitoring transistor 56 conductive.
  • transistor 56 When transistor 56 goes ON, its collector-emitter voltage decreases and the feedback signal U rises a small amount to a new level 105 (FIG. 3) sufficient to back-bias coupling diode 26. With diode 26 nonconductive, the voltage-stabilizing feedback network is broken, because now a voltage proportional to solenoid voltage U can not be transmitted via diode 26 to the base of feedback-signal amplifying transistor 33.
  • transistor 56 remains ON, because the sharp drop of U which occurs due to the sharp increase in collectoremitter voltage of transistor 22, results in a lowered voltage at the cathode of diode 26, and thus in an increase in the total voltage across the voltage divider composed of components 41, 42, 44, 43. Accordingly the voltage at the cathode of diode 44 is lowered, and the base-emitter junction of transistor 56 is not backbiased as a result of the sharp decrease of the voltage drop across resistor 41.
  • the magnitude of holding current 109 depends on the dimensioning of resistors 41, 42, 43 and on the current associated with transistor 61.
  • the circuit of FIG. 2 exhibits current regulation of the solenoid current, as opposed to the previous regulation of the solenoid voltage.
  • the regulation of solenoid current serves to maintain the total ampere-turns of the solenoid constant, despite the very considerable temperature-dependent variations of solenoid ohmic resistance.
  • components 20, 40, 50 and 60 now form second feedback means, which serve to apply a solenoid-current-dependent feedback signal to the input (anode of 31) of feed-back-signal amplifying unit 30.
  • units 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 together now constitute current regulating means.
  • any tendency of solenoid current i to decrease below holding value 109 will result in a decreased voltage across resistor 41, a decreased conductivity of transistor 56, a decreased feedback signal U (corresponding to the solenoid current decrease), an increased collector voltage of transistor 33, an increased base voltage of transistor 22, a lowered collector-emitter voltage of transistor 22, and a stabilizing increase of solenoid current to counteract the solenoid current decrease.
  • a similar feedback will render transistor 22 less conductive, and effect a compensating decrease of the solenoid current.
  • the predetermined threshold value 104 is higher than the solenoid current 103 necessary for actual armature activation, in order to ensure the quickest possible opening of the valve.
  • the current-monitoring unit 50 aside from determining when the threshold value has been reached and aside from applying to the input of unit 30 a currentdependent feedback signal, also serves to some extent to stabilize the circuit against variations in the power supply U Such compensation results from the similar dimensioning of voltage divider 53, 54, 55 and voltage divider 42, 43, 44.
  • the emitter and base voltage of transistor 56 will vary in the same sense, so that the base-emitter voltage of transistor 56 will tend to vary only with the changed voltage drop across resistor 41.
  • solenoid 70 because of such stabilization, will be maintained at the optimum value despite changes in the supply voltage; this is in contrast to the prior art, where the solenoid energization varied with varying supply voltage by a very significant factor, and where accordingly the circuit design had to be established on a worst-case basis.
  • switching transistor 12 is turned OFF, which immediately turns preliminary transistor 21 and power transistor 22 OFF.
  • the solenoid current i immediately drops to zero, and the sudden decrease of solenoid current induces a negative-going spike 111 in the solenoid voltage U
  • the turning OFF of switch 12 and the consequent turning OFF of transistor 56 reduce the feedback signal U to zero, as seen at 113 in FIG. 3.
  • High voltage diodes 26 and 34 serve as protection at this time against voltage spikes.
  • FIG. 2 It is specifically contemplated to build the arrangement of FIG. 2 in integrated-circuit form, and care was taken in the design of FIG. 2 to provide a circuit configuration which could make use of ohmic resistors having resistance values of no higher than about 50,000 ohms.
  • an arrangement for regulating the current flow in said solenoid comprising a power supply connected to said solenoid; switch means connected to said power supply and connected to said solenoid and operative for initiating a build-up of current in said solenoid; and control means responsive to the solenoid current and operative for stabilizing the voltage across said solenoid until the solenoid current reaches a predetermined threshold value, said control means comprising a negative-feedback loop including controllable impedance means connected in circuit with said power supply and said solenoid and carrying at least a portion of the current flowing through said solenoid, feedback-signal amplifier means having an output connected to said control
  • control means further includes current-regulating means operative after said threshold value has been reached for maintaining the solenoid current at a holding value lower than said threshold value.
  • control means includes current monitoring means for detecting when the solenoid current reaches said threshold value.
  • controllable impedance means comprises a powertransistor having a collector-emitter path connected in the current path of the solenoid, and wherein the solenoid and said collector-emitter path are together connected across said power supply, whereby changes in the collector-emitter voltage of said power transistor will result in opposite changes of the voltageacross the solenoid.
  • control means includes current-regulating means operative after said threshold value has been reached for maintaining the solenoid current at a holding value lower than said threshold value, and wherein said current-regulating means includes negative feedback means for applying to the base of said power transistor a voltage corresponding to the solenoid current.
  • control means includes current monitoring means for detecting when the solenoid current reaches said threshold value.
  • said means for applying to the input of said feedbacksignal amplifier means a negative-feedback signal dependent upon the voltage across said solenoid is operative only until the solenoid current has reached said predetermined threshold value
  • said control means further includes means operative after the solenoid current has reached said predetermined threshold value for applying to said input of said feedback-signal amplifier means a negative-feedback signal dependent upon the solenoid current, to form another negative-feedback loop serving to effect variations in the impedance of said controllable impedance means in a sense counteracting deviations of the solenoid current from a predetermined holding value lower than said predetermined threshold value.
  • An arrangement for regulating the current flow in the solenoid of an electromagnetically actuated mechanism, particularly a highspeed solenoid valve, of the type requiring a higher activating current to effect movement of the armature from a first to a second position and a lower holding current to maintain the armature in such second position comprising, in combination, a power supply connected to the solenoid; switch means for initiating a build-up of current in the solenoid; and control means responsive to the solenoid current and operative for maintaining the voltage across the solenoid substantially constant until the solenoid current reaches a predetermined threshold value, said control means comprising a power transistor having a collector-emitter path connected in the current path of the solenoid, and the solenoid and said collector-emitter path being together connected across said power supply, so that changes in the collectoremitter voltage of said power transistor will result in opposite changes of the voltage across the solenoid, said control means further including first negative feedback means for applying to the base of said power transistor a voltage corresponding to the
  • control means includes voltage divider means whose tap is connected to the base of said currentmonitoring transistor and which has a first resistance portion connected between said tap and the output of said power transistor and a second resistance portion including said series resistor as well as a diode and a further resistor connected between said tap and one terminal of said series resistor, and wherein the component values of the components of said voltage divider means determine the ratio between said threshold value and said lower holding value of solenoid current.
  • control means includes constant-current source means for establishing a flow of biasing current through said series resistor and thereby establishing said threshold value by establishing the additional solenoid current necessary to cause said series resistor to render conductive said current-monitoring transistor.
  • an arrangement for regulating the current flow in said solenoid comprising a power supply connected to said solenoid; switch means connected to said power supply and to said solenoid and operative for initiating a build-up of current in said solenoid; first negative-feedback stabilizing means operative during build-up of solenoid current and until such current reaches a predetermined threshold value for maintaining the voltage across said solenoid substantially constant at a predetermined value; and second negative-feedback stabilizing means operative after the solenoid current has reached said threshold value thereafter maintaining the solenoid current substantially constant at a holding value lower than said threshold value.
  • an arrangement for regulating the current flow in said solenoid comprising a power supply connected to said solenoid; switch means connected to said power supply and to said solenoid and operative for initiating a build-up of current in said solenoid; and negative-feedback stabilizing means connected to said power supply and connected to said solenoid and operative after the solenoid current has built up to a predetermined threshold value for thereafter maintaining the solenoid current substantially constant at a holding value lower than said threshold value.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Magnetically Actuated Valves (AREA)
US00268637A 1971-07-01 1972-07-03 Regulating arrangement for solenoid valves and the like Expired - Lifetime US3786314A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

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DE19712132717 DE2132717A1 (de) 1971-07-01 1971-07-01 Ansteuerschaltung fuer magnetventile hoher schaltgeschwindigkeit, insbesondere einer hydraulischen stelleinrichtung

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CH (1) CH552134A (de)
DE (1) DE2132717A1 (de)
FR (1) FR2145221A5 (de)
GB (1) GB1371579A (de)

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US4040397A (en) * 1974-09-09 1977-08-09 Regie Nationale Des Usines Renault Control of electromagnetic fuel injectors in internal combustion engines
US4048665A (en) * 1974-12-20 1977-09-13 Honeywell Information Systems Italia Driver circuit for printer electromagnet
FR2345595A1 (fr) * 1976-03-26 1977-10-21 Bosch Gmbh Robert Installation pour la commande, avec un courant regle, d'organes de manoeuvre electromagnetiques
US4059844A (en) * 1976-06-04 1977-11-22 Ncr Corporation Solenoid driver circuit
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US4214290A (en) * 1976-03-19 1980-07-22 Sevcon Limited Control circuit for electromagnetically operated contactor
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US5999396A (en) * 1995-02-24 1999-12-07 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Circuit for driving a contactor
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Cited By (45)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4417201A (en) * 1971-04-01 1983-11-22 The Bendix Corporation Control means for controlling the energy provided to the injector valves of an electrically controlled fuel system
USRE31391E (en) * 1971-10-04 1983-09-20 Motorola, Inc. Voltage and current regulator with automatic switchover
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE2132717A1 (de) 1973-01-18
GB1371579A (en) 1974-10-23
CH552134A (de) 1974-07-31
FR2145221A5 (de) 1973-02-16

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