US3783938A - Disturbing device and heat exchanger embodying the same - Google Patents

Disturbing device and heat exchanger embodying the same Download PDF

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Publication number
US3783938A
US3783938A US00216925A US3783938DA US3783938A US 3783938 A US3783938 A US 3783938A US 00216925 A US00216925 A US 00216925A US 3783938D A US3783938D A US 3783938DA US 3783938 A US3783938 A US 3783938A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
tube
set forth
wings
turbulence
longitudinally
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Expired - Lifetime
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US00216925A
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English (en)
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A Chartet
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Chausson Usines SA
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Chausson Usines SA
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/00321—Heat exchangers for air-conditioning devices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
    • F28D1/04—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits
    • F28D1/053—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight
    • F28D1/0535—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight the conduits having a non-circular cross-section
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
    • F28F1/12—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element
    • F28F1/126—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element consisting of zig-zag shaped fins
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
    • F28F13/06—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by affecting the pattern of flow of the heat-exchange media
    • F28F13/12—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by affecting the pattern of flow of the heat-exchange media by creating turbulence, e.g. by stirring, by increasing the force of circulation

Definitions

  • a heat exchanger comprises at least one tube containing at least one flow directing turbulence member disposed longitudinally therein and comprising a thin metal strip having at least one row of longitudinally spaced wings struck angularly therefrom and extending in the same direction longitudinally, said wings each having an aperture'therein and being disposed at an obtuse angle alternately on opposite sides of the strip and resiliently engaging the inner wall of the tube.
  • This invention relates to heat exchangers and more with turbulence members.
  • the invention enables The embodiment of this invention makes possible to very substantially increase in the heat dissipation of the tube without practically increasing the losses of fluid pressure.
  • the invention enables regulation of heat dissipation be substantially homogeneous all along a tube or rather great length, i.e., several tens of centimeters long, even with a low fluid flow inside said tube.
  • An additional advantage of the invention consists in the fact that the turbulence member of members of an exchanger tube can be positioned very easily without requiring a subsequent soldering or brazing.
  • the turbulence member is placed inside an heat exchanger tube and is constituted by a thin metal strip having at least one row of longitudinally spaced wings, free on three sides, dis posed angularly from said strip, the wings each having an aperture to permit flow therethrough, the free edge portion of each wing being angularly disposed to the plane of the respective wing to engage in heat exchange contact with the inner wall of the tube.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a portion of turbulence member embodying the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a top plan view of a portion of the turbulence member showing an additional characteristic of the invention
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a portion of turbulence member substantially similar to the one of FIG. 2 and showing an additional development;
  • FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a heat exchanger tube embodying the turbulence member of the invention.
  • FIG. 5 is an. enlarged longitudinal section taken on line 5-5 of FIG. 4 and showing a special effect obtained by the turbulence member of the invention
  • FIG. 6 is a partial sectional view showing a detail of embodiment
  • FIG. '7 is a diagrammatic longitudinal sectional view of a heat exchanger according to the invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a sectional view substantially similar to FIG. 7 of another heat exchanger.
  • FIG. I shows the turbulence member according to the invention in the simplest embodiment thereof.
  • Said turbulence member is formed from a thin metallic strip I having spaced openings 2, 3 in two parallel rows, for example, though any desired number of rows can be provided.
  • the number of rows of openings 2, 3 can be limited to one or also can be more than two.
  • the metal cut in forming the openings 2 and 3 is bent to be disposed at an obtuse angle to the plane of the strip and define wings 4, 40, free on three sides, said wings having apertures 5 to permit fluid flow therethrough, the free edge portion of each wing being bent to define a flange 6 for bearing in heat exchange relation against the inner wall of a surrounding tube 7 as shown in FIG. 5.
  • the turbulence member When positioned in a tube, the turbulence member constitutes an intermediate partition within the tube, said partition being perforated by the openings 2, 3.
  • the wings l, 4a constitute elements introducing only a very small loss of pressure, due to the apertures 5 extending almost from the angle portion 8 of the wing to the flange a bearing against the tube wall and consequently opposing only the thickness of the metal surrounding the aperture to fluid circulation which flows in the direction of arrowfFIGS. 6-8.
  • a gentle turbulence is produced which increases heat exchange uniformly along the length of the tube, the flow being along an undulatory path at the level of the tube Wall without noticeable loss of pressure.
  • FIG. 2 shows an additional characteristic wherein the turbulence member is provided, between the openings 2, 20 from which are formed the spacers, with transverse slots 9 and lateral slots M), II in succession. Said openings and slots further reduce losses of pressure due to the turbulence member because, the surface area of the turbulence member is reduced and consequently reduces the losses of pressure due to friction. Besides, the alternate arrangement of the openings and slots cause the fluid in circulation in of 7 to follow various directions, thus improving the turbulence of said fluid.
  • the sizes and spacing of the openings and slots in successively aligned turbulence members can vary to adjust the quantity of dispersed heat all along tube 7.
  • the present turbulence member can be placed in tube 7 without the necessity to solder or braze it to the inner wall of said tube because the flanges 6 constitute bearing surface of sufficient size to ensure a good heat transmission with the wall of tube 7.
  • the wings 4, 4a upon manufacturing, are disposed at an angle greater than required.
  • the angle of the wings is directed in the line of flow indicated by the arrow f thus the pressure applied on the wings by the fluid in circulation tends to buttress the wings against the tube wall.
  • the wings of two rows be alternately bent from opposite sides of the strip thus improving turbulence of the fluid in circulation.
  • FIG. 3 shows an additional development wherein the lateral edges of the strip I are bent to define longitudinal flanges 12, which rigidifies the turbulence member and facilitates its introduction into the tube 7 with the flanges 12 bearing against the lateral sides of the tube as shown on FIG. 4.
  • FIG. 7 shows a heat exchanger according to the invention constituted by a tube 8 containing a plurality of turbulence members positioned for dissipating a quantity of heat substantially uniformly along the whole length thereof.
  • the exterior of the tube 7 may be provided with heat dissipators 13 and contains in the upstream portion thereof, while considering the direction of the liquid circulation indicated by arrow f, a first turbulence member 1 of which the wings 4 are spaced a maximum distance, which means that said first turbulence member is as shown in FIGS. 2 or 3, with transverse and lateral slots 9, 10, 11 of an maximum width.
  • the tube 7 contains also a second turbulence member 1 aligned with the first one but of which the spacers 4 are more closely spaced by reducing the width of slots 9, 10, 11.
  • the tube 7 is then provided with a third turbulence member i constituted as shown on FIG. 1, thus not having slots 9, l0, 11.
  • FIG. 8 shows the embodiment of another heat exchanger including two tubes 7,, 7 which are both provided with heat dissipators 13.
  • the tube 7 is placed at the upper portion of the exchanger and contains a turbulence member la which can be constituted as above described with reference to FIG. 7.
  • the tube 7 contains a turbulence member 1b.
  • the wings of the turbulence member or turbulence members 1b be closer than wings of turbulence member or turbulence la, thus enabling the tube 7 to dissipate a greater quantity of heat than tube 7.
  • the heat dissipators 13 of the tubes 7 and 7 are further separated by a partition or a screen 14 which can be constituted by a thin metal sheet but which is preferably made of plastics material or other insulating material, to provide separate exchanger circuits constituted by tubes 1a and 1b.
  • the outer heat dissipators of tubes 1a and lb can be covered by sheets 15, 16 respectively, thus defining guiding passages for the medium to be heated or cooled by the fluid in circulation in the tubes 7,, 7
  • a heat exchange device comprising at least one tube having at least one flow directing turbulence member disposed therein and extending longitudinally of said tube, said member comprising a thin metal strip having at least one row of longitudinally spaced wings out free on three sides and disposed angularly from said strip and in the same longitudinally, said wings each having an aperture therein and being disposed at an 0btuse angle alternately on opposite sides of the metal strip and resiliently engaging the inner walls of the tube.
  • slots include transverse slots and lateral slots disposed alternately between the said wings.
  • each wing is angularly disposed to constitute a flange in heat exchange contact with the inner wall of the tube.
  • a device as set forth in claim 1 comprising a plurality of separate turbulence members longitudinally aligned within the tube, said turbulence members successively having more closely spaced wings from inlet to outlet of said tube.
  • a device as set forth in claim 1 comprising at least two tubes, heat dissipators being provided outerly on said tubes, and said tubes being piled one on another and containing turbulence members with unequally spaced apertured bent portions.
  • a device as set forth in claim 9 further comprising at least one screen separating the heat dissipators of the piled tubes whereby differentiating the two heat exchange circuits constituted from said piled tubes.
US00216925A 1971-01-28 1972-01-11 Disturbing device and heat exchanger embodying the same Expired - Lifetime US3783938A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR7102885A FR2123195B1 (de) 1971-01-28 1971-01-28

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3783938A true US3783938A (en) 1974-01-08

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US00216925A Expired - Lifetime US3783938A (en) 1971-01-28 1972-01-11 Disturbing device and heat exchanger embodying the same

Country Status (7)

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US (1) US3783938A (de)
BE (2) BE777179A (de)
DE (1) DE2163951C3 (de)
ES (1) ES398702A1 (de)
FR (1) FR2123195B1 (de)
GB (1) GB1360907A (de)
IT (1) IT944595B (de)

Cited By (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4265275A (en) * 1976-06-30 1981-05-05 Transelektro Magyar Villamossagi Kulkereskedelmi Vallalat Internal fin tube heat exchanger
US4327671A (en) * 1980-08-07 1982-05-04 Gas Research Institute Removable flue baffles
US4352378A (en) * 1979-07-16 1982-10-05 Transelektro Magyar Villamossagi Kulkereskedelmi Vallalat Ribbed construction assembled from sheet metal bands for improved heat transfer
US4678548A (en) * 1986-07-21 1987-07-07 Aluminum Company Of America Corrosion-resistant support apparatus and method of use for inert electrodes
US4685514A (en) * 1985-12-23 1987-08-11 Aluminum Company Of America Planar heat exchange insert and method
US4702312A (en) * 1986-06-19 1987-10-27 Aluminum Company Of America Thin rod packing for heat exchangers
US4705106A (en) * 1986-06-27 1987-11-10 Aluminum Company Of America Wire brush heat exchange insert and method
US4715432A (en) * 1984-05-26 1987-12-29 Gea Luftkuehlergesellschaft Happel Gmbh & Co. Air-cooled tube condenser
US4899812A (en) * 1988-09-06 1990-02-13 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Self-securing turbulence promoter to enhance heat transfer
US5078207A (en) * 1989-08-26 1992-01-07 Nippondenso Co., Ltd. Heat exchanger and fin for the same
US6065533A (en) * 1995-12-14 2000-05-23 Karmazin Products Corporation Flat tube heat exchanger
WO2000067887A2 (en) * 1999-05-11 2000-11-16 Statiflo International Limited Static mixer
US20060054309A1 (en) * 2002-12-02 2006-03-16 Seong-Hwan Lee Heat exchanger of ventilating system
US20070095515A1 (en) * 2003-03-26 2007-05-03 Calsonic Kansei Corporation Inner fin with cutout window for heat exchanger
US20070209990A1 (en) * 2004-04-19 2007-09-13 Robert Uden Water Conditioner
US20090277969A1 (en) * 2006-09-18 2009-11-12 Briselden Thomas D Radiant Heat Transfer System
WO2013066709A1 (en) * 2011-10-31 2013-05-10 Nordson Corporation Reconfigurable mixing baffle for static mixer and method for making a static mixer
US20130220464A1 (en) * 2010-10-20 2013-08-29 Värmebaronen Ab Flow control
DE102015119408A1 (de) * 2015-11-11 2017-05-11 Hanon Systems Wärmetauscher mit mehreren Kühlkreisen
US20170336153A1 (en) * 2016-05-12 2017-11-23 Price Industries Limited Gas turbulator for an indirect gas-fired air handling unit
US20170343304A1 (en) * 2016-05-24 2017-11-30 Rinnai Corporation Turbulence member and heat exchanger using same, and water heater
US20180172366A1 (en) * 2016-12-19 2018-06-21 Noritz Corporation Heat exchanger and hot water apparatus
US11175102B1 (en) * 2021-04-15 2021-11-16 Chilldyne, Inc. Liquid-cooled cold plate
US11306943B2 (en) * 2016-09-09 2022-04-19 Kyungdong Navien Co., Ltd. Tube assembly for tubular heat exchanger, and tubular heat exchanger comprising same

Families Citing this family (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2397617A1 (fr) * 1977-07-13 1979-02-09 Ferodo Sa Turbulateur pour tube d'echangeur de chaleur, notamment de radiateur de vehicule automobile
DE8126746U1 (de) * 1981-09-14 1982-02-25 Süddeutsche Kühlerfabrik Julius Fr. Behr GmbH & Co KG, 7000 Stuttgart Flachrohrwaermetauscher mit turbulenzeinlage
DE3339932A1 (de) * 1983-11-04 1985-05-15 Bayer Ag, 5090 Leverkusen Spaltwaermetauscher mit stegen
GB2169694B (en) * 1985-01-15 1988-01-20 Sanden Corp Serpentine heat exchanger
GB2200201A (en) * 1987-01-21 1988-07-27 United Carr Ltd Trw Vehicle radiator turbulator
DE8711894U1 (de) * 1987-09-02 1987-10-15 Sueddeutsche Kuehlerfabrik Julius Fr. Behr Gmbh & Co Kg, 7000 Stuttgart, De
CA1313183C (en) * 1989-02-24 1993-01-26 Allan K. So Embossed plate heat exchanger
GB2234806A (en) * 1989-08-09 1991-02-13 Secretary Trade Ind Brit Heat exchangers
NL9402186A (nl) * 1994-12-22 1996-08-01 Helpman Intellectual Propertie Inrichting voor het bevorderen van warmteoverdracht tussen een plaat en een medium.
DE10326381B4 (de) * 2003-06-12 2005-09-22 Jähn, Peter Turbulenzerzeuger
FR3062901A1 (fr) * 2016-12-09 2018-08-17 Valeo Systemes Thermiques Tube d’echangeur thermique, echangeur thermique et procede d’assemblage du tube correspondants
DE102019000723A1 (de) 2019-01-31 2020-08-06 Hydac Cooling Gmbh Kühler
DE202019103964U1 (de) * 2019-07-18 2020-10-21 Akg Verwaltungsgesellschaft Mbh Wärmeaustauscher
EP3836205A1 (de) * 2019-12-13 2021-06-16 Valeo Siemens eAutomotive Germany GmbH Kühlvorrichtung für halbleiterschaltelemente, stromwechselrichtervorrichtung, anordnung und herstellungsverfahren

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2359288A (en) * 1942-07-20 1944-10-03 Young Radiator Co Turbulence strip for heat exchangers
US2691991A (en) * 1950-08-30 1954-10-19 Gen Motors Corp Heat exchange device

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1292826B (de) * 1958-02-01 1969-04-17 Vaillant Joh Kg Heizkoerper fuer Durchlauferhitzer
FR1357860A (fr) * 1963-03-25 1964-04-10 Dispositif d'échange thermique entre fluides

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2359288A (en) * 1942-07-20 1944-10-03 Young Radiator Co Turbulence strip for heat exchangers
US2691991A (en) * 1950-08-30 1954-10-19 Gen Motors Corp Heat exchange device

Cited By (37)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4265275A (en) * 1976-06-30 1981-05-05 Transelektro Magyar Villamossagi Kulkereskedelmi Vallalat Internal fin tube heat exchanger
US4352378A (en) * 1979-07-16 1982-10-05 Transelektro Magyar Villamossagi Kulkereskedelmi Vallalat Ribbed construction assembled from sheet metal bands for improved heat transfer
US4327671A (en) * 1980-08-07 1982-05-04 Gas Research Institute Removable flue baffles
US4715432A (en) * 1984-05-26 1987-12-29 Gea Luftkuehlergesellschaft Happel Gmbh & Co. Air-cooled tube condenser
US4685514A (en) * 1985-12-23 1987-08-11 Aluminum Company Of America Planar heat exchange insert and method
US4702312A (en) * 1986-06-19 1987-10-27 Aluminum Company Of America Thin rod packing for heat exchangers
US4705106A (en) * 1986-06-27 1987-11-10 Aluminum Company Of America Wire brush heat exchange insert and method
US4678548A (en) * 1986-07-21 1987-07-07 Aluminum Company Of America Corrosion-resistant support apparatus and method of use for inert electrodes
US4899812A (en) * 1988-09-06 1990-02-13 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Self-securing turbulence promoter to enhance heat transfer
US5078207A (en) * 1989-08-26 1992-01-07 Nippondenso Co., Ltd. Heat exchanger and fin for the same
US6065533A (en) * 1995-12-14 2000-05-23 Karmazin Products Corporation Flat tube heat exchanger
WO2000067887A2 (en) * 1999-05-11 2000-11-16 Statiflo International Limited Static mixer
WO2000067887A3 (en) * 1999-05-11 2001-02-01 Statiflo Internat Ltd Static mixer
US6623155B1 (en) * 1999-05-11 2003-09-23 Statiflo International Limited Static mixer
US20060054309A1 (en) * 2002-12-02 2006-03-16 Seong-Hwan Lee Heat exchanger of ventilating system
US7147049B2 (en) * 2002-12-02 2006-12-12 Lg Electronics Inc. Heat exchanger of ventilating system
US7290595B2 (en) * 2003-03-26 2007-11-06 Calsonic Kansei Corporation Inner fin with cutout window for heat exchanger
US20070095515A1 (en) * 2003-03-26 2007-05-03 Calsonic Kansei Corporation Inner fin with cutout window for heat exchanger
US7931048B2 (en) * 2004-04-19 2011-04-26 Robert Uden Water conditioner
US20070209990A1 (en) * 2004-04-19 2007-09-13 Robert Uden Water Conditioner
US20090277969A1 (en) * 2006-09-18 2009-11-12 Briselden Thomas D Radiant Heat Transfer System
US9194526B2 (en) * 2010-10-20 2015-11-24 Varmebaronen Ab Flow control
US20130220464A1 (en) * 2010-10-20 2013-08-29 Värmebaronen Ab Flow control
JP2014532556A (ja) * 2011-10-31 2014-12-08 ノードソン コーポレーションＮｏｒｄｓｏｎ Ｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｉｏｎ スタティックミキサーの再構成可能な混合バッフル、及びスタティックミキサーを作製する方法
US9242214B2 (en) 2011-10-31 2016-01-26 Nordson Corporation Reconfigurable mixing baffle for static mixer and method for making a static mixer
WO2013066709A1 (en) * 2011-10-31 2013-05-10 Nordson Corporation Reconfigurable mixing baffle for static mixer and method for making a static mixer
US11446616B2 (en) 2011-10-31 2022-09-20 Nordson Corporation Reconfigurable mixing baffle for static mixer and method for making a static mixer
US9981232B2 (en) 2011-10-31 2018-05-29 Nordson Corporation Reconfigurable mixing baffle for static mixer and method for making a static mixer
US10222136B2 (en) 2015-11-11 2019-03-05 Hanon Systems Radiator for vehicle / combo cooler fin design
DE102015119408A1 (de) * 2015-11-11 2017-05-11 Hanon Systems Wärmetauscher mit mehreren Kühlkreisen
US20170336153A1 (en) * 2016-05-12 2017-11-23 Price Industries Limited Gas turbulator for an indirect gas-fired air handling unit
US10458728B2 (en) * 2016-05-24 2019-10-29 Rinnai Corporation Turbulence member and heat exchanger using same, and water heater
US20170343304A1 (en) * 2016-05-24 2017-11-30 Rinnai Corporation Turbulence member and heat exchanger using same, and water heater
US11306943B2 (en) * 2016-09-09 2022-04-19 Kyungdong Navien Co., Ltd. Tube assembly for tubular heat exchanger, and tubular heat exchanger comprising same
US20180172366A1 (en) * 2016-12-19 2018-06-21 Noritz Corporation Heat exchanger and hot water apparatus
US10458729B2 (en) * 2016-12-19 2019-10-29 Noritz Corporation Heat exchanger and hot water apparatus
US11175102B1 (en) * 2021-04-15 2021-11-16 Chilldyne, Inc. Liquid-cooled cold plate

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2123195B1 (de) 1973-12-07
ES398702A1 (es) 1974-07-16
FR2123195A1 (de) 1972-09-08
DE2163951A1 (de) 1972-08-17
BE777179A (fr) 1972-04-17
DE2163951C3 (de) 1981-02-05
GB1360907A (en) 1974-07-24
IT944595B (it) 1973-04-20
DE2163951B2 (de) 1978-09-28
BE778489A (fr) 1972-05-16

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