US3783429A - Temperature actuated connector - Google Patents

Temperature actuated connector Download PDF

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Publication number
US3783429A
US3783429A US00264782A US3783429DA US3783429A US 3783429 A US3783429 A US 3783429A US 00264782 A US00264782 A US 00264782A US 3783429D A US3783429D A US 3783429DA US 3783429 A US3783429 A US 3783429A
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Prior art keywords
temperature
spring
electrode
stable configuration
modulus
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Expired - Lifetime
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US00264782A
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English (en)
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R Otte
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Raychem Corp
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Raychem Corp
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
    • F16B19/00—Bolts without screw-thread; Pins, including deformable elements; Rivets
    • F16B19/002—Resiliently deformable pins
    • F16B19/004—Resiliently deformable pins made in one piece
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R12/00—Structural associations of a plurality of mutually-insulated electrical connecting elements, specially adapted for printed circuits, e.g. printed circuit boards [PCB], flat or ribbon cables, or like generally planar structures, e.g. terminal strips, terminal blocks; Coupling devices specially adapted for printed circuits, flat or ribbon cables, or like generally planar structures; Terminals specially adapted for contact with, or insertion into, printed circuits, flat or ribbon cables, or like generally planar structures
    • H01R12/70—Coupling devices
    • H01R12/82—Coupling devices connected with low or zero insertion force
    • H01R12/85—Coupling devices connected with low or zero insertion force contact pressure producing means, contacts activated after insertion of printed circuits or like structures
    • H01R12/856—Coupling devices connected with low or zero insertion force contact pressure producing means, contacts activated after insertion of printed circuits or like structures activated by shape memory material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R13/00—Details of coupling devices of the kinds covered by groups H01R12/70 or H01R24/00 - H01R33/00
    • H01R13/02—Contact members
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R13/00—Details of coupling devices of the kinds covered by groups H01R12/70 or H01R24/00 - H01R33/00
    • H01R13/02—Contact members
    • H01R13/04—Pins or blades for co-operation with sockets
    • H01R13/05—Resilient pins or blades
    • H01R13/052—Resilient pins or blades co-operating with sockets having a circular transverse section
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R4/00—Electrically-conductive connections between two or more conductive members in direct contact, i.e. touching one another; Means for effecting or maintaining such contact; Electrically-conductive connections having two or more spaced connecting locations for conductors and using contact members penetrating insulation
    • H01R4/01—Connections using shape memory materials, e.g. shape memory metal
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
    • F16B2200/00—Constructional details of connections not covered for in other groups of this subclass
    • F16B2200/77—Use of a shape-memory material
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S411/00—Expanded, threaded, driven, headed, tool-deformed, or locked-threaded fastener
    • Y10S411/909—Fastener or fastener element composed of thermo-responsive memory material

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT A temperature actuated device is disclosed which is capable of movement with a change in temperature of at least a portion of the device.
  • the device has a first member which is fabricated from a material which undergoes a relatively large change in strength over the operating temperature range of the device.
  • This first member may be operably connected to a second spring member so that movement of the second spring member causes movement of the first member.
  • the second spring member preferably has a different strength-temperature characteristic so that the device will attempt to assume a first stable configuration at a first temperature and a different stable configuration at a second temperature.
  • the field of the invention is connectors of the type useful for forming a mechanical or electrical connection between two or more members.
  • the connector is temperature actuated so that at a first temperature, the
  • the device is particularly useful for forming an electrical and mechanical connection between a conductor and a printed circuit board.
  • connections have been commonly made by a plug-in type connection where the conductive board fits into a slot and a conductive resilient member contacts a conductive portion of the board.
  • Such connections have several disadvantages. First, the board is not tightly held in its plugged-in position. Secondly, the electrical connection tends to degrade if the contact is not exercised.
  • a soldered connection can be used to connect a conductor to a printed circuit board. Such a connection does not have the plug in capability and requires resoldering at any time the printed circuit board needs to be removed or replaced. When multiple connections are involved, this disadvantage is particularly acute An improved connector is disclosed in an application filed by Otte and Fischer, US. Pat. Ser. No. 157,890
  • This connector utilizes a heat recoverable metallic member disposed about a resilient member, such as the tines of a forked member. A conductor is inserted between the tines and the heat recoverable metallic member is caused to shrink, thereby forcing the tines inwardly and against the conductor.
  • a heat recoverable metallic member disposed about a resilient member, such as the tines of a forked member.
  • a conductor is inserted between the tines and the heat recoverable metallic member is caused to shrink, thereby forcing the tines inwardly and against the conductor.
  • Such a device is somewhat limited in amount of movement, and is also relatively expensive. to fabricate and thus the need for an improved connector exists.
  • the present invention is for a temperature actuated device comprising a first member fabricated to be capable of undergoing a relatively large change in force/deflection characteristics with temperature which member is operably attached to a second spring member so that flexure of the second spring member causes a flexure of the first member.
  • the first member and the second spring member are attached in an opposing manner so that they tend to work against one another.
  • the force/deflection characteristics of one member changes with respect to the other member, and the device exhibits movement.
  • the first member is fabricated from a heat recoverable metal such as an alloy of titanium and nickel
  • a connector capable of operation at high temperatures results since such alloys maintain their strength at high temperatures.
  • a connector which has the ability to snap from one position to a second position may result.
  • a longitudinally loaded leaf spring is particularly effective for this purpose.
  • FIG. 1 is a side elevation of a device of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a side elevation of an alternate embodiment of a device of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a side elevation of an alternate embodiment of a device of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a side elevation of a spring member useful with the device of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a side elevation of a spring member useful with the device of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a side elevation of a spring member useful with the device of the present invention.
  • the temperature actuated device of the present invention is caused to move by the action of two members, which are operably attached to one another in an opposing manner.
  • the materials from which these members are fabricated have a different strength/temperature relationship so that the stable configuration of the device will vary with temperature.
  • An example of a suitable heat shrinkable metal is the alloys having about equal atomic proportions of titanium and nickel. They typically have an austenitic secant modulus of about 12,000,000 PSI at a strain of k percent and a martensitic secant modulus of about 850,000 PSI at a strain of 5 percent. This large difference in secant modulus coupled with the large variation in strain makes these alloys particularly suitable for use in thermally activated devices of the sort described. Relatively large amounts of force and movement per unit volume of material are attainable with them. Note also that the stress and strain applied must be such that the material does not deform permanently to any substantial degree during repeated cycling. An initial permanent or plastic deformation is allowable but it must not continue on cycling because if it does, the points between which the members move will vary with eacy cycle and that is undesirable.
  • alloys which exhibit a similar phenomena, and examples of such alloys are disclosed in A. Nagasawa, 31 J. Phys. Soc. Japan No. 1, July, 1971 pp. 136-147. Examples include cadmium-gold, copperaluminum-nickel, indium-thallium, uraniummolybdinum and uranium-niobium. Some polymers and elastomers are also known to exhibita relatively large modulus change with temperature and may also be used in the practice of the present invention.
  • the members of the device of the present invention can be of practically any configuration.
  • the device of FIG. 1 utilizes a curved end cantilever spring 20 which is operably attached to a longitudinally loaded leaf member 21.
  • Spring 20 is inserted through an opening in base 22. If member 21 is fabricated from a material which has a relatively low modulus at low temperatures, and spring 20 is fabricated from a material which has a relatively high modulus at low tempera-- ture is increased, the longitudinal force exerted by member 21 also increases, and it will extend in the position shown by the solid lines in FIG. 2.
  • the device shown in FIG- 1 represents a particularly effective temperature activated device for a reason which is not readily apparent. This reason relates to the load/deflection characteristics of member 21.
  • member 21 is generally in the shape of a leaf spring, it is not loaded near its midpoint, but instead is only longitudinally loaded. By so loading member 21,- it will exert a relatively large force in a longitudinal direction when it is nearly straight. That is, it takes a relatively large force to deform member 21 from its relaxed position, but once it has been partially deformed it will actually take less force to cause further deformation.
  • the load to deflection ratio is not constant but instead varies depending upon the amount of deflection. Stated differently, if a plot is made of load versus deflection for most'springs, a straight line will result whereas with a longitudinally loaded leaf spring a curved line will result.
  • a longitudinally loaded leaf spring comprises a particularly simple method for achieving this snap action
  • other nonlinear springs may also be used.
  • a Belleville spring may be configured to have a highly nonlinear load/deflection curve.
  • the load/deflection curve may have a peak which may be utilized to produce a snap effect. See, for instance, Machine Design by J. E. Shigley -McGraw-Hill, 1956 at FIG. 7-15 on page 237 which shows load/deflection curves for a series of different Belleville springs which curves are incorporated by reference herein.
  • One method of achieving this snap action is by choosing a member which has a force/deflection curve which has a peak therein. That is, the force deflection curve should reach a maximum followed by at least some portion of decreasing slope.
  • the force/deflection curve of the first member might look like:
  • a device with a snap action would result if the second member was connected to the first member in such a way that the deflection of the first member was on the left-hand side of the peak when the device was in a first 4- stable position and on the right hand side of the peak when the device was in its second stable position.
  • Several shapes of devices exhibit a force deflection/- curve with some negative slope and two examples include some Belleville springs (e.g. Belleville springs having an ODof 5 inches, an ID of 2 A inches, a thickness of 0.040 inches and a height to thickness ratio greater than about 2.0) and longitudinally loaded leaf springs.
  • some Belleville springs e.g. Belleville springs having an ODof 5 inches, an ID of 2 A inches, a thickness of 0.040 inches and a height to thickness ratio greater than about 2.0
  • longitudinally loaded leaf springs e.g. Belleville springs having an ODof 5 inches, an ID of 2 A inches, a thickness of 0.040 inches and a height to thickness ratio greater than about 2.0
  • a slightly different configuration of temperature actuated device is shown in FIG. 2.
  • a fork spring has a tine 31 having a contact point 32.
  • a longitudinally loadedmember 33 is held in grooves 34 and 35 of spring 30.
  • Spring 30 is held in an opening 36 in base 37.
  • the temperature of the device of FIG. 2 is first set so that member 33 requires a relatively low force. to cause a deflection.
  • member 33 requires a relatively low force. to cause a deflection.
  • the temperature should be decreased in order to convert the titanium-nickel alloy to its martensitic phase configuration. As stated above, this decreases the force it exerts and thus weakens it with respect to spring 30 which then can deform member 33 to a position shown by the phantom lines in FIG. 2.
  • This cooling may be carried out by means such as by spraying with a low boiling liquid which has been pressurized.
  • Suitable liquid coolants include tetrafluoromethane, chlorotrifluoromethane and trifluoromethane. Alternatively, cooling may be carried out by contact with ice, by liquid nitrogen, or the like.
  • Printed circuit board 38 is then inserted against a portion of base 37 and the temperature of the device is then changed in order to increase the force exerted by member 33 which then forces spring 30 and contact point 32 to the position shown by the solid lines in FIG. 3. In this position, it is capable of exerting a relatively large force against board 38, since spring'33 is in a nearly columnar position.
  • the device of FIG. 3 closes against an object when the leaf spring-shaped member is in its low strength configuration.
  • Cantilever springs 40 and 41 are mounted through base 42, and a member 43 is held in notches 44 and 45 of springs 40 and 41.
  • Springs 40 and 41 are fabricated from a material which exhibits a relatively large change in force/deflection characteristics with temperature whereas member 43 is fabricated from a conventional material such as spring steel.
  • the member 43 will force springs 40 and 41 apart into a position indicated by the phantom lines of FIG. 3.
  • FIGS. 4 through 6 Various spring configurations are shown in FIGS. 4 through 6. These springs can be used in devices of the type shown in FIGS. 1 through 3. Although it is advantageous that the member which is analogous to member 21 of FIG. 1 have a nonlinear load/deflection curve, this is not essential, since the device will nonetheless be operative if the member has a constant load/deflection ratio. Although the devices described in FIGS. 1 and 2 were described as if the longitudinal leaf spring-like member was fabricated from a material whose modulus changed substantially with temperature, the device could also be made where the member which corresponds to member 21 of FIG. 1 is fabricated from a material having a relatively constant load/deflection characteristics with temperature. The other spring should then be fabricated from a material whose modulus changed substantially with temperature.
  • the device of FIG. 1 would tend to seek the position shown by the solid lines in FIG. 1 when spring 20 is in a low modulus configuration.
  • the device of FIG. 1 would tend to seek the shape shown by the phantom lines shown in FIG. 1 when spring 20 was in a relatively high modulus configuration.
  • the movement brought about in the devices of'the present invention do not require that there be a dimensional or length change in one of the spring members. It is a change in load/deflection characteristics which brings about a movement rather than a dimensional change.
  • the devices of the present invention differ in kind from bimetallic members which depend upon differential expansion or contraction with temperature. Changes in properties such as the secant modulus bring about a change in the load/deflection characteristics of a spring.
  • the alloys having about equal atomic proportions of titanium and nickel typically have a secant modulus of about 850,000 PSI at a strain of 5 percent when in the martensitic phase and a secant modulus of about 12,000,000 PSI at a strain of A percent when in the austenitic phase.
  • the devices of the present invention have the potential advantage of being fabricated wholly from metals, and thus can be made to withstand great temperature extremes.
  • the alloy TiNi remains strong at high temperatures; for instance, the Youngs modulus of TiNi at 600C is about 14,000,000 and the strength of many spring steels remains high at 600 C.
  • a snap-action temperature actuated spring device comprising a combination of first and second spring members bearing against one another such that flexure of one such member toward its relaxed position causes flexure of the other such member away from its respective relaxed position, one of said members undergoing a substantial change in modulus in passing from a first to a second temperature within the temperature operating range of said device while the modulus of the other such member remains relatively constant such that, absent external restraint, said combination assumes a first stable configuration at one temperature within said range and another stable configuration at another; said first member having a non-linear loaddeflection curve having a peak lying within the useful deflection range of said device such that in passing from one to another of those temperatures at which said stable configurations respectively obtain the flexure of said members causes deflection of said first member from one to the other side of said peak in the absence of external restraint.
  • said second spring member is a fork spring having at least two tines and wherein said first member is positioned therebetween.
  • said first member is fabricated from a metallic alloy composed of major porportions of titanium and nickel.
  • An assembly comprising a first electrode and a spring device according to claim 2, said second member serving as a second electrode and being urged (1) into electrical contact with said first electrode by said first member at a temperature at which said first stable configuration would obtain absent the restraint of said .first electrode, and (2) out of contact with said first electrode at a lower temperature at which said second stable configuration obtains.
  • An assembly comprising a temperature actuated spring device comprising a combination of first and second spring members bearing against one another such that flexure of one such member toward its relaxed position causes flexure of the other such member away from its respective relaxed position, said first member undergoing a substantial change in modulus in passing from a first to a second temperature within the temperature operating range of said device while the modulus of said second member remains relatively constant such that, absent external restraint, said combination assumes a first stable configuration at one temperature within said range and another stable configuration at another; said assembly further comprising a first electrode and said second member serving as a second electrode which is urged (11) into electrical contact with said first electrode by said first member at a temperature at which said first stable configuration would obtain absent the restraint of said first electrode, and (2) out of contact with said first electrode at a lower temperature at which said second stable configuration obtains.
  • said first member is a longitudinally loaded leaf spring which is operably connected to said second spring member such that said first member assumes a near columnar shape when said second member electrically contacts said first electrode.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Springs (AREA)
  • Coupling Device And Connection With Printed Circuit (AREA)
  • Measuring Temperature Or Quantity Of Heat (AREA)
US00264782A 1972-06-21 1972-06-21 Temperature actuated connector Expired - Lifetime US3783429A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

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US26478272A 1972-06-21 1972-06-21

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US (1) US3783429A (ja)
JP (1) JPS5749776B2 (ja)
BE (1) BE801277A (ja)
CA (1) CA991718A (ja)
CH (1) CH598698A5 (ja)
DE (1) DE2331568C2 (ja)
FR (1) FR2189852B1 (ja)
GB (1) GB1439848A (ja)
IL (1) IL42511A (ja)
IT (1) IT989293B (ja)
NL (1) NL7308654A (ja)
SE (1) SE392785B (ja)
ZA (1) ZA734163B (ja)

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EP0102180A1 (en) * 1982-07-23 1984-03-07 RAYCHEM CORPORATION (a California corporation) Connector
US4468076A (en) * 1982-07-23 1984-08-28 Raychem Corporation Array package connector and connector tool
US4487465A (en) * 1981-12-07 1984-12-11 Raychem Corporation Heat recoverable connecting device
US4596483A (en) * 1983-07-11 1986-06-24 Leuven Research And Development Temperature responsive linkage element
US4679292A (en) * 1985-09-24 1987-07-14 Grumman Aerospace Corporation Method for securing a panel to a structural member
US4707343A (en) * 1984-11-27 1987-11-17 Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Apparatus for sterilizing contact lenses
US4772112A (en) * 1984-11-30 1988-09-20 Cvi/Beta Ventures, Inc. Eyeglass frame including shape-memory elements
US4813807A (en) * 1985-09-24 1989-03-21 Grumman Aerospace Corporation Memory metal connector for panels
US4841730A (en) * 1987-07-02 1989-06-27 Pda Engineering Thermal actuator
US4895438A (en) * 1983-12-06 1990-01-23 Cvi/Beta Ventures, Inc. Eyeglass frame including shape-memory elements
US4896955A (en) * 1983-12-06 1990-01-30 Cvi/Beta Ventures, Inc. Eyeglass frame including shape-memory elements
US4899543A (en) * 1989-03-29 1990-02-13 Grumman Aerospace Corporation Pre-tensioned shape memory actuator
US5108214A (en) * 1991-06-13 1992-04-28 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Coupling device with improved thermal interface
US5494113A (en) * 1994-02-01 1996-02-27 Central Sprinkler Corporation Sprinklers with shape-memory alloy actuators
US5507826A (en) * 1993-03-05 1996-04-16 Memory Medical Systems, Inc. Prosthesis with shape memory locking element
US20030170092A1 (en) * 1999-12-22 2003-09-11 Chiodo Joseph David Releasable fasteners
US20050172462A1 (en) * 2002-06-19 2005-08-11 Dickory Rudduck Fixing and release systems and fastener networks
WO2008134709A2 (en) 2007-04-30 2008-11-06 Cooper Union Bimetallic leaf spring clamping device
US20090184798A1 (en) * 2007-12-07 2009-07-23 University Of Central Florida Research Foundation, Shape memory thermal conduction switch
US20100329775A1 (en) * 2009-04-15 2010-12-30 Blanding Douglass L Connecting structures comprising heated flexures and optical packages incorporating the same
US8166836B2 (en) 2000-07-06 2012-05-01 Telezygology, Inc. Multi-function tool
CN102506040A (zh) * 2002-06-19 2012-06-20 远程接合技术公司 固定与脱开系统
US20120181294A1 (en) * 2005-12-15 2012-07-19 Cornerstone Research Group, Inc. Venting mechanism for containers
US8899408B2 (en) 2012-08-03 2014-12-02 Applied Materials, Inc. Temperature actuated tensioning mechanism
US20210053165A1 (en) * 2018-07-09 2021-02-25 Olympus Corporation Medical apparatus remanufacturing method
US20230129547A1 (en) * 2021-10-22 2023-04-27 International Business Machines Corporation Thermally activated retractable emc protection
US11695240B2 (en) 2021-10-22 2023-07-04 International Business Machines Corporation Retractable EMC protection
US11871550B2 (en) 2021-10-22 2024-01-09 International Business Machines Corporation Motor controlled retractable EMC protection

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US4643500A (en) * 1985-11-13 1987-02-17 Beta Phase, Inc. Shape memory actuators for multi-contact electrical connectors
GB2320277B (en) * 1996-12-09 2001-10-10 Univ Brunel Improvements relating to product disassembly
US7469538B2 (en) * 2005-10-28 2008-12-30 Searete Llc Self assembling/quick assembly structure using shape memory alloy materials
DE102014114734B4 (de) * 2014-10-10 2017-02-09 Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. Verbindungssystem
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Cited By (41)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4487465A (en) * 1981-12-07 1984-12-11 Raychem Corporation Heat recoverable connecting device
US4468076A (en) * 1982-07-23 1984-08-28 Raychem Corporation Array package connector and connector tool
US4505532A (en) * 1982-07-23 1985-03-19 Raychem Corporation Array package connector
EP0102180A1 (en) * 1982-07-23 1984-03-07 RAYCHEM CORPORATION (a California corporation) Connector
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS5749776B2 (ja) 1982-10-23
CH598698A5 (ja) 1978-05-12
IT989293B (it) 1975-05-20
IL42511A (en) 1976-08-31
DE2331568C2 (de) 1985-04-04
AU5706573A (en) 1974-12-19
FR2189852A1 (ja) 1974-01-25
GB1439848A (en) 1976-06-16
DE2331568A1 (de) 1974-01-31
ZA734163B (en) 1974-05-29
IL42511A0 (en) 1973-08-29
CA991718A (en) 1976-06-22
BE801277A (fr) 1973-12-21
SE392785B (sv) 1977-04-18
NL7308654A (ja) 1973-12-27
FR2189852B1 (ja) 1977-05-13
JPS4962987A (ja) 1974-06-18

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