US3772892A - Process of installing compacted sand columns in the ground - Google Patents

Process of installing compacted sand columns in the ground Download PDF

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US3772892A
US3772892A US00261540A US3772892DA US3772892A US 3772892 A US3772892 A US 3772892A US 00261540 A US00261540 A US 00261540A US 3772892D A US3772892D A US 3772892DA US 3772892 A US3772892 A US 3772892A
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sand
casing pipe
strength
depth
column
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M Ogawa
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D3/00—Improving or preserving soil or rock, e.g. preserving permafrost soil
    • E02D3/02—Improving by compacting
    • E02D3/10—Improving by compacting by watering, draining, de-aerating or blasting, e.g. by installing sand or wick drains
    • E02D3/106—Improving by compacting by watering, draining, de-aerating or blasting, e.g. by installing sand or wick drains by forming sand drains containing only loose aggregates

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  • ABSTRACT Process of installing compacted sand columns in the soft ground wherein the underground depth at the lower end of the casing pipe, the discharged sand volume and the' strength of the original or stabilized ground are continuously detected, recorded, indicated in the operation meter and controlled as viewed from the design.
  • the present invention relates to a process of install ing compacted sand columns in the ground for the purpose of stabilizing a soft ground, and more particularly it relates to a process of installing compacted sand columns wherein the installing process is performed while detecting and controlling the state of the compacted sand columns being installed in the ground in the installation process for the purpose of installing compacted sand columns as those required basing upon a design.
  • a process of stabilizing the soft ground by the steps of forming a large number of loose or uncompacted sand columns in the soft ground and then imposing a load on the ground surface thereby causing the water content in the soft ground to be discharged out of the ground surface by way of the drain formed by the sand columns has been known as a so-called Sand Drain Method.
  • This known method has been popularly utilized in order to stabilize the soft ground, but there are drawbacks such that it takes a considerable long time to dehydrate the water content in the soft ground and also to require a great deal of labor to impose a load and remove the imposed load.
  • this known method is carried out by installing a large number of compacted sand columns in the soft ground, each having a diameter larger by about 1.3 to 2.0 times than that of the casing pipe, applying a pressure to the soft ground around the sand columns by said compacted sand columns, and then rapidly discharging the water content contained in the soft ground out of the ground surface through the sand columns thereby stabilizing the soft ground to the consolidated state. Furthermore, this method can be effectively applied on an extremely soft ground in place of methods of dredge or sand replacement.
  • compacted sand columns are successively installed in a closely neighboring state, and the soft soil at optional portion in the ground is forcibly excluded and replaced with a favorable material such as sand for a desired volume at a predetermined replacement ratio.
  • the abovementioned process of installing the compacted sand columns in the ground is carried out in the following manner: that is, at first the casing pipe in the hollow state is driven into the soil down to a predetermined depth, and thereafter the driven casing pipe is pulled up by an appropriate length upward, and then the casing pipe is filled with sand inside thereof, and the filled sand is caused to flow down into the cavity formed within the soild at the lower portion of the casing pipe by the pulling up process, and the causing pipe is again driven into the soil in order to compact the sand flowed down into said cavity. Then, the casing pipe is pulled up by an appropriate length, and thereafter repeating the same process until compacted short sand columns are installed consecutively from the required depth up to the ground surface.
  • the formed diameter of a compacted sand column, the discharging volume of sand downwardly of the casing pipe at each of the depths, the volume of presscharging sand into the ground, the density of compacted sand column being installed, strength of the sand column, etc., are important factors to be controlled for installation as viewed from the design and the effect of the ground improvement of the compacted sand columns in the stabilizing construction work of the soft ground.
  • the installation of the conventional compacted sand columns since the installation of the sand columns is carried out under the ground, the'desired installation of the compacted sand columns could only be obtained by relying upon the experience and skill of the operators of the sand column installation apparatus.
  • the principal object of the present invention is to provide an installation process of compacted sand columns by improving the process of incorrect installation process which relies upon the so-called intuition of the operators of the apparatus for above-mentioned con-' ventional'compacted sand column, namely, by carrying out, in the process of installation of compacted sand column, in detecting and controlling the press-charged sand volume or strength of the sand column, or both thereof, which are the principal values determined from the design of the compacted sand columns, whereby it is possible to obtain the installation of the compacted sand columns which is favorable and reliable just as that designed and, at the same time, by judging and correcting each time in the installation processes for a variation of the ground under installation against the designed values, thus making it possible to install compacted sand columns which are highly accurate and which conform to the designed object.
  • FIG. 1 is a view for explaining successively the process of installation of a compacted sand column
  • FIG. 2 is a view for explaining briefly an example of a depth detecting device used in the process according to the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a view for explaining briefly an example of a sand volume detecting device used in the process of the present invention
  • FIG. 4 is a view for explaining briefly an example of a strength detecting device used in the process of the present invention
  • FIG. 5 is a view for explaning briefly an example of a recording device used in the process of the present invention
  • FIG. 6 is a view for explaining briefly an example of a recording device used in the process of the present invention.
  • FIG. 7 is a view for explaining a behavior of the sand in one operation cycle in the installation of the compacted sand column
  • FIG. 8 is a graph showing an example of a recorded graph depicting the depth and the sand volume respectively against the time axis
  • FIG. 9 is an enlarged view of the portion of one operation cycle in a part of the recorded graph shown in FIG. 8,
  • FIG. 10 is a graph showing an example of a depth total discharged sand volume, 1
  • FIG. 11 is an enlarged view of the portion of one operation cycle in a part of the recorded graph shown in FIG. 10,
  • FIG. 12 is a graph showing an example of a recorded graph depicting the depth and the strength of the sand column respectively against the time axis
  • FIG. 13 is a graph showing an example of the graph of depth strength of sand column
  • FIG. 14 is a block diagram showing controlling equipments used in the process of the present invention.
  • FIG. 15 is a front elevation showing the meter portion of an example of an operation meter used for controlling press-charging sand volume
  • FIG. 16 is a front elevation showing the meter portion of an example of an operation meter used for controlling the strength of the sand column.
  • a motor-driven driver 2 utilizing a vibrator force or an impact forcehaving a rapid cycle is mounted on the top portion, and together therewith a steel casing pipe 1 provided with a sand supplying hopper 3 at the upper portion and with a neck portion 4 or an opening and closing cover for preventing the backflow of the sand at the lower end portion are used.
  • a compacted sand column So having a diameter larger than that of the casing pipe 1 extending from the predetermined depth to the ground surface is installed by driving the casing pipe 1 into the ground up to the predetermined depth by means of the vibratory force or the impact force (refer to FIG. 1, I), supplying sand 5 injo the easing pipe 1 through a hopper 3 (refer to FIG. 1,11), pulling up the casing pipe 1 by an appropriate length and discharging the sand 4 contained in the casing pipe into a space formed below the lower end of the casing pipe (refer to FIG.
  • the installation of the compacted sand column 50 will be described with respect to the installation process according to the present invention which is carried out while detecting and controlling the volume of the sand, that is, the press-charged sand volume for the compacted sand column.
  • the installation of the compacted sand column is carried out as described above referring to FIG. 1, and a depth detcting device is used for detecting, at each moment, the underground depth D of the lower end of the casing pipe 1. Virous types of the depth detecting device have been contrived.
  • a tension wire 6 connected at the upper portion of the casing pipe 1 is passed around a depth detecting drum 7, thus changing the up and down movement of the casing pipe 1 into the rotation of the depth detecting drum 7, further changing rotation into a change in resistance value of a potentiometer 8 associated with the depth detecting device 7, taking out an output voltage Vd out of the potentiometer 8 which is proportional to the depth of the casing pipe 1, whereby the depth of the casing pipe 1 is detected.
  • a sand volume detecting device is employed.
  • the sand volume detecting device shown in FIG. 3 is found to show a favorable result.
  • This device employs an electrode plumb 9 as the detecting end of the varying sand surface 50 in the casing pipe 1, the electrode plumb is suspended by a cable wire 10, and the cable wire 10 is adapted to be wound and unwound by a winding drum 11 fixed at a proper position.
  • the electrode plumb 9 cable wire 10 control unit 12 conductive pipe wall of the casing pipe 1 sand 5 containing some water electrode plumb 9 so as to efl'ect a switching action by whether the electrode plumb 9 and the sand surface 50 coming into contact or not.
  • the electrode plumb 9 may follow the sand surface 50 which fluctuates constantly, and taking out the output voltage Vs proportional to the position of the sand surface 50 (the height from the lower end of the casing pipe) by converting the quantity of movement of said cable wire 10 into the change of resistance value of a potentiometer 14 associated with the winding drum 11, whereby the position of the sand surface in the casing pipe 1 can be detected continuously.
  • the device 15 is a reduction gear.
  • the change is sand volume which has a significant meaning on the control of installing compacted sand column is only the discharge of sand from the lower end of the casing pipe or the diminishing process of the sand volume in the pipe.
  • the sand volume detecting device is not restricted to the above type where the detection is effected continuously, but it is also possible to employ such a sand volume detecting device which has a construction, for example, that a plumb suspended by a wire is lowered only at the discharge of sand and detect the sand volume from the length of the wire.
  • FIG. 5 shows an example of a recording device for plotting a graph, change obtained as mentioned above from both the depth detecting device and sand volume detecting device.
  • the recording device in order to obtain two records of said depth of the casing pipe and the sand volume in the casing pipe, the recording device has two driving elements for pens. Firstly, the pen-driving element 16 for detecting the depth of the casing pipe will be explained. The voltage Vd obtained from the depth detecting device is compared, by a comparing amplifier, with the voltage of a potentiometer which electrically represents the position of the recording pen 17 on a recording paper.
  • this element is further provided with an operating element 20, which calculates and plots the sand volume S in the casing pipe on the time axis ton the recording paper, with a recording pen 17, corresponding to the output voltage V, corresponding to the height of the sand surface SL in the casing pipe 1 obtained from the sand volume detecting device.
  • the recorded graph continuously plotted by this recording device is shown in FIG. 8.
  • FIG. 7 shows a behavior of sand in one operating cycle for installation of compacted sand column shown in FIG. 1, which is supply of sand into the casing pipe 1 discharge of sand from the lower end of the pipe due to the pulling-up by an appropriate length of the casing pipe 1 compacting of sand discharged by redriving of the casing pipe 1 That is, in FIG. 7, D, D D show respectively the depths of the lower end of the casing pipe 1 in said one operating cycle, SL shows a height of sand surface of the sand 5 in the pipe immediately before the pulling-up of the casing pipe 1, SL shows a height of sand surface of the sand 5 in the pipe after the pulling-up of the casing pipe 1. Accordingly, the sand colume S in the casing pipe 1 is plotted, as
  • the diameter R of the compacted sand column formed in one operation cycle can be obtained from the following equation by a simple calculation:
  • FIG. 9 is a graph showing briefly enlarged parts corresponding to one operation cycle of FIG. 8.
  • D D shows the length of the compacted sand column portion formed in one operation cycle
  • S 8 shows the discharged sand volume in one operation cycle.
  • a depth total discharged sand volume graph is employed.
  • a recording device shown in FIG. 6 is used.
  • the recording paper is fixed, and a lever 21 is moved up and down by a pen driving element 16 controlled by the output voltage Vd from the depth detecting device mentioned above;
  • a recording pen 22 is so constructed that it moves right and left on the lever 21 by a pen driving element 23 controlled by the output voltage Vs from said sand volume detecting device.
  • the pen driving element 23 is provided with a calculating element 24, which is so constructed that a total discharged sand volume ESu is plotted against the depth axis D on the recording paper by means of the recording pen 22.
  • FIG. 10 An example of the depth total discharged sand volume graph obtained by the above-mentioned recording device is shown in FIG. 10, the total discharged sand volume ESu is recorded against the depth D in a saw-toothed shape.
  • FIG. 11 shows a graph which is a brief, enlarged view of parts corresponding to one operation cycle in FIG. 10.
  • the part m-n shows the discharged sand volume Su at the pulling-up of the casing pipe 1
  • n-p shows the volume of the compacted sand column made by one operating cycle.
  • the discharged sand volume at each of the operation cycles is totaled
  • the graph shows the total discharged sand volume ESu as a whole.
  • the broken line shows a predetermined reference line for depth press-charged sand volume obtained from the design, and this line is previously to be included on the recording paper.
  • the values of dS/dt and dD/dt are compared, but by eliminating the time t therefrom, the value of dS/dD can be compared with 1.
  • the suitability of sand discharge can be estimated by comparing the gradients at each point on m-o with the gradient of 1 (45).
  • the depth total discharged sand volume graphical record is not only utilized directly for installation process of compacted sand columns in which the press-charged sand column is controlled by measurement, but also it is necessary as a past record of the installation process of the compacted sand column.
  • the operation meter 1 shows briefly an embodimental example of the operation meter 26 mentioned above, and the reference value of depth press-charging sand volume obtainable from the design can be memorized in the operation meter 26.
  • the depth D of the casing pipe 1 which is detected by a depth detecting device, and on the right side thereof, the re-driving depth Dd of the casing pipe 1 which satisfies the reference value of the presscharging sand volume at different depths. Accordingly, the operation of the casing pipe 1 may be effected while observing the indication of the depth D at the left side until it conforms with the indicated depth Dd shown at the right side. It is needless to say that various kind of indication type may be used as the operation meter beside that mentioned above.
  • the effect of the compacted sand column is an increase in strength due to a diminution of void ratio of ground considered as average, and when the ground to be stabilized is a clayey soil, the effect is the increase in shearing resistance of the so-called composite ground that is the combination of the increase in the strength due to consolidated dehydration of surrounding clayey soil by the expansion of the sand column and the large internal friction angle of the compacted sand column itself.
  • a strength detecting device For detecting the strength of the above-mentioned compacted sand column, a strength detecting device is used.
  • Various types of the strength detecting device have been considered, and the strength detecting device for a sand column shown in FIG. 4 is employed in a case where a motor-operated driver 2 is used, wherein, in applying the fundamental conception of the formula for dropping hammer used in pile driving, the strength C of the ground or the sand column can be estimated from the formula:
  • the penetrating speed of the casing pipe 1 is converted into a voltage by a penetration speed detecting device 27 connected to the depth detecting drum 7.
  • the electric power consumed in the motor M of the driver 2 is converted into an electric voltage by a power detecting device 28.
  • Both of the voltages are operated basing on said formula (2) by means of an claculating element 29, and a voltage Vc corresponding to the strength C of the sand column is worked out of the calculating element 29.
  • the strength detecting device it is also possible to use those of type in which the strength is obtained from the strain of the casing pipe.
  • a recording device for plotting a graph of the voltage changes Vc, Vd, with recording pens, from the strength detecting device obtained as above and from the above-mentioned depth detecting device, a recording device corresponding to those shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 described above is used. This recording meter is so contrived that meaningless measured values of the strength such as those during the pull-up will not be recorded.
  • a recorded graph shown in FIG. 12 is obtained by a recording device corresponding to that shown in FIG. 5, and a recorded graph shown in FIG.
  • FIG. 13 is obtained by one corresponding to that shown in FIG. 6. Namely, on the recorded graph shown in FIG. 12, there are plotted the depth D, the strength Gs of the original ground and the strength C of the compacted sand column, respectively, against the time axis t, and on the recorded graph shown in FIG. 13, there are plotted the strength Gs of the original ground and the strength C of the compacted sand column, that is a depth sand column strength graph.
  • the casing pipe 1 by effecting a re-driving operation of the casing pipe 1 while confirming whether the sand column strength has reached to a reference value of the predetermined depth sand column strength required by the design from the above-mentioned recorded graph, it is possible to ensure quantitatively the strength of the sand column at different depths of the compacted sand column being installed in the ground, and the compacted sand column being installed will conform with the predetermined design.
  • the broken line shows a reference value of the predetermined depth sand column strength.
  • the graphical record of the depth sand column strength is utilized directly on the measurement control of the compacted sand column being installed, and at the same time it is of course a requisite as a historic record of the installation process of the compacted sand column.
  • the recording of the depth sand column strength graph is effected as a record, and by providing separately an operation meter 31 connected to a recording device 30 as shown in FIG. 14, causing to memorize therein a predetermined reference value of the depth sand column strength obtained from the design. It is preferable that the operation of the re-driving of the casing pipe in the installation of compacted sand column as stated above be carried out by the operator while controlling the re-driving operation of the casing pipe in the installation of the compacted sand column referring to the indication of the operation meter 31.
  • FIG. 16 shows briefly an embodimental example of the abovementioned operation meter 31, and the meter is so constructed that the predetermined reference line Cd of the sand column strength obtained from the design at various depths D is shown by a broken line, and the sand column strength C at the re-driving of the casing pipe 1 is shown at the lower portion. Accordingly, the operator has only to carry out the re-driving of the casing pipe 1 while observing the meter until the sand column strength C reaches to the position shown by the broken line of the meter. It is needless to say that other indicating types may also be employed.
  • (II) is a case which is experienced at the installation of the compacted sand column in the clavey stratrim, and it is necessary to reinforce the insufficient sand column strength by effecting an increment in excess of the planned value of the press-charged sand volume
  • the case (III) is experienced in the installation of compacted sand column at the sand stratum, and because of the excess of the designed press-charged sand volume for the ground, there occurs an inconvenience that unnecessary press-charging of sand is effected when the compacting has already attained to the designed strength of the sand column.
  • One of the characteristic features of the present invention is to detect the strength of the original ground in the depth at the lower end of the casing pipe during the driving of the casing pipe (by regarding it as a pile) for installation of the compacted column'down to the initially predetermined depth (refer to FIG. 1, I).
  • the strength of the original ground can be found by the aforementioned strength detecting device. That is, in the recorded graph shown in FIGS. 12 and 13, Gs shows the strength of the original ground.
  • Process of installing compacted sand columns in the ground comprising the steps of continuously detecting the underground depth at the lower end of a casing pipe using a depth detecting device related to the casing pipe, continuously detecting the strength of sand column during re-driving of the casing pipe at each operation cycle in the installation of the compacted sand column using a strength detecting device, recording the detected underground depth at the lower end of the casing pipe and the strength of the sand column as a graph of depth sand column strength in recording device, and effecting re-driving operation of the casing pipe, in each of the operation cycle of the compacted sand column installation, while confirming that the strength of the sand column detected on said recording graph has reached to the predetermined reference value of the depth sand column strength required by the design.
  • a strength detecting device which is so constructed as to detect the strength of the original ground strength and the sand column strength from the electric power consumed in the motor for the driver and from the penetrating speed in the driving and re-driving process of the casing pipe.
  • a process for installing compacted sand columns in the ground comprising the steps of:
  • a process as defined in claim 10 including the step of indicating a reference value denoting the quantity of sand to be discharged into said cavity to correspond to said predetermined quantity, said indicated reference value being recorded in conjunction with said recorded detected depth of said casing pipe and said detected volume of sand discharged from said casing pipe.
  • a process as defined in claim 10 including the step of recording the strength of the sand column as a function of time.
  • a process as defined in claim 10 including the step of indicating a reference value denoting a predetermined column strength, said casing being driven cyclically downward after having been raised upward to press the discharged sand into said cavity so that the recorded column strength corresponds to said predetermined indicated reference value corresponding to said predetermined column strength.
US00261540A 1971-09-18 1972-06-09 Process of installing compacted sand columns in the ground Expired - Lifetime US3772892A (en)

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JP (1) JPS4949055B2 (hu)
AU (1) AU463686B2 (hu)
BE (1) BE785183A (hu)
BR (1) BR7205635D0 (hu)
DE (1) DE2229282C3 (hu)
DK (1) DK141207B (hu)
FR (1) FR2153926A5 (hu)
GB (1) GB1391662A (hu)
HU (1) HU170414B (hu)
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US4397588A (en) * 1981-01-23 1983-08-09 Vibroflotation Foundation Company Method of constructing a compacted granular or stone column in soil masses and apparatus therefor
US4487524A (en) * 1981-09-22 1984-12-11 Fudo Construction Co., Ltd. Method and apparatus of forming sand piles for improving a soft ground
US4676693A (en) * 1984-11-30 1987-06-30 S: Kajima Corporation Method of confirming position of drain material left and apparatus for confirming same in drain engineering method
US5927900A (en) * 1996-02-06 1999-07-27 Ingenieurs Bureau "Oranjewoud" B.V. Method for placing a system of ducts
US6517292B1 (en) * 1999-09-01 2003-02-11 Richard E Landau Apparatus to form columns of granular material
US20030123937A1 (en) * 1999-09-01 2003-07-03 Landau Richard E. Apparatus to form columns of granular material
US6588987B1 (en) * 1998-03-30 2003-07-08 Vibroflotation B.V. Device for inserting foreign matter into the soil or for compacting the soil
US20040115011A1 (en) * 2000-06-15 2004-06-17 Geotechnical Reinforcement Company, Inc. Apparatus and method for building support piers from one or successive lifts formed in a soil matrix
US20040258486A1 (en) * 2003-06-19 2004-12-23 Makoto Otsuka Sand pile driving method
US20060008326A1 (en) * 2003-02-11 2006-01-12 Landau Richard E Apparatus to form columns of granular material
US20080101873A1 (en) * 2000-06-15 2008-05-01 The Fox Family Trust Method and Apparatus For Building Support Piers From One or Successive Lifts Formed In A Soil Matrix
US20090311050A1 (en) * 2008-06-16 2009-12-17 Geopier Foundation Company - West Apparatus and method for producing soil columns
CN102071675A (zh) * 2011-01-10 2011-05-25 广东省建筑科学研究院 一种联合排水堆载预压和深层搅拌桩加固软土地基的方法
US20140219726A1 (en) * 2011-06-15 2014-08-07 Alexander Degen Method for ground probing
US9169611B2 (en) 2000-06-15 2015-10-27 Geopier Foundation Company, Inc. Method and apparatus for building support piers from one or more successive lifts formed in a soil matrix
JP2017053118A (ja) * 2015-09-08 2017-03-16 新日鉄住金エンジニアリング株式会社 ケーシングパイプおよび砕石杭の施工方法
US10844568B1 (en) * 2020-06-23 2020-11-24 Ramesh Chandra Gupta Rapid consolidation and compacion method for soil improvement of various layers of soils and intermediate geomaterials in a soil deposit
US11261576B1 (en) * 2020-10-20 2022-03-01 Ramesh Chandra Gupta Rapid consolidation and compaction method for soil improvement of various layers of soils and intermediate geomaterials in a soil deposit

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JPS6427724A (en) * 1987-07-23 1989-01-30 Kato Seisakusho Kk Automatic control spinning device
DE29716673U1 (de) * 1997-09-17 1998-01-02 Keller Grundbau Gmbh Vorrichtung zur Bodenverbesserung mittels pulvrigem Bindemittel
DE29716935U1 (de) * 1997-09-20 1998-02-12 Keller Grundbau Gmbh Vorrichtung zum Einbringen von Zusatzmaterial
JP4856967B2 (ja) * 2006-01-27 2012-01-18 株式会社不動テトラ 地盤改良工法
JP5964179B2 (ja) * 2012-08-27 2016-08-03 株式会社不動テトラ 締め固め杭造成による地盤改良方法
JP6150289B2 (ja) * 2013-09-24 2017-06-21 株式会社不動テトラ 締め固め砂杭工法における施工管理方法

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Cited By (27)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4397588A (en) * 1981-01-23 1983-08-09 Vibroflotation Foundation Company Method of constructing a compacted granular or stone column in soil masses and apparatus therefor
US4487524A (en) * 1981-09-22 1984-12-11 Fudo Construction Co., Ltd. Method and apparatus of forming sand piles for improving a soft ground
US4676693A (en) * 1984-11-30 1987-06-30 S: Kajima Corporation Method of confirming position of drain material left and apparatus for confirming same in drain engineering method
US5927900A (en) * 1996-02-06 1999-07-27 Ingenieurs Bureau "Oranjewoud" B.V. Method for placing a system of ducts
US6588987B1 (en) * 1998-03-30 2003-07-08 Vibroflotation B.V. Device for inserting foreign matter into the soil or for compacting the soil
US20030123937A1 (en) * 1999-09-01 2003-07-03 Landau Richard E. Apparatus to form columns of granular material
US6957930B2 (en) * 1999-09-01 2005-10-25 Landau Richard E Apparatus to form columns of granular material
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IT956621B (it) 1973-10-10
DK141207B (da) 1980-02-04
NL167215B (nl) 1981-06-16
DK141207C (hu) 1980-07-21
SE401539B (sv) 1978-05-16
DE2229282C3 (de) 1979-04-26
NO140774C (no) 1979-11-07
GB1391662A (en) 1975-04-23
BR7205635D0 (pt) 1973-07-17
DE2229282A1 (de) 1973-03-29
DE2229282B2 (de) 1978-08-24
JPS4949055B2 (hu) 1974-12-25
FR2153926A5 (hu) 1973-05-04
AU4401472A (en) 1974-01-03
NO140774B (no) 1979-07-30
HU170414B (hu) 1977-06-28
BE785183A (fr) 1972-10-16
AU463686B2 (en) 1975-07-31
NL7208150A (hu) 1973-03-20
NL167215C (nl) 1981-11-16
JPS4837906A (hu) 1973-06-04

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