US3769600A - Method of and apparatus for producing energetic charged particle extended dimension beam curtains and pulse producing structures therefor - Google Patents

Method of and apparatus for producing energetic charged particle extended dimension beam curtains and pulse producing structures therefor Download PDF

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Publication number
US3769600A
US3769600A US00233671A US3769600DA US3769600A US 3769600 A US3769600 A US 3769600A US 00233671 A US00233671 A US 00233671A US 3769600D A US3769600D A US 3769600DA US 3769600 A US3769600 A US 3769600A
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high voltage
pulse
source
windings
curtain
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A Denholm
G Simcox
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Energy Sciences Inc
Fleet National Bank
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Energy Sciences Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J3/00—Details of electron-optical or ion-optical arrangements or of ion traps common to two or more basic types of discharge tubes or lamps
    • H01J3/02—Electron guns
    • H01J3/025—Electron guns using a discharge in a gas or a vapour as electron source
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J33/00—Discharge tubes with provision for emergence of electrons or ions from the vessel; Lenard tubes

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  • ABSTRACT This disclosure deals with extending the high voltage operation of energetic charged-particle extendeddimension beam curtain generators, preferably electron beam curtain generators, without permitting breakdown between evacuated electrode structures, by employing specially shaped high voltage pulses of substantially comparable very steep rise and fall times, preferably by resonant transformer action, while limiting the much longer pulse time duration to a value insufficient to permit such breakdown.
  • the present invention relates to methods of and apparatus for producing energetic charged-particle extended-dimension beam curtains and pulse-producing structures therefor, being more particularly, thoughnot exclusively, directed to pulsed energetic electron beam curtains.
  • Extended-dimension charged-particle beam curtain generators have heretofore been proposed for enabling the treatment of large areas by suchcurtains without the necessity for scanning or the like, as in the case of pencil or smaller focused beam systems, as described, for example, in U. S. Letters Pat. No. 2,887,599 and in copending application Ser. No. 153,769 of B. S. Quintal, entitled, Apparatus For and Method of Producing an Energetic Electron Curtain, and assigned to Energy Sciences Inc., the assignee of the present invention. While these energetic charged particles may be electrons or ions, as is well known, they shall be described herein in connection with the preferred electron beam curtains.
  • a dc voltage is generally used for accelerating the charged particles.
  • the extended-dimension electron beam approach is highly attractive because of its simplicity, compactness, and its constant and linear beam trajectory.
  • the extended electron or ion source approach to beam processing systems is also adaptable for the treatment of non-planar products; e.g. of a coaxial nature, as described, for example, in copending application of S. Nablo, Ser. No.
  • Energetic electron beams, and sometimes ion beams, are being increasingly used for the processing of material such as the curing of metal coatings, thev cross-linking of plastics, and the sterilization of materials, as three major processes of economic interest.
  • the present invention has as one of its primary objects, accordingly, the extending of high voltage operation and the removing of this voltage limit on operation by adopting a mode of operation wherein the accelerating voltage is applied in the form of a (repetitive) pulse, critically shaped and of duration sufficiently short that vacuum breakdown processes do not have time to develop fully.
  • the pulse duration range of primary interest herein is from one to several hundred microseconds.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide a new and improved method of and apparatus for producing energetic charged-particle extended-dimension beam curtains, including those of energetic electrons, not subject to the higher voltage breakdown problem, and for providing novel pulse-producing structures particularly adapted therefor.
  • An additional object is to provide a novel chargeparticle pulse-producing resonant transformer of more general application, as well.
  • the invention contemplates a technique for extending the high voltage operation of energetic charged-particle (preferably electron) extended-dimension beam curtain generators embodying electrode structures disposed in an evacuated housing and susceptible to breakdown discharges with high voltage applied thereto, said method comprising simultaneously producing charged particles along an extended dimension, applying a high voltage pulse to the electrode structures to form the particles into a pulse of a high voltage energetic charged-particle extended-dimension beam curtain, and adjusting the said high voltage pulse to substantially comparable very steep rise and fall times, while limiting the much longer pulse time duration to a value insufficient to permit such breakdown.
  • Preferred operational and constructional details, including preferred pulse-generating structures are hereinafter set forth.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph plotting interelectrode and housing vacuum breakdown characteristics in such energetic electron generators along the ordinate as a function of the gap spacing between the evacuated electrodes and/ or housing structures (in centimeters), curve A being for dc or continuous voltage operation and showing the rapidly reached breakdown for short gaps in the 200-300 Kilovolt (kV) range, and graph B showing the greatly extended high-voltage operation using the discovery of the present invention in connection with specially shaped and tailored fast pulse voltages;
  • FIG. 2 is a longitudinal section of an exemplary energetic electron curtain apparatus, together with schemati c circuit, operated in accordance with and embodying the invention in preferred form;
  • FIG. 3 is a voltage waveform diagram illustrating the resonant transformer pulsing of the structure of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 4 is a section similar to FIG. 2 of a modification.
  • FIG. 5 is a view similar to FIG. 4 of a coaxial version thereof for simultaneously irradiating objects from widely different directions.
  • the pulse voltage breakdown strength proved to be about 60% higher than the continuous voltage strength, and breakdown developed on an average of 24 microseconds after the start of the pulse.
  • a discovery underlying the present invention resides in the vastly novel improvement attainable with pulses, typically of duration less than l microseconds, with comparably steep rising and falling edges or times and longer duration pulse width limited, however, to inhibit the formation of vacuum discharges at these lower voltages, so typical of continuous voltage operation.
  • This has now made near megavolt (FIG. 1) and megavolt, single-gap acceleration systems possible, greatly extending the range of the electron curtain processes.
  • a further advantage of such tailored-pulse form of operation is that the feedthrough bushing into the vacuum can be capacitively graded through suitable geometric shaping and can then be made smaller than the corresponding dc bushings in the continuously operated curtain.
  • the operative half cycle being the second (which has the greater amplitude) for electron beam acceleration, such second half cycle being negative, as shown.
  • the transformer can be made to operate up to about 80 KHz. and above, which would give a half-cycle duration of about 6 microseconds.
  • the filament power and grid controls may be fed to the high voltage terminal by having the pulse transformer secondary consist of multiple windings in parallel, such as bifilar windings.
  • the secondary winding may also be the outer shield of a multiconductor cable, the internal conductors carrying low voltage powerand signals to the high voltage terminal.
  • a further advantage of such pulse form of operation is that the feed-through bushing into vacuum can be capacitively graded through suitable geometric shaping and can then, as before stated, be constructed smaller than the corresponding dc bushing in the continuously operated curtain.
  • such a pulse transformer network is shown. at PT, having a primary winding P, preferably frustoconically shaped and comprising substantially self-supporting relatively large-size copper or other conductive strips, mounted within a conductive evacuated housing structure 15, at one end thereof, substantially in line with an electron beam curtain gun EG, with the housing serving as the anode of the gun and supporting an electron-pervious egress or exit window 17, as described in said copending Quintal application.
  • a conventional pulse driving circuit P. D. (say, for 50 kV pulses) is connected to the primary P, the primary coaxially surrounding the multiple parallelwinding cylindrical secondary S, shown sealed from communication with the vacuum V (say, of the order of at least 10 Torr), within the anode housing 15, by
  • the cathode electron or charged particle source is illustrated as a longitudinally extending filament 1 disposed within a channel 3 provided with a control grid 7 extending longitudinally parallel to an coextensively with the cathode l and transversely thereof to the walls of the channel 3, as described in said Quintal application.
  • an electrostatic shield or Faraday cage 11 Coaxially surrounding the cathode 1 and control grid 7 is an electrostatic shield or Faraday cage 11 having a further longitudinal grid structure 13 aligned with the cathode 1 and control grid 7 to form the beam into an extended-dimension energetic electron curtain that may exit as it expands through the window 17.
  • the high pulse voltage from the secondary is applied at the electrode 13 from the high voltage or right hand terminal of the secondary winding S, this being done as the cathode source 1 is caused to emit electrons in response to an appropriately timed control grid pulse applied to the control grid 7, as described by said Abramyan et al.
  • This operation is illustrated in the waveforms of FIG. 3, the resonant transformation in PT producing oscillatory ringing 1 1 (say, up to KHz), with the first negative half-cycle 11" being used for the high voltage pulsing.
  • the control grid is pulsed, as described, for example, by Abramyan et al, and is shown at 13', to produce the substantially monoenergetic electron pulse within the voltage pulse duration which has a somewhat longer time of some microseconds, say 6 or more, consistent with the holding off of electrode-gap vacuum breakdown, discussed in connection with FIG. 1.
  • the resonant pulse transformer PT (or other substantially similar-performance pulse-forming network) is mounted in-line with the gun EG in the embodiment of FIG. 2, it is shown mounted within an intermediate transverse extension, in the embodiment of FIG. 4; and other mounting positions are also possible.
  • the end of the sealed chamber formed by the secondary S and its external insulating cylinder C is provided with a sealed voltage bushing B for enabling the necessary voltage connections to be effected within the gun structure EG.
  • This construction is particularly advantageous, as shown in FIG. 5, for irradiating objects 0, such as longitudinal plastic-covered wire-to-be-treated as it is drawn longitudinally past the window 17.
  • additional curtain guns or gun portions differently directed radially about the object such as EG with window 17' etc. may be provided, also pulsed from the pulse transformer P-S.
  • P-S pulsed from the pulse transformer
  • the pulse transformer itself protrudes into the vacuum V, maintained as at 2.
  • the transformer secondary itself has to be well graded dielectrically and thus also grades the dielectric surface which supports the high voltage terminal in vacuum.
  • the pulse transformer secondary S housed inside a ceramic tube C with vacuum on the outside and high pressure gas or insulating fluid on the inside, has its high voltage terminal shaped so that several radial electron beams can be accelerated to treat such a coaxial product as the wire or cable of FIG. 5.
  • the electron beams and their support structures can also be configured to treat special shapes other than coaxial.
  • Apparatus for producing energetic chargedparticle extended-dimension beam curtains having, in combination, a dimensionally extending source of charged particles, first electrode means positioned on one side of the source and extending therealong and thereacross, means for applying potential between the source and the first electrode means to generate a dimensionally extending charged-particle beam, further electrode means aligned with the source and first electrode means for shaping the beam into a curtain, an evacuated housing structure surrounding the source and electrode means and having a charged-particlepervious window substantially aligned with the first and further electrode means for transmitting the curtain outside said housing structure, means comprising pulse network means disposed contiguous to said housing structure and connected with said further electrode means for developing a high voltage pulse of substantially comparably steep rise and fall times but of duration insufficient to permit breakdown within the housing structure between any of the source, both the electrode means, and the housing structure, and means connected with the first electrode means for enabling the drawing of charged particles from said source during the developing of said high voltage pulse, whereby a substantially greater charged-particle curtain voltage
  • said pulse network means comprises primary and secondary transformer windings the former of which is connected to pulser means and the latter of which is connected to said further electrode means to pulse said source, with the windings being adjusted to resonate at a common frequency and coupled to develop an oscillatory ring comprising a high voltage pulse as a half-cycle thereof.
  • said primary winding comprises relatively large-size winding turns formed substantially frusto-conically
  • said secondary winding comprises multiple substantially cylindrical smaller windings
  • the insulating seal comprises a dielectric cylinder enveloping the secondary windings
  • an insulating medium comprising one of gas and insulating fluid is sealed within the secondary windings.
  • said further electrode means comprises further grid means, "and said housing structure comprises a conductive anode means with electron-pervious window means for exiting the, produced electron curtain pulse.
  • said pulse network means comprises primary and secondary transformer windings the former of which is connected to pulser means and the latter of which to said further electrode grid means, with the windings being resonated at a common frequency, and coupled to devlop an oscillatory ring comprising the said high voltage pulse as a negative half-cycle thereof.
  • Apparatus for producing energetic chargedparticle beams having, in combination with an evacuated housing containing a source of charged particles, pulse network means comprising primary and secondary transformer windings the former of which is connected to pulser means and the latter of which develops a high voltage pulse, means connected to said secondary winding for pulsing said source and for producing a charged-particle beam, the windings being adjusted to resonate at a common frequency and coupled to develop an oscillatory ring comprising said high voltage pulse as a half-cycle thereof, means for supporting said primary winding within said evacuated housing exposed to the vacuum thereof and means for supporting the secondary winding substantially coaxially disposed therewithin but insulatingly sealed from said vacuum.

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US00233671A 1972-03-24 1972-03-24 Method of and apparatus for producing energetic charged particle extended dimension beam curtains and pulse producing structures therefor Expired - Lifetime US3769600A (en)

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Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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US4025818A (en) * 1976-04-20 1977-05-24 Hughes Aircraft Company Wire ion plasma electron gun
DE2823205A1 (de) * 1978-05-25 1979-11-29 Energy Sciences Inc Vorrichtung zum erzeugen von longitudinalen streifen energiereicher elektronenstrahlen
EP0011414A1 (en) * 1978-11-03 1980-05-28 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance SA Process and apparatus for electron beam irradiation of surfaces
US4273831A (en) * 1978-09-01 1981-06-16 Kemtec, Inc. Powdered polymer compositions produced by electron beam polymerization of polymerizable compositions
EP0056179A1 (en) * 1981-01-12 1982-07-21 Sony Corporation Process and apparatus for converged fine line electron beam treatment of objects
US4367412A (en) * 1978-11-03 1983-01-04 Tetra Pak Developpement Sa Process of and apparatus for cold-cathode electron-beam generation for sterilization of surfaces and similar applications
US4439686A (en) * 1980-09-16 1984-03-27 Tetra Pak Developpement Ltd. Electron beam-irradiating apparatus with conical bushing seal-support
US4490409A (en) * 1982-09-07 1984-12-25 Energy Sciences, Inc. Process and apparatus for decorating the surfaces of electron irradiation cured coatings on radiation-sensitive substrates
US4559102A (en) * 1983-05-09 1985-12-17 Sony Corporation Method for recrystallizing a polycrystalline, amorphous or small grain material
US4591756A (en) * 1985-02-25 1986-05-27 Energy Sciences, Inc. High power window and support structure for electron beam processors
US4592799A (en) * 1983-05-09 1986-06-03 Sony Corporation Method of recrystallizing a polycrystalline, amorphous or small grain material
US4703256A (en) * 1983-05-09 1987-10-27 Sony Corporation Faraday cups
US6163242A (en) * 1999-05-07 2000-12-19 Scanditronix Medical Ab Rotationally symmetrical high-voltage pulse transformer with tesla resonance and energy recovery
US6210516B1 (en) 1994-02-18 2001-04-03 Ronald Sinclair Nohr Process of enhanced chemical bonding by electron seam radiation
EP1735810A1 (en) * 2004-03-09 2006-12-27 Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute A large-area shower electron beam irradiator with field emitters as an electron source
US20090156079A1 (en) * 2007-12-14 2009-06-18 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Antistatic breathable nonwoven laminate having improved barrier properties
US20100159195A1 (en) * 2008-12-24 2010-06-24 Quincy Iii Roger B High repellency materials via nanotopography and post treatment
WO2013004563A1 (en) * 2011-07-04 2013-01-10 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance S.A. Electron-beam device
CN103620696A (zh) * 2011-07-04 2014-03-05 利乐拉瓦尔集团及财务有限公司 电子束装置和制造所述电子束装置的方法
EP0950256B2 (en) † 1997-01-02 2014-07-23 Hitachi Zosen Corporation Electron beam accelerator

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SU748926A1 (ru) * 1978-01-09 1980-07-15 Предприятие П/Я В-8584 Рентгеновский генератор
FR2520111A1 (fr) * 1982-01-20 1983-07-22 Lhd Lab Hygiene Dietetique Moyen de detection de chaleur constitue par une composition thermoplastique a base de polycaprolactone et de polyurethane et son procede de preparation
FI70346C (fi) * 1983-05-03 1986-09-15 Enso Gutzeit Oy Anordning foer aostadkommande av en elektronridao
FR2564029B1 (fr) * 1984-05-11 1986-11-14 Aerospatiale Procede et dispositif de polymerisation et/ou reticulation d'une resine entrant dans la composition d'une piece en materiau composite au moyen de rayonnements ionisants
JPS6215219A (ja) * 1985-07-12 1987-01-23 Kuraray Co Ltd 均質な熱可塑性ポリウレタンの製造方法
JPH02191621A (ja) * 1989-10-20 1990-07-27 Kuraray Co Ltd 熱成型性に優れた熱可塑性ポリウレタン
DE4002049C2 (de) * 1990-01-24 1993-12-09 Deutsche Forsch Luft Raumfahrt Elektronenemissionsquelle und Einrichtung zum Bestrahlen von Medien mit einer solchen Elektronenemissionsquelle
JP2660770B2 (ja) * 1990-12-05 1997-10-08 三洋化成工業株式会社 熱可塑性ポリウレタン樹脂組成物およびその製造法
GB2464926A (en) * 2008-10-28 2010-05-05 Ex Beams Ltd Apparatus for generating an electron beam

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NL17811C (it) * 1925-03-25
BE483447A (it) * 1942-07-22
US2912616A (en) * 1956-02-07 1959-11-10 Itt Pulsed-cathode electron gun
US2887599A (en) * 1957-06-17 1959-05-19 High Voltage Engineering Corp Electron acceleration tube
NL241212A (it) * 1958-07-14
GB1251333A (it) * 1967-10-31 1971-10-27

Cited By (30)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4025818A (en) * 1976-04-20 1977-05-24 Hughes Aircraft Company Wire ion plasma electron gun
DE2823205A1 (de) * 1978-05-25 1979-11-29 Energy Sciences Inc Vorrichtung zum erzeugen von longitudinalen streifen energiereicher elektronenstrahlen
US4273831A (en) * 1978-09-01 1981-06-16 Kemtec, Inc. Powdered polymer compositions produced by electron beam polymerization of polymerizable compositions
EP0011414A1 (en) * 1978-11-03 1980-05-28 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance SA Process and apparatus for electron beam irradiation of surfaces
EP0054016A2 (en) 1978-11-03 1982-06-16 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance SA Apparatus for electron-beam irradiation of surfaces
US4367412A (en) * 1978-11-03 1983-01-04 Tetra Pak Developpement Sa Process of and apparatus for cold-cathode electron-beam generation for sterilization of surfaces and similar applications
US4439686A (en) * 1980-09-16 1984-03-27 Tetra Pak Developpement Ltd. Electron beam-irradiating apparatus with conical bushing seal-support
EP0056179A1 (en) * 1981-01-12 1982-07-21 Sony Corporation Process and apparatus for converged fine line electron beam treatment of objects
US4490409A (en) * 1982-09-07 1984-12-25 Energy Sciences, Inc. Process and apparatus for decorating the surfaces of electron irradiation cured coatings on radiation-sensitive substrates
US4844764A (en) * 1982-09-07 1989-07-04 Energy Sciences Inc. Process of in-line coating and decorative-layer lamination with panel board material employing electron beam irradiation
US4559102A (en) * 1983-05-09 1985-12-17 Sony Corporation Method for recrystallizing a polycrystalline, amorphous or small grain material
US4592799A (en) * 1983-05-09 1986-06-03 Sony Corporation Method of recrystallizing a polycrystalline, amorphous or small grain material
US4703256A (en) * 1983-05-09 1987-10-27 Sony Corporation Faraday cups
US4591756A (en) * 1985-02-25 1986-05-27 Energy Sciences, Inc. High power window and support structure for electron beam processors
US6210516B1 (en) 1994-02-18 2001-04-03 Ronald Sinclair Nohr Process of enhanced chemical bonding by electron seam radiation
EP0950256B2 (en) † 1997-01-02 2014-07-23 Hitachi Zosen Corporation Electron beam accelerator
US6163242A (en) * 1999-05-07 2000-12-19 Scanditronix Medical Ab Rotationally symmetrical high-voltage pulse transformer with tesla resonance and energy recovery
EP1735810A1 (en) * 2004-03-09 2006-12-27 Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute A large-area shower electron beam irradiator with field emitters as an electron source
EP1735810A4 (en) * 2004-03-09 2009-08-05 Korea Atomic Energy Res ELECTRON BEAM IRRADIATOR IN BIG SURFACE FIELD EMITTERS AS ELECTRON SOURCES
US7671522B2 (en) 2004-03-09 2010-03-02 Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute Large-area shower electron beam irradiator with field emitters as an electron source
US20070278928A1 (en) * 2004-03-09 2007-12-06 Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute Large-Area Shower Electron Beam Irradiator With Field Emitters As An Electron Source
US20090156079A1 (en) * 2007-12-14 2009-06-18 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Antistatic breathable nonwoven laminate having improved barrier properties
WO2009077889A1 (en) 2007-12-14 2009-06-25 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Antistatic breathable nonwoven laminate having improved barrier properties
US20100159195A1 (en) * 2008-12-24 2010-06-24 Quincy Iii Roger B High repellency materials via nanotopography and post treatment
WO2013004563A1 (en) * 2011-07-04 2013-01-10 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance S.A. Electron-beam device
CN103620695A (zh) * 2011-07-04 2014-03-05 利乐拉瓦尔集团及财务有限公司 电子束装置
CN103620696A (zh) * 2011-07-04 2014-03-05 利乐拉瓦尔集团及财务有限公司 电子束装置和制造所述电子束装置的方法
US9076633B2 (en) 2011-07-04 2015-07-07 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance S.A. Electron-beam device
CN103620696B (zh) * 2011-07-04 2016-08-17 利乐拉瓦尔集团及财务有限公司 电子束装置和制造所述电子束装置的方法
CN103620695B (zh) * 2011-07-04 2017-08-01 利乐拉瓦尔集团及财务有限公司 电子束装置

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DE2314681A1 (de) 1973-10-04
FR2177793B1 (it) 1977-02-04
JPS496399A (it) 1974-01-21
DE2314681C3 (de) 1978-04-27
FR2177793A1 (it) 1973-11-09
SE385344B (sv) 1976-06-21
GB1389631A (en) 1975-04-03
CA965483A (en) 1975-04-01
NL7302432A (it) 1973-09-26
JPS5238197B2 (it) 1977-09-27
DE2314681B2 (de) 1977-08-04

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