Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
  • H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
  • H01M50/528—Fixed electrical connections, i.e. not intended for disconnection
  • H01M50/529—Intercell connections through partitions, e.g. in a battery casing
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T29/00—Metal working
  • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
  • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
  • Y10T29/49108—Electric battery cell making

Definitions

• ABSTRACT A maraging stainless steel containing correlated [52] 75/128 75/124 T amounts of nickel, chromium, silicon, and metal from [51] Int. Cl. C22c 3 /20 the group consisting of aluminum and titanium, the [58] Field of Search 75/128 T, 128 N, Steel being particularly Suitable in cast form since it 75/124 affords a combination of good strength, toughness and corrosion resistance and also exhibits excellent [56] References cued foundry characteristics.
• the steels contain properly correlated amounts of nickel, chromium, silicon, metal from the group consisting of aluminum and titanium, and other elements as set forth herein.
• the present invention contemplates cast stainless maraging steels containing (in weight per cent) from percent to about 12.5 percent, e.g., 10 to 12 percent, chromium, about 7.5 to 11 percent, e.g., 8 to 10 percent, nickel, the sum of the chromium plus nickel being at least 18 percent, e.g., 19 percent, but less than 22 percent and advantageously not over 21.5 percent, about 1.5 to 3 .percent silicon, a small but effective amount, e.g., 0.01 percent, of metal from the group consisting of aluminum and titanium, up to about 1 percent manganese, up to about 0.05 percent carbon and the balance essentially iron.
• the chromium content fall below about 10 percent corrosion resistance is impaired. Moreover, mechanical properties can be decidedly unattractive. On the other hand, at chromium levelsmuch above 12.5 percent, problems due to delta ferrite can arise, thus adversely affecting toughness characteristics. This is particularly true with low percentages of nickel. For this reason, among others, in seeking the highest combination of strength and toughness, the nickel content should be at least 7.5 percent and is most beneficially at least 8 percent or 8.5 percent, since it both inhibits delta ferrite formation and markedly enhances toughness. However, in respect of the lower strength steels, good results can be achieved at reduced percentages of nickel,
• the alloys are undesirably characterized by low M, temperatures. Therefore, the sum of the chromium plus nickel should be less than 22 percent and in striving for optimum results should not exceed 21 percent or 21.5 percent. It might be pointed out that the M, temperature should not be lower than about 325F. to 350F. to thereby as sure obtaining steels which upon transformation are characterized by an essentially martensitic structure upon cooling from say, hot working or annealing temperatures and the like.
• silicon it should not fall below about 1.5 percent where the emphasis is on the higher strength steels. Percentages much above 3 percent silicon, while imparting strength, detract from toughness, particularly the ability of the steels to absorb impact energy. A silicon range of 1.6 to 2.5 percent, e.g., 1.8 to 2.3 percent, is most satisfactory. Lower amounts of silicon can be used in connection with steels having tensile strengths between about 125,000 and 150,000 psi; however, at least about 0.5 percent silicon, e.g., at least 0.6 percent, is necessary for good foundry characteristics and to facilitate ease of castability.
• the steels contain not more than about 0.2 percent of aluminum and/or titanium. In aiming for optimum properties, from 0.02 to 0.07 percent .of each of these elements has been found to afford excellent results.
• manganese can be present in the steels in accordance herewith in percentages up to about 1 percent, it is nonetheless extremelyadvantageous to maintain this constituent at much lower levels, to wit: not above about 0.4 to 0.5 percent. As will be demonstrated herein, manganese can impair the capability of the steels to absorb high levels of impact energy. As to carbon, if toughness characteristics are not to be needlessly sacrificed this element should not be present in amounts above 0.05 percent and, indeed, should be maintained at significantly lower levels, e.g., below about 0.03 percent or 0.02 percent.
• a series of 30 pound air-induction melts utilizing electrolytic grade metals as starting materials was prepared.
• the furnace was first charged with iron and nickel together with about 0.05 percent carbon (carbon boil) for the deoxidation. Thereafter, about 0.1 percent each of aluminum and titanium was added followed by the silicon addition.
• the heats were cast in dry said double keel block molds, the leg of each keel being 1 inch X Hinches X 7 inches in length. Standard tensile 1 inch) and Charpy V-Notch impact specimens were machined from the keel block and were thereafter solution annealed about one hour at 1900F., air cooled and maraged at about 850F. for about 3 hours. The results of these tests are reported in Tables I and II.
• alloys containing from about 10 to 12 percent chromium, 8.5 to 10 percent nickel and about 1.8 to 2.3 percent silicon are exceptionally good.
• Alloy C confirms that significantly lower levels of nickel (5 percent) subvert resistance to impact. Alloy 10 reflects that as the nickel content is increased above 9 percent in these less pure materials, impact resistance is not benefitted. The low strength of Alloy D is deemed attributable to retained austenite. From overall considerations it is preferred to maintain the nickel content at not more than 9 percent regardless of silicon content.
• Foundry characteristics were evaluated by pouring dry sand mold fluidity spirals at three different pouring temperatures, 2950F., 2850F. and 2775F.
• the steel used nominally contained 11.5 percent chromium, 8.5 percent nickel and 2 percent silicon, the balance being essentially iron.
• the resulting spiral lengths were 35 inches, 31 inches and 17 inches,-respectively. Each of the spirals exhibited good mold filling capability.
• the freezing temperature of the steel was approximately 2600F. Accordingly, in view of the pouring temperature and degree of super-heat, the fluidity measurements indicated that the castability of the subject steels would be at least as good as if perhaps not better than standard cast CF-8 stainless steel.
• the cast steels of the present invention can be utilized for such applications as wearing rings, compressor wheels, corrosion resistant gears, high pressure valves, propellers, components for power plant pumps, including impellers, stage pieces, diffusers, etc., and for applications generally requiring steels which manifest a good combination of corrosion resistance, strength and toughness.
• the steels above described have been set forth solely in connection with applications as cast steels they also are useful in the wrought form.
• the nickel content can be lowered to 5.5 percent or even 5 percent and the chromium content can be extended up to 15 percent, the sum of the chromium and nickel being less than 22 percent. This obtains over the full silicon range.
• a maraging stainless steel in the cast and martensitic condition consisting essentially of from about percent to about 12.5 percent chromium, about 7.5 percent to about 11 percent nickel, the sum of the chromium plus nickel being at least about 18 percent but less than 22 percent, about 1.5 percent to about 3 percent silicon, metal from the group consisting of titanium and aluminum in a small but effective amount sufficient to enhance the toughness of the steel, the titanium and aluminum not exceeding about 0.2 percent each, up to about 1 percent manganese, up to 0.05 percent carbon and the balance iron.
• An alloy in accordance with claim 1 containing from about 11 percent to about 12 percent chromium.
• An alloy in accordance with claim 1 containing from about 8 percent to about 10 percent nickel.
• An alloy in accordance with claim 1 containing about 0.02 percent to about 0.07 percent each of titanium and aluminum.
• An alloy in accordance with claim 1 containing about 1 1 percent to about 12 percent chromium, about 8.5 to 9.5 percent nickel, the chromium plus nickel being from about 20 to 21.5 percent, about 1.8 percent to about 2.3 percent silicon, up to about 0.5 percent manganese, up to 0.03 percent carbon, and 0.01 to 0.1 percent of titanium and aluminum.
• a maraging steel in the martensitic condition consisting essentially of about 10 percent to about 15 percent chromium, from 5 to 11 percent nickel, the sum of the chromium plus nickel being at least 18 percent but less than 22 percent, about 0.5 percent to about 3 percent silicon, metal from the groupconsisting of titanium and aluminum in a small but effective amount sufficient to enhance the toughness of the steel, the titanium and aluminum not exceeding about 0.2 percent each, up to about 1 percent manganese, up to 0.5 percent carbon and the balance iron.
• An alloy in accordance with claim 13 containing 11 to 15 percent chromium, 7.5 to 9.5 percent nickel, 1.8 to 2.3 percent silicon, metal from the group consisting of aluminum up to 0.1 percent and titanium up to 0.1 percent, up to 0.5 percent manganese, and up to 0.03 percent carbon.
• a cast maraging steel in the martensitic condition consisting essentially of about 10 percent to about 15 percent chromium, from 5 to l 1 percent nickel, the sum of the chromium plus nickel being at least 18 percent but less than 22 percent, about 0.5 percent to about 3 percent silicon, metal from the group consisting of titanium and aluminum in a small but effective amount sufficient to enhance the toughness of the steel, the titanium and aluminum not exceeding about 0.2 percent each, up to about 1 percent manganese, up to 0.5 percent carbon, and the balance iron.
• a cast maraging steel in accordance with claim 15 containing from 6.5 percent to about 8 percent nickel and from 0.6 to 1 percent silicon.
• a cast maraging steel in accordance with claim 16 containing 0.01 to 0.1 percent aluminum and 0.01

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Electrochemistry (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Connection Of Batteries Or Terminals (AREA)
• Arc Welding In General (AREA)
• Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)

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• 1971
  • 1971-09-16 US US00181234A patent/US3767389A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
• 1972
  • 1972-02-14 DE DE2206894A patent/DE2206894C3/de not_active Expired
  • 1972-02-14 US US00226038A patent/US3767889A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1972-02-15 GB GB704572A patent/GB1370051A/en not_active Expired
  • 1972-02-16 FR FR7205208A patent/FR2125519B1/fr not_active Expired

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