US3764850A - Electron beam controller - Google Patents

Electron beam controller Download PDF

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Publication number
US3764850A
US3764850A US00266832A US3764850DA US3764850A US 3764850 A US3764850 A US 3764850A US 00266832 A US00266832 A US 00266832A US 3764850D A US3764850D A US 3764850DA US 3764850 A US3764850 A US 3764850A
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Prior art keywords
electron beam
magnetic means
magnetic
cyclotron
intensity
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Expired - Lifetime
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US00266832A
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English (en)
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H Kosmahl
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J23/00—Details of transit-time tubes of the types covered by group H01J25/00
    • H01J23/02—Electrodes; Magnetic control means; Screens
    • H01J23/027—Collectors
    • H01J23/0275—Multistage collectors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J29/00—Details of cathode-ray tubes or of electron-beam tubes of the types covered by group H01J31/00
    • H01J29/46—Arrangements of electrodes and associated parts for generating or controlling the ray or beam, e.g. electron-optical arrangement
    • H01J29/58—Arrangements for focusing or reflecting ray or beam
    • H01J29/64—Magnetic lenses

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT A magnet applies a magnetic field of predetermined intensity and shape to a spent electron beam over an axial distance having a predetermined relationship to the frequency of operation of a utilization device which has extracted energy from the electron beam and at a predetermined axial distance after the beam has left the magnetic field of the utilization device and entered the beam expansion region and beam stabilization region.
  • the stabilizing magnetic field is terminated abruptly before the electron beam enters a collector apparatus.
  • FIG 2 1 ELECTRON BEAM CONTROLLER ORIGIN OF THE INVENTION
  • the invention described herein was made by an employee of the United States Government and may be manufactured and used by or for the Government of the United STates for governmental purposes without the payment of any royalties thereon or therefor.
  • This invention relates to electron beam devices and is directed more particularly to apparatus wherein energy is extracted from an electron beam before the electrons of the beam are captured by a collector apparatus.
  • Still another object of the invention is to provide a method and apparatus for refocusing a spent electron beam utilizing negligible power or no power at all.
  • Yet another object of the invention is to provide a method for refocusing a spent electron beam for injection into a collector at high efficiency without any complex monitoring or programming steps being required.
  • a still further object of the invention is to provide apparatus for refocusing a spent electron beam with a minimum of parts.
  • the invention produces refocusing of a spent electron beam by minimizing transverse elctron velocities in the beam whereby the electrons having a multiplicity of axial velocities are sorted at high efficiency by collector electrodes.
  • FIG. I is the upper half of a longitudinal crosssectional view of a microwave oscillator tube embodying the invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph whose abcissa is proportional in length to the length of the tube of FIG. 1 and which is a plot of magnetic field strength versus axial length of the tube.
  • a microwave tube embodying the invention may be divided generally into an interaction region 10, a refocusing region 11, a beam stabilization region 12 and a collector region 13.
  • the foregoing four regions are defined by vertical lines 14, l5, l6, l7 and 18.
  • An electron beam 19 will, in accordance with the instant invention, have the general shape as shown in I FIG. I wherein the spent beam from which energy has been extracted in region 10 has a relatively constant diameter as indicated at 20 in the interaction region 10 of the tube, increasing radius as indicated at 21 in refocusing region 1 l, stabilization of the radial velocities as shown at 22 by limiting of the velocities and of the radius to a maximum average fixed value as indicated at 23 in the collector region 13. Focusing and refocusing, as used herein, indicate that the transverse velocities of electrons comprising an electron beam are reduced. Consequently, although an electron beam may be expanding, a limiting or decreasing of the amount of expansion will reduce the transverse velocity components of electrons in the beam. This causes the axial velocity of the electrons to increase, as may be shown by the well-known adiabatic expansion.
  • the interaction region 10 may include a solenoid comprising a current carrying winding 24 and a pole piece 25 which produce a magnetic field of constant value as indicated at 26 in FIG. 2. Downstream of the first solenoid is a second solenoid comprising current carrying windings 27, a rear pole piece 28 and a front pole piece 29. The second solenoid produces a constant magneticfield in stabilization region 12 as indicated at 30 in FIG. 2 and of much lower intensity than the magnetic field of the first solenoid.
  • the transverse velocity components of the beam are minimum.
  • the groups having slower axial velocities drift preferentially to the edge of the beam thus providing a natural velocity-position sorting which reduces the sorting which must be done subsequently in the collector region 13. This presorting increases the collector efficiency because less energy is expended by the collector in sorting.
  • the magnetic field in the refocusing region 11 of FIG. 1 decreases smoothly but not necessarily'linearly, as indicated at 31 in FIG. 2, from its intensity as produced by the first solenoid to its lower intensity as produced by the second solenoid.
  • the ratio of the magnetic field as given by 26 to that indicated by 30 in FIG. 2 is determined by the degree of the required dilution of the current density in the spent electron beam. Since the average beam radius is inversely proportional to the local magnetic field, the dilution is approximately given by the factor (B IB F, where B, and B designate the values of the magnetic fields in the tube region and the stabilization region 12, respectively.
  • a pole piece 32 of smaller diameter than the pole piece 29 may be disposed on the front of the pole piece 29 so as to produce a smooth, gradual change of the magnetic field to its stabilizing value. This smooth change is shown at 33 in FIG. 2.
  • the collector region 13 the electrons comprising electron beam 19 are all collected and, as shown in 38 in FIG. 2, there is no magnetic field in this region except for a residual amount as shown at 39 after the magnetic field beings an abrupt decrease towards 0 as at 40.
  • the collector mechanism of the collector region 13 may comprise apertured dished plates 34, 35, 36 and 37.
  • suitable collectors of the prior art such as those used for microwave electron tubes may be used.
  • the collectors are connected to a voltage divider 41 which is energized by suitable d-c source 42.
  • the positive side of the d-c source 42 is grounded as at 43 as are the pole pieces 25, 28, 29 and 32.
  • Numerals 44 through 49 indicate some of the paths which may be followed by various electrons in the electron beam as they travel toward the collector plates.
  • L the distance between vertical dash lines and 16, and L the distance between the vertical dash lines 16 and 17, represent the length of the refocusing region and the stabilization region, respectively.
  • L has a length from about one cyclotron wavelength to about three cyclotron wavelengths while L has a length from about one-half cyclotron wavelength to about 1 cyclotron wavelength, where a cyclotron wavelength is defined as -rrIfi/(e/m) B], where i, e/m and B designate the average electron velocity, the electronic charge to mass ratio equal to 1.76Xl0 inch Coul/Kg and the local magnetic field B, respectively.
  • the optimum lengths L, and L can be determined exactly only through complex complications such as to produce least transverse velocity at the entrance into the collector.
  • the present invention gives the magnitude of the required fields the range of suitable lengths L, and L and the method and shape of the refocusing fields.
  • the magnets for the stabilizing region will preferably be also of the permanent type.
  • one single permanent magnet can be constructed such as to produce the required profile of the refocusing fields by a proper placement of pole pieces 25, 29 and 28 and proper shaping of the magnet itself.
  • a method of minimizing transverse velocity components in an expanding spent electron beam comprising the steps of:
  • stabilizing intensity is from about V4 to l/IO as great as the intensity of said first magnetic field.
  • Apparatus for focusing an electron beam comprising:
  • each of said means being positioned in order as named in a direction away from said source of electrons.
  • An improved microwave tube comprising means for producing a beam of electrons
  • second magnetic means disposed downstream of said first magnetic means to provide a constant magnetic field of lower intensity than that of said first magnetic means
  • said second solenoid includes a front pole piece including an upstream extending annular step portion of smaller diameter than said pole piece.
  • said second magnetic means includes auxiliary magnetic means disposed at the downstream surface of said second magnetic means to provide a smooth gradual change as the decreasing magnetic field between said first and second magnetic means merges into said lower intensity field produced by said second magnetic means.

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  • Particle Accelerators (AREA)
  • Microwave Tubes (AREA)
US00266832A 1972-06-27 1972-06-27 Electron beam controller Expired - Lifetime US3764850A (en)

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US26683272A 1972-06-27 1972-06-27

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US (1) US3764850A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AU (1) AU472491B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE801131A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA979062A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2332118A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2191251B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1430005A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
IT (1) IT989490B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL7308986A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4096409A (en) * 1976-10-04 1978-06-20 Litton Systems, Inc. Multistage depressed collector
US4277721A (en) * 1979-09-07 1981-07-07 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Multistage depressed collector for dual mode operation
US4395656A (en) * 1980-12-24 1983-07-26 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Gyrotron transmitting tube
US4794303A (en) * 1987-01-22 1988-12-27 Litton Systems, Inc. Axisymmetric electron collector with off-axis beam injection
FR2659492A1 (fr) * 1990-03-08 1991-09-13 Eev Ltd Appareil amplificateur a hautes frequences.
US5420478A (en) * 1993-02-12 1995-05-30 Litton Systems, Inc. Depressed collector for sorting radial energy level of a gyrating electron beam
US5780970A (en) * 1996-10-28 1998-07-14 University Of Maryland Multi-stage depressed collector for small orbit gyrotrons
US20030168986A1 (en) * 2000-05-18 2003-09-11 Cascone Michael J. Multiple stage depressed collector (MSDC) klystron based amplifier for ground based satellite and terrestrial communications
US6777877B1 (en) * 2000-08-28 2004-08-17 Communication & Power Industries, Inc. Gun-only magnet used for a multi-stage depressed collector klystron
CN107132496A (zh) * 2017-04-07 2017-09-05 韩小刚 微磁场的测量方法及装置
US10071437B2 (en) 2010-03-31 2018-09-11 Sciaky, Inc. Raster methodology, apparatus and system for electron beam layer manufacturing using closed loop control
US10189114B2 (en) 2009-09-17 2019-01-29 Sciaky, Inc. Electron beam layer manufacturing
RU2706644C1 (ru) * 2019-03-29 2019-11-19 Акционерное общество "Научно-производственное предприятие "Алмаз" (АО "НПП "Алмаз") Лампа бегущей волны для линейных усилителей свч мощности спутников связи
RU2738394C1 (ru) * 2020-04-24 2020-12-11 Акционерное общество "Научно-производственное предприятие "Алмаз" (АО "НПП "Алмаз") Лампа бегущей волны линеаризованного усилителя свч-мощности

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6380803B2 (en) 1993-09-03 2002-04-30 Litton Systems, Inc. Linear amplifier having discrete resonant circuit elements and providing near-constant efficiency across a wide range of output power
GB2281656B (en) * 1993-09-03 1997-04-02 Litton Systems Inc Radio frequency power amplification
US6617791B2 (en) 2001-05-31 2003-09-09 L-3 Communications Corporation Inductive output tube with multi-staged depressed collector having improved efficiency
CN101704395B (zh) * 2009-11-10 2010-10-06 上海百顺锁业有限公司 一种电动车毂闸

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2305884A (en) * 1940-07-13 1942-12-22 Int Standard Electric Corp Electron beam concentrating system
US2853641A (en) * 1955-01-20 1958-09-23 Gen Electric Electron beam and wave energy interaction device
US3175120A (en) * 1960-02-25 1965-03-23 Csf Collector comprising rings skewed to beam and increasing in diameter along beam
US3273006A (en) * 1962-02-01 1966-09-13 Raytheon Co Traveling wave tube having a contoured anode collecting surface
US3297907A (en) * 1963-06-13 1967-01-10 Varian Associates Electron tube with collector having magnetic field associated therewith, said field causing electron dispersion throughout the collector
US3450930A (en) * 1966-11-14 1969-06-17 Varian Associates Permanent magnet focused linear beam tube employing a compensating magnet structure between the main magnet and the beam collector

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2305884A (en) * 1940-07-13 1942-12-22 Int Standard Electric Corp Electron beam concentrating system
US2853641A (en) * 1955-01-20 1958-09-23 Gen Electric Electron beam and wave energy interaction device
US3175120A (en) * 1960-02-25 1965-03-23 Csf Collector comprising rings skewed to beam and increasing in diameter along beam
US3273006A (en) * 1962-02-01 1966-09-13 Raytheon Co Traveling wave tube having a contoured anode collecting surface
US3297907A (en) * 1963-06-13 1967-01-10 Varian Associates Electron tube with collector having magnetic field associated therewith, said field causing electron dispersion throughout the collector
US3450930A (en) * 1966-11-14 1969-06-17 Varian Associates Permanent magnet focused linear beam tube employing a compensating magnet structure between the main magnet and the beam collector

Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4096409A (en) * 1976-10-04 1978-06-20 Litton Systems, Inc. Multistage depressed collector
US4277721A (en) * 1979-09-07 1981-07-07 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Multistage depressed collector for dual mode operation
US4395656A (en) * 1980-12-24 1983-07-26 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Gyrotron transmitting tube
US4794303A (en) * 1987-01-22 1988-12-27 Litton Systems, Inc. Axisymmetric electron collector with off-axis beam injection
FR2659492A1 (fr) * 1990-03-08 1991-09-13 Eev Ltd Appareil amplificateur a hautes frequences.
US5283534A (en) * 1990-03-08 1994-02-01 Eev Limited High frequency amplifying apparatus with a collector which has a periodic amplitude variable longitudinal magnetic field therein
US5420478A (en) * 1993-02-12 1995-05-30 Litton Systems, Inc. Depressed collector for sorting radial energy level of a gyrating electron beam
US5780970A (en) * 1996-10-28 1998-07-14 University Of Maryland Multi-stage depressed collector for small orbit gyrotrons
US6870318B2 (en) * 2000-05-18 2005-03-22 Communications And Power Industries, Satcom Division Multiple stage depressed collector (MSDC) klystron based amplifier for ground based satellite and terrestrial communications
US20030168986A1 (en) * 2000-05-18 2003-09-11 Cascone Michael J. Multiple stage depressed collector (MSDC) klystron based amplifier for ground based satellite and terrestrial communications
US6777877B1 (en) * 2000-08-28 2004-08-17 Communication & Power Industries, Inc. Gun-only magnet used for a multi-stage depressed collector klystron
US10189114B2 (en) 2009-09-17 2019-01-29 Sciaky, Inc. Electron beam layer manufacturing
US11344967B2 (en) 2009-09-17 2022-05-31 Sciaky, Inc. Electron beam layer manufacturing
US12210327B2 (en) 2009-09-17 2025-01-28 Sciaky, Inc. Electron beam layer manufacturing
US10071437B2 (en) 2010-03-31 2018-09-11 Sciaky, Inc. Raster methodology, apparatus and system for electron beam layer manufacturing using closed loop control
US10946474B2 (en) 2010-03-31 2021-03-16 Sciaky, Inc. Raster methodology, apparatus and system for electron beam layer manufacturing using closed loop control
CN107132496A (zh) * 2017-04-07 2017-09-05 韩小刚 微磁场的测量方法及装置
CN107132496B (zh) * 2017-04-07 2018-06-05 韩小刚 微磁场的测量方法及装置
RU2706644C1 (ru) * 2019-03-29 2019-11-19 Акционерное общество "Научно-производственное предприятие "Алмаз" (АО "НПП "Алмаз") Лампа бегущей волны для линейных усилителей свч мощности спутников связи
RU2738394C1 (ru) * 2020-04-24 2020-12-11 Акционерное общество "Научно-производственное предприятие "Алмаз" (АО "НПП "Алмаз") Лампа бегущей волны линеаризованного усилителя свч-мощности

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2191251A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-02-01
FR2191251B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1978-06-30
NL7308986A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-01-02
AU472491B2 (en) 1976-05-27
IT989490B (it) 1975-05-20
AU5728473A (en) 1975-01-09
BE801131A (fr) 1973-10-15
GB1430005A (en) 1976-03-31
CA979062A (en) 1975-12-02
DE2332118A1 (de) 1974-01-17

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