US3754963A - Surface for impression development in electrophotography - Google Patents

Surface for impression development in electrophotography Download PDF

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Publication number
US3754963A
US3754963A US00100980A US3754963DA US3754963A US 3754963 A US3754963 A US 3754963A US 00100980 A US00100980 A US 00100980A US 3754963D A US3754963D A US 3754963DA US 3754963 A US3754963 A US 3754963A
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United States
Prior art keywords
toner
impression
development
contact
graphite
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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US00100980A
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English (en)
Inventor
L Chang
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International Business Machines Corp
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International Business Machines Corp
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Publication date
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Publication of US3754963A publication Critical patent/US3754963A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00—Developers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/06—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing
    • G03G15/08—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing using a solid developer, e.g. powder developer
    • G03G15/0806—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing using a solid developer, e.g. powder developer on a donor element, e.g. belt, roller
    • G03G15/0818—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing using a solid developer, e.g. powder developer on a donor element, e.g. belt, roller characterised by the structure of the donor member, e.g. surface properties
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT 52 Cl U 17 75 117/111 R, 118/26]
  • toner particles and an electrostatic image are 51 Int. Cl G03g 13/08 brought Contact;
  • the toner Particles are [58] Field of Search 117/175, 111 R;
  • Ported y means of a developer Surface which is resil- 113 37 2 3 3 15 ient, electrically conductive, rough, and triboelectrically remote from the toner; mutually interrelated mov-
  • References Cited ing means are used to move said developer surface and UNITED STATES PATENTS said latent electrostatic image into contact at zero relative peripheral speed.
  • the present invention is concerned with a development process for use in electrophotography.
  • Electrostatic printing involves the production of electrostatic images on the surface of a dielectric member or the like, the application of charged minute electroscopic pigmented toner particles to the image-bearing surface, and the fixing of the developed image before or after transfer to a print medium, such as paper.
  • Various techniques have been devised for applying the toner particles to the image-bearing surface. Among these is the technique sometimes called impression development.
  • the present invention particularly relates to an improved impression development process.
  • impression development the surface of a carrier member, such as a sheet or roller, is coated or impregnated with a quantity of minute electroscopic pigmented toner powder particles; i.e., toner, to form an image-developing surface.
  • the developing surface is then placed against the surface of the electrostatic image-bearing member.
  • the placing of the developing surface on the image-bearing surface is performed so that virtually no relative peripheral speed exists during the contact between the developer and image-bearing surfaces.
  • there is substantially no wiping, patting, or other motion during contact as is usally found in other techniques (e.g., brush or cascade development) for applying the toner to the image-bearing surface.
  • the term impression connotes contact without relative peripheral speed during contact.
  • latent electrostatic images are developed by contacting them with toner particles transported by means of a resilient developer surface.
  • the developer surface is textured; i.e., it is rough and uneven. It is electrically conductive and is triboelectrically remote from the toner.
  • FIG. 1 shows diagrammatically (not according to scale) a preferred embodiment of an apparatus suitable for use in the process of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a cross section through the developer surface and shows a preferred embodiment for such a surface.
  • an apparatus having the impression surface in a drum form.
  • the system comprises an impression surface on a resilient backing with a toner reservoir adjacent to the drum surface.
  • a series of toner distribution blades (made, for example, of polytetrafluoroethylene) are also provided. The blades rest directly on the impression drum and are held in contact by springs. They are electrically insulated from the remainder of the apparatus. Toner is drawn under the blades as the drum rotates. Contact among the drum surface, the blades and the toner results in a uniform layer of triboelectrically charged toner on the surface of the drum.
  • the charged toner is then brought into contact with the photoconductor, where toner is selectively transferred to the latent electrostatic image, which is also rotating on a drum.
  • a single pass is sufficient to provide enough toner to give adequate image density. It is important that zero relative peripheral speed exist between the toner surface and the photoconductor, as is always the case in impression development.
  • this resin-graphite surface is a layer of flexible conductor, and a resilient backing which may, for example, be foamed polymeric material or the like, for example, foamed rubber or polyurethane foam. Excellent results have been ob tained with foam rubber having 100 pores per linear inch.
  • this resilient backing may be supported by a rigid metal drum substrate, as is shown in FIG. 2. It is important that the surface be resilient, to insure proper contact with the image-bearing surface.
  • the drawing showing the developer surface in the form of a drum merely illustrates a preferred embodiment.
  • the process of the present invention is applicable to developer surfaces having other configurations.
  • the surface may be in the form of a continous belt. On the other hand, it may also be planar.
  • the surface is made of a binding resin in which graphite particles are dispersed. It is preferred that the graphite constitute from about 5 percent to 60 percent of the total weight of the graphite and resin, and that the graphite particles be very small, e.g., from submicron size to about 20 microns, with the major portion from about 2 to 12 microns in diameter. The optimum graphite content is about 20 to 30 percent.
  • a particularly useful surface may be obtained, for example, using mica and carbon black dispersed in ethyl cellulose as the insulating resin.
  • the developer surface be triboelectrically remote from the toner. This means that the toner and the surface are far apart from each other in the triboelectric series.
  • the triboelectric series is well known to those skilled in the art and is discussed fully, for example, by V. E. Shashoua in the Journal of Polymer Science, 33, p. -85 (1958), where there is also described a simple test to enable one to place a material in the series.
  • the impression development surface be electrically conductive for it to be useful in the process of the present invention.
  • a quantitative idea of conductivity may be obtained as follows. The surface is charged with a corona, and residual charge is measured by a rotating disc electrometer. The residual charge (measured a split second later) should be quite low, preferably below about 50 volts, and most preferably zero or very close to zero.
  • the surface be rough.
  • the mean surface variation should be from about 1 to about 115 microns, preferably about 7 to 8 microns.
  • the average number of surface variations per linear inch is from about 100 to about 350, preferably about 250.
  • a copolymer of vinyl chloride (87 percent) and vinyl acetate 13 percent) is dissolved in a 1:1 by weight mixture of methyl ethyl ketone and 2-methoxyethyl acetate. A 15 percent solution concentration is used.
  • the solution may be filtered, for example, through filter pad having 0.1 micron pore size.
  • To 150 grams of the filtered solution is added 6.75 grams of graphite, for example, Asbury 007. The mixture is roll milled for onehalf hour.
  • a sheet of aluminized polyethylene terephthalate is rinsed with tetrahydrofurane.
  • the above mixture is coated on the rinsed sheet using a horizontal coater at a speed of 2.8 feet per minute to obtain a coat approximately microns thick.
  • the coating is cured overnight in an oven at 100C.
  • the present invention can be used with other methods of toning, such as magnetic brush, or cascade. In like manner, it is useful with both A.C. and DC. corona. In cases where corona charging of the toner is used (rather than triboelectric charging using blades), the graphite content of the coating should be above about 20 percent.
  • the present process has several advantages. It requires very simple machinery, which occupies a small amount of space and can be produced at relatively low cost. It is particularly suitable to the development of large solid areas without edge effect. It has the advantage of requiring only one component replenishing and avoiding the need to maintain a toner-to-carrier ratio within a narrow range. Excellent quality has been obtained at the rate of 4 inches per second. Satisfactory results have been obtained at the rate of 32 inches per second. Higher speeds of development are feasible.
  • the process of the present invention is not to be limited to the use of particular materials.
  • the resin should form an acceptable surface. Its mechanical strength should be suf ficient so that it will be long wearing. It must also be tri boelectrically remote from the particular toner being used.
  • the commercially available toners at present in use in electrophotography are based on polymers or copolymers of materials such as styrene and methacrylate esters. For use with such toners, particularly good results have been obtained with the developer surface the preparation of which is described above.
  • Other useful resins include polytetrafluroethylene, ethyl cellulose and various phenoxy resins. Roughness may be obtained by adding any of a variety of particulate materials such as graphite, mica powder and asbestos powder. Conductivity is increased by the addition of carbon black. Various combinations of these additives are also suitable for use.
  • the developer surface comprises a binding resin having dispersed therein finely divided graphite particles in an amount from about 5 to about percent by weight of the total weight of the graphite and resin.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Dry Development In Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Magnetic Brush Developing In Electrophotography (AREA)
US00100980A 1970-12-23 1970-12-23 Surface for impression development in electrophotography Expired - Lifetime US3754963A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US10098070A 1970-12-23 1970-12-23

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3754963A true US3754963A (en) 1973-08-28

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US00100980A Expired - Lifetime US3754963A (en) 1970-12-23 1970-12-23 Surface for impression development in electrophotography

Country Status (5)

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US (1) US3754963A (enExample)
JP (1) JPS5236414B1 (enExample)
DE (1) DE2159010A1 (enExample)
FR (1) FR2119329A5 (enExample)
GB (1) GB1361091A (enExample)

Cited By (32)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3881927A (en) * 1973-04-16 1975-05-06 Xerox Corp Half tone development process for touchdown system in electrostatic imaging
US3921571A (en) * 1974-06-24 1975-11-25 Itek Corp Multiple development method and apparatus for electrophotographic copiers
US4081571A (en) * 1974-08-01 1978-03-28 Mita Industrial Co. Ltd. Method for developing electrostatic latent images
US4119060A (en) * 1976-07-16 1978-10-10 Ricoh Co., Ltd. Toner charging apparatus
US4126100A (en) * 1974-08-01 1978-11-21 Mita Industrial Company Ltd. Apparatus for causing a developer powder to make an irregular motion in a developing zone
US4146898A (en) * 1976-12-20 1979-03-27 Am International, Inc. Non-contact magnetic toner transfer system
JPS5443038A (en) * 1977-09-10 1979-04-05 Canon Inc Electrostatic image developing device
DE3008913A1 (de) * 1979-03-08 1980-09-18 Canon Kk Verfahren und vorrichtung zur bildentwicklung
US4245586A (en) * 1977-12-22 1981-01-20 Agfa-Gevaert N.V. Developing device for xerographic copying machines
DE3148231A1 (de) 1980-12-05 1982-10-14 Ricoh Co., Ltd., Tokyo Entwicklungseinrichtung
US4356245A (en) * 1977-09-10 1982-10-26 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Method and apparatus for electrophotographic, image development with magnetic toner
US4386577A (en) * 1977-09-10 1983-06-07 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Developing apparatus for electrostatic image
US4522866A (en) * 1981-04-23 1985-06-11 Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. Elastomer member with non-tacky surface treating layer and method of manufacturing same
DE3705341A1 (de) * 1986-02-19 1987-08-27 Ricoh Kk Tonertraeger fuer eine entwicklungseinrichtung eines elektrostatischen kopiergeraets
DE3153406C2 (enExample) * 1980-12-05 1989-02-23 Ricoh Co., Ltd., Tokio/Tokyo, Jp
US4943816A (en) * 1989-06-14 1990-07-24 International Business Machines Corporation High quality thermal jet printer configuration suitable for producing color images
US4967231A (en) * 1987-12-29 1990-10-30 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Apparatus for forming an electrophotographic latent image
US5044310A (en) * 1978-07-28 1991-09-03 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Developing apparatus for non-magnetic developer
US5096798A (en) * 1978-07-28 1992-03-17 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Developing method for one-component developer
AU622038B2 (en) * 1989-08-01 1992-03-26 Fujitsu Limited Developing device used in electrophotographic field
EP0397501A3 (en) * 1989-05-11 1992-04-15 Fujitsu Limited Developing device for use in the electrophotographic field
EP0388191A3 (en) * 1989-03-16 1992-04-15 Fujitsu Limited Developing device used in electrophotographic field
EP0389241A3 (en) * 1989-03-20 1992-04-15 Fujitsu Limited Electrostatic latent image developing devices
EP0388233A3 (en) * 1989-03-16 1992-05-27 Fujitsu Limited Developing device
US5177538A (en) * 1991-09-27 1993-01-05 Xerox Corporation Phenolic graphite donor roll
US5177322A (en) * 1990-07-20 1993-01-05 Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. Developing device having toner carrying body and method of fabricating toner carrying body
US5194359A (en) * 1978-07-28 1993-03-16 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Developing method for one component developer
US5220129A (en) * 1989-03-20 1993-06-15 Fujitsu Ltd. Developing device used in electrophotographic field
AU643888B2 (en) * 1989-03-16 1993-11-25 Fujitsu Limited Developing device used in electrophotographic field
US5678141A (en) * 1993-07-07 1997-10-14 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Charging apparatus and process cartridge
US20150055990A1 (en) * 2013-08-23 2015-02-26 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Developing device and image forming apparatus
US9256156B2 (en) * 2013-08-23 2016-02-09 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Developing assembly, process cartridge, and image-forming apparatus

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2919804C2 (de) * 1978-05-16 1984-08-02 Ricoh Co., Ltd., Tokio/Tokyo Verfahren und Einrichtung zum Entwickeln eines latenten elektrostatischen Bildes
JPS5560960A (en) * 1978-10-31 1980-05-08 Agfa Gevaert Nv Composition for developing electrostatic image and method of development

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2892709A (en) * 1955-03-07 1959-06-30 Gen Dynamics Corp Electrostatic printing
US3152012A (en) * 1960-12-19 1964-10-06 Ibm Apparatus for the development of electrostatic images
US3284224A (en) * 1963-01-04 1966-11-08 Xerox Corp Controlled xerographic development
US3296965A (en) * 1964-06-03 1967-01-10 Interchem Corp Method of electrostatic powder gravure printing and apparatus therefor
US3405682A (en) * 1964-06-08 1968-10-15 Xerox Corp Xerographic development apparatus with web loading means to remove residual developer
US3472695A (en) * 1964-02-06 1969-10-14 Agfa Ag Method for forming an image in a magnetizable ink layer
US3566786A (en) * 1965-01-29 1971-03-02 Helmut Taufer Image producing apparatus

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2892709A (en) * 1955-03-07 1959-06-30 Gen Dynamics Corp Electrostatic printing
US3152012A (en) * 1960-12-19 1964-10-06 Ibm Apparatus for the development of electrostatic images
US3284224A (en) * 1963-01-04 1966-11-08 Xerox Corp Controlled xerographic development
US3472695A (en) * 1964-02-06 1969-10-14 Agfa Ag Method for forming an image in a magnetizable ink layer
US3296965A (en) * 1964-06-03 1967-01-10 Interchem Corp Method of electrostatic powder gravure printing and apparatus therefor
US3405682A (en) * 1964-06-08 1968-10-15 Xerox Corp Xerographic development apparatus with web loading means to remove residual developer
US3566786A (en) * 1965-01-29 1971-03-02 Helmut Taufer Image producing apparatus

Cited By (35)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3881927A (en) * 1973-04-16 1975-05-06 Xerox Corp Half tone development process for touchdown system in electrostatic imaging
US3921571A (en) * 1974-06-24 1975-11-25 Itek Corp Multiple development method and apparatus for electrophotographic copiers
US4081571A (en) * 1974-08-01 1978-03-28 Mita Industrial Co. Ltd. Method for developing electrostatic latent images
US4126100A (en) * 1974-08-01 1978-11-21 Mita Industrial Company Ltd. Apparatus for causing a developer powder to make an irregular motion in a developing zone
US4119060A (en) * 1976-07-16 1978-10-10 Ricoh Co., Ltd. Toner charging apparatus
US4146898A (en) * 1976-12-20 1979-03-27 Am International, Inc. Non-contact magnetic toner transfer system
US4356245A (en) * 1977-09-10 1982-10-26 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Method and apparatus for electrophotographic, image development with magnetic toner
JPS5443038A (en) * 1977-09-10 1979-04-05 Canon Inc Electrostatic image developing device
USRE34724E (en) * 1977-09-10 1994-09-13 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Developing apparatus for electrostatic image
US4386577A (en) * 1977-09-10 1983-06-07 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Developing apparatus for electrostatic image
US4245586A (en) * 1977-12-22 1981-01-20 Agfa-Gevaert N.V. Developing device for xerographic copying machines
US5194359A (en) * 1978-07-28 1993-03-16 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Developing method for one component developer
US5044310A (en) * 1978-07-28 1991-09-03 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Developing apparatus for non-magnetic developer
US5096798A (en) * 1978-07-28 1992-03-17 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Developing method for one-component developer
DE3008913A1 (de) * 1979-03-08 1980-09-18 Canon Kk Verfahren und vorrichtung zur bildentwicklung
DE3148231A1 (de) 1980-12-05 1982-10-14 Ricoh Co., Ltd., Tokyo Entwicklungseinrichtung
DE3153406C2 (enExample) * 1980-12-05 1989-02-23 Ricoh Co., Ltd., Tokio/Tokyo, Jp
US4522866A (en) * 1981-04-23 1985-06-11 Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. Elastomer member with non-tacky surface treating layer and method of manufacturing same
DE3705341A1 (de) * 1986-02-19 1987-08-27 Ricoh Kk Tonertraeger fuer eine entwicklungseinrichtung eines elektrostatischen kopiergeraets
US4967231A (en) * 1987-12-29 1990-10-30 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Apparatus for forming an electrophotographic latent image
AU643888B2 (en) * 1989-03-16 1993-11-25 Fujitsu Limited Developing device used in electrophotographic field
EP0388233A3 (en) * 1989-03-16 1992-05-27 Fujitsu Limited Developing device
EP0388191A3 (en) * 1989-03-16 1992-04-15 Fujitsu Limited Developing device used in electrophotographic field
EP0389241A3 (en) * 1989-03-20 1992-04-15 Fujitsu Limited Electrostatic latent image developing devices
US5220129A (en) * 1989-03-20 1993-06-15 Fujitsu Ltd. Developing device used in electrophotographic field
EP0397501A3 (en) * 1989-05-11 1992-04-15 Fujitsu Limited Developing device for use in the electrophotographic field
US4943816A (en) * 1989-06-14 1990-07-24 International Business Machines Corporation High quality thermal jet printer configuration suitable for producing color images
AU622038B2 (en) * 1989-08-01 1992-03-26 Fujitsu Limited Developing device used in electrophotographic field
US5177322A (en) * 1990-07-20 1993-01-05 Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. Developing device having toner carrying body and method of fabricating toner carrying body
US5177538A (en) * 1991-09-27 1993-01-05 Xerox Corporation Phenolic graphite donor roll
EP0534671A3 (en) * 1991-09-27 1993-06-09 Xerox Corporation Phenolic graphite donor roll
US5678141A (en) * 1993-07-07 1997-10-14 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Charging apparatus and process cartridge
US20150055990A1 (en) * 2013-08-23 2015-02-26 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Developing device and image forming apparatus
US9098014B2 (en) * 2013-08-23 2015-08-04 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Developing device and image forming apparatus
US9256156B2 (en) * 2013-08-23 2016-02-09 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Developing assembly, process cartridge, and image-forming apparatus

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS5236414B1 (enExample) 1977-09-16
GB1361091A (en) 1974-07-24
FR2119329A5 (enExample) 1972-08-04
DE2159010A1 (de) 1972-07-13

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