US3749155A - Exchange process - Google Patents

Exchange process Download PDF

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Publication number
US3749155A
US3749155A US00162047A US3749155DA US3749155A US 3749155 A US3749155 A US 3749155A US 00162047 A US00162047 A US 00162047A US 3749155D A US3749155D A US 3749155DA US 3749155 A US3749155 A US 3749155A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
fluid
cold
exchanger
exchange
vaporization
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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US00162047A
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English (en)
Inventor
J Buffiere
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GEORGES CLAUDE SA
SA Georges Claude fr
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GEORGES CLAUDE SA
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Publication of US3749155A publication Critical patent/US3749155A/en
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
    • F28F13/06—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by affecting the pattern of flow of the heat-exchange media
    • F28F13/08—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by affecting the pattern of flow of the heat-exchange media by varying the cross-section of the flow channels
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J5/00—Arrangements of cold exchangers or cold accumulators in separation or liquefaction plants
    • F25J5/002—Arrangements of cold exchangers or cold accumulators in separation or liquefaction plants for continuously recuperating cold, i.e. in a so-called recuperative heat exchanger
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J5/00—Arrangements of cold exchangers or cold accumulators in separation or liquefaction plants
    • F25J5/002—Arrangements of cold exchangers or cold accumulators in separation or liquefaction plants for continuously recuperating cold, i.e. in a so-called recuperative heat exchanger
    • F25J5/005—Arrangements of cold exchangers or cold accumulators in separation or liquefaction plants for continuously recuperating cold, i.e. in a so-called recuperative heat exchanger in a reboiler-condenser, e.g. within a column
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D3/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium flows in a continuous film, or trickles freely, over the conduits
    • F28D3/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium flows in a continuous film, or trickles freely, over the conduits with tubular conduits
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
    • F28F1/12—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element
    • F28F1/14—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending longitudinally
    • F28F1/16—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending longitudinally the means being integral with the element, e.g. formed by extrusion
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
    • F28F1/42—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being both outside and inside the tubular element
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
    • F28F1/42—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being both outside and inside the tubular element
    • F28F1/422—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being both outside and inside the tubular element with outside means integral with the tubular element and inside means integral with the tubular element
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
    • F28F13/06—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by affecting the pattern of flow of the heat-exchange media
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
    • F28F13/14—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by endowing the walls of conduits with zones of different degrees of conduction of heat
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2250/00—Details related to the use of reboiler-condensers
    • F25J2250/30—External or auxiliary boiler-condenser in general, e.g. without a specified fluid or one fluid is not a primary air component or an intermediate fluid
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
    • F28D2021/0019—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for
    • F28D2021/0061—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for for phase-change applications
    • F28D2021/0064—Vaporizers, e.g. evaporators

Definitions

  • the finned heat exchangers of known type make possible a uniform supply of the cold units and, in order to permit the evacuation of the cold units in accordance with the first of the two needs previously referred to, must have the largest possible exchange surface on the water side.
  • the known arrangements either require excessive tube lengths or too large a number of parallel tubes, which has particularly the disadvantage of making the cost of the conventional exchangers relatively high.
  • the present invention has for its object an improvement in the exchange processes between a fluid to be heated and/or vaporized, which permits the disadvantages of the known processes to be overcome.
  • the present invention has for its object an exchange process between a fluid to be treated, i.e., to be heated and/or vaporized, circulating in a chamber, on the one hand, and an externally circulating liquid heating agent, on the other hand, in which means are provided in the said chamber so that the speed of the fluid in the hot exchange zone is higher than that of the fluid in the cold zone.
  • the said means consist at least of one mandrel, of which the diameter is larger as the hot zone is approached, which mandrel has a regularly increasing section or may be formed of several sections of increasing diameters.
  • the said mandrel is in addition associated with a variable pitch helix, of which the pitch is larger in the cold zone than in the hot exchange zone.
  • the said means consist in the cold zone of an insulating internal lining and in the hot zone of fins fixed to the said chamber.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic longitudinal section showing one embodiment of an exchanger for carrying out the process according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic longitudinal section of another embodiment of an exchanger according to the invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a section along the line III-Ill of FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 4 is another embodiment of an exchanger permitting the process according to the invention to be carried out.
  • the exchanger 1 according to FIG. 1 comprises a central mandrel 2 which has a diameter which is larger as the hot zone or the hot end of the exchanger is approached this central mandrel comprises in fact four sections 4, 5, 6 and 7, respectively, of increasing diameters.
  • FIG. 2 shows an exchanger 1 which, according to a modification of the invention, is provided with internal fins 3 which in particular permit the exchange surface at the hot end to be increased,
  • the exchanger 1 can comprise external fins 9 designed to assist the heat exchanges.
  • the choice of the number of fins is determined as a function of the problems connected with the surface treatment of the metal being used, and designed to avoid the corrosion caused by the possible use of sea water or corrosive industrial water.
  • the protection of the metal is generally assured by metallization, preferably by zinc-spraying, although the use of a plastic material may be justified.
  • the central core 2 can be formed by the assembly of tubes of variable diameter and is attached at its lower part 10.
  • the mandrel 2 can be formed of a mandrel which has a section increasing regularly from the hot end to the cold end.
  • the operation of the arrangements as illustrated is as follows
  • the fluid to be treated i.e., to be heated and/or vaporized circulates with an ascending movement inside the exchanger I, in the space contained between the internal wall of this exchanger and the mandrel 2.
  • This fluid is heated and/or vaporized by thermal exchange with a liquid heating agent, in this case water, which is circulating by gravity along the external wall of the exchanger
  • a liquid heating agent in this case water
  • the longitudinal external fins 9 with which the exchanger is equipped permit of obtaining a continuous flow of water along the exchanger and of avoiding the detachment of the water film. It is thus possible to obtain a better exchange between the fluid to be treated and the stream of heating water.
  • this exchange is further improved.
  • the distributors for the externally circulating liquid heating agent and the cold fluid, as well as the headers designed to collect the vaporized or heated fluid at the top of the exchangers, and the trickling water which has served for the vaporization fluid at the bottom of the exchanger, have not been illustrated solely for the purpose of simplification, and it is obvious that it is possible to use any means whatsoever which permit these objects to be achieved.
  • the central core 2 is formed of four successive sections, 4, 5, 6 and 7 (FIG. 1) with diameters of respectively 25, 36, 45 and 48 mm over lengths which are respectively equal to l m, lm, 1.50 m,'and 2 in.
  • the quantity of heat change per tube is 70,000 Kcal/h.
  • the core is formed of two successive sections of 45 mm and 48 mm, over respective lengths of 1.50 m and 4 m.
  • the quantity of heat exchanged per tube is about 50,000 Kcal/h.
  • the quantity of changed per tube is 25,000 Kcal/h.
  • the core is formed of three successive sections, with diameters equal to 48, 45 and 35 mm, respectively, over heights of 1.50 m, 0.50 m and 3.50 in.
  • the quantity of heat exchanged per tube is 50,000 Kcal/h.
  • the quantity of heat exchanged per tube is 30,000 Kcal/h.
  • a method for vaporizing a liquefied gas comprising:

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geometry (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
US00162047A 1970-07-16 1971-07-13 Exchange process Expired - Lifetime US3749155A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR7026212A FR2096919B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1970-07-16 1970-07-16

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3749155A true US3749155A (en) 1973-07-31

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ID=9058751

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US00162047A Expired - Lifetime US3749155A (en) 1970-07-16 1971-07-13 Exchange process

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US3749155A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS5627793B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA941816A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
ES (1) ES393297A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2096919B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1361421A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5096942A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1973-12-24 1975-08-01
EP0002687A1 (de) * 1977-12-24 1979-07-11 Küppersbusch Aktiengesellschaft Wärmeübertrager
US4186798A (en) * 1978-01-27 1980-02-05 Gritsuk Lev D Tubular cooled members of metallurgical furnace
WO1984002392A1 (en) * 1982-12-15 1984-06-21 Svante Thunberg Ventilation plant
US4470709A (en) * 1980-03-04 1984-09-11 Ford Aerospace & Communications Corporation Cylindrical tapered sleeve optimized for weight and heat conduction
US4567943A (en) * 1984-07-05 1986-02-04 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Parallel wrapped tube heat exchanger
US5454429A (en) * 1992-05-23 1995-10-03 Neurauter; Peter Rods and mandrel turbulators for heat exchanger
WO1999031452A1 (en) 1997-12-16 1999-06-24 York International Corporation Counterflow evaporator for refrigerants
NL1018672C2 (nl) * 2001-07-31 2003-02-06 Stichting Energie Stelsel voor het strippen en rectificeren van een fluïdummengsel.
US6681764B1 (en) * 1997-06-16 2004-01-27 Sequal Technologies, Inc. Methods and apparatus to generate liquid ambulatory oxygen from an oxygen concentrator
US20070022754A1 (en) * 2003-12-16 2007-02-01 Active Power, Inc. Thermal storage unit and methods for using the same to head a fluid
US20090308100A1 (en) * 2005-04-28 2009-12-17 Erik Jensen Rectification apparatus using a heat pump
DE102008028728A1 (de) 2008-06-17 2009-12-24 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Wärmetauscher zum Erwärmen eines tiefkalten Fluids
DE102008028731A1 (de) 2008-06-17 2009-12-24 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Wärmetauscher zum Erwärmen von tiefkalt aus einem Kryotank entnommenen Wasserstoff
DE102008028724A1 (de) 2008-06-17 2009-12-24 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Wärmetauscher zum Erwärmen eines tiefkalten Fluids
US20160245598A1 (en) * 2013-10-02 2016-08-25 Intergas Heating Assets B.V. Tube for a heat exchanger with an at least partially variable cross-section, and heat exchanger equipped therewith
CN107191958A (zh) * 2017-05-11 2017-09-22 中国北方车辆研究所 一种换热结构长度变化的燃烧余热利用换热装置
CN107270747A (zh) * 2017-05-11 2017-10-20 中国北方车辆研究所 一种换热结构间距变化的燃烧余热利用换热装置

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2422126A1 (fr) * 1978-04-04 1979-11-02 Inst Ochistke Tekhnolog Gazo Elements refroidis tubulaires de four metallurgique et four metallurgique comportant de tels elements
DE3005751A1 (de) * 1980-02-15 1981-08-20 Küba Kühlerfabrik Baierbrunn H.W.Schmitz GmbH & Co KG, 8021 Baierbrunn Verfahren und vorrichtung zur erhoehung der waermeleistung von verdampfern
FR2477276A1 (fr) * 1980-02-29 1981-09-04 Air Liquide Procede et installation de rechauffement d'un fluide froid
FR2491202B1 (fr) * 1980-10-01 1986-02-28 Air Liquide Rechauffeur atmospherique
PL422945A1 (pl) * 2017-09-22 2019-03-25 Normax-Invest Spółka Z Ograniczoną Odpowiedzialnością Sposób ograniczania ilości płynu chłodniczego, zwłaszcza płynu ulegającego przemianom fazowym, w rurowych wymiennikach ciepła oraz deflektor do realizacji tego sposobu

Cited By (31)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5096942A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1973-12-24 1975-08-01
EP0002687A1 (de) * 1977-12-24 1979-07-11 Küppersbusch Aktiengesellschaft Wärmeübertrager
US4186798A (en) * 1978-01-27 1980-02-05 Gritsuk Lev D Tubular cooled members of metallurgical furnace
US4470709A (en) * 1980-03-04 1984-09-11 Ford Aerospace & Communications Corporation Cylindrical tapered sleeve optimized for weight and heat conduction
WO1984002392A1 (en) * 1982-12-15 1984-06-21 Svante Thunberg Ventilation plant
US4567943A (en) * 1984-07-05 1986-02-04 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Parallel wrapped tube heat exchanger
EP0167161A3 (en) * 1984-07-05 1987-07-15 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Parallel wrapped tube heat exchanger
US5454429A (en) * 1992-05-23 1995-10-03 Neurauter; Peter Rods and mandrel turbulators for heat exchanger
US6698423B1 (en) * 1997-06-16 2004-03-02 Sequal Technologies, Inc. Methods and apparatus to generate liquid ambulatory oxygen from an oxygen concentrator
US6681764B1 (en) * 1997-06-16 2004-01-27 Sequal Technologies, Inc. Methods and apparatus to generate liquid ambulatory oxygen from an oxygen concentrator
USRE43398E1 (en) * 1997-06-16 2012-05-22 Respironics, Inc. Methods and apparatus to generate liquid ambulatory oxygen from an oxygen concentrator
US6530421B1 (en) 1997-12-16 2003-03-11 York International Corporation Counterflow evaporator for refrigerants
WO1999031452A1 (en) 1997-12-16 1999-06-24 York International Corporation Counterflow evaporator for refrigerants
US6092589A (en) * 1997-12-16 2000-07-25 York International Corporation Counterflow evaporator for refrigerants
NL1018672C2 (nl) * 2001-07-31 2003-02-06 Stichting Energie Stelsel voor het strippen en rectificeren van een fluïdummengsel.
WO2003011418A1 (en) * 2001-07-31 2003-02-13 Stichting Energieonderzoek Centrum Nederland System for stripping and rectifying a fluid mixture
US20040200602A1 (en) * 2001-07-31 2004-10-14 Hugill James Anthony System for stripping and rectifying a fluid mixture
US7111673B2 (en) 2001-07-31 2006-09-26 Stichting Energieonderzoek Centrum Nederland System for stripping and rectifying a fluid mixture
US20070022754A1 (en) * 2003-12-16 2007-02-01 Active Power, Inc. Thermal storage unit and methods for using the same to head a fluid
US7972423B2 (en) * 2005-04-28 2011-07-05 Holm Christensen Biosystemer Aps Rectification apparatus using a heat pump
US20090308100A1 (en) * 2005-04-28 2009-12-17 Erik Jensen Rectification apparatus using a heat pump
DE102008028728A1 (de) 2008-06-17 2009-12-24 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Wärmetauscher zum Erwärmen eines tiefkalten Fluids
DE102008028724A1 (de) 2008-06-17 2009-12-24 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Wärmetauscher zum Erwärmen eines tiefkalten Fluids
DE102008028731A1 (de) 2008-06-17 2009-12-24 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Wärmetauscher zum Erwärmen von tiefkalt aus einem Kryotank entnommenen Wasserstoff
DE102008028731B4 (de) * 2008-06-17 2020-01-30 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Wärmetauscher zum Erwärmen von tiefkalt aus einem Kryotank entnommenem Wasserstoff
US20160245598A1 (en) * 2013-10-02 2016-08-25 Intergas Heating Assets B.V. Tube for a heat exchanger with an at least partially variable cross-section, and heat exchanger equipped therewith
US10760857B2 (en) * 2013-10-02 2020-09-01 Intergas Heating Assets B.V. Tube for a heat exchanger with an at least partially variable cross-section, and heat exchanger equipped therewith
CN107191958A (zh) * 2017-05-11 2017-09-22 中国北方车辆研究所 一种换热结构长度变化的燃烧余热利用换热装置
CN107270747A (zh) * 2017-05-11 2017-10-20 中国北方车辆研究所 一种换热结构间距变化的燃烧余热利用换热装置
CN107191958B (zh) * 2017-05-11 2019-02-26 中国北方车辆研究所 一种换热结构长度变化的燃烧余热利用换热装置
CN107270747B (zh) * 2017-05-11 2019-03-15 中国北方车辆研究所 一种换热结构间距变化的燃烧余热利用换热装置

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA941816A (en) 1974-02-12
JPS5627793B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1981-06-26
ES393297A1 (es) 1974-09-16
FR2096919A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-03-03
GB1361421A (en) 1974-07-24
FR2096919B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-09-06

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