US3718849A - Voltage regulators for use in battery charging systems - Google Patents

Voltage regulators for use in battery charging systems Download PDF

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Publication number
US3718849A
US3718849A US00149585A US3718849DA US3718849A US 3718849 A US3718849 A US 3718849A US 00149585 A US00149585 A US 00149585A US 3718849D A US3718849D A US 3718849DA US 3718849 A US3718849 A US 3718849A
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resistor
transistor
zener diode
temperature coefficient
emitter
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US00149585A
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English (en)
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R Nolan
M Wright
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ZF International UK Ltd
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Lucas Industries Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H02J7/007188—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the charge cycle being controlled or terminated in response to non-electric parameters
    • H02J7/007192—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the charge cycle being controlled or terminated in response to non-electric parameters in response to temperature
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/14—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from dynamo-electric generators driven at varying speed, e.g. on vehicle

Definitions

  • the voltage regulator device includes, as is common, a Zener diode or equivalent break-down device which, as known, conducts at a predetermined battery voltage, and serves to render a transistor conductive, which transistor, when rendered conductive, acts through further components to reduce the current flow in the field winding.
  • a thermistor or equivalent device in the circuit.
  • Such device serves to compensate for changes in battery temperature, as well as for the changes in temperature coefficient of the Zener diode and the transistor so utilized.
  • temperature compensation is achieved by means of a simple impedance network interconnecting the Zener diode or equivalent device and the transistor, such impedance network, in effect, serving to multiply the net negative inherent temperature characteristics of the transistor by a selected amount to compensate for the net posithe temperature coefficient of the Zener diode, the resultant characteristics of the voltage regulator cirquit with respect to temperaturebeing desirably ne ative or, at least, zero.
  • a resistor is disposed across the base-emitter of the transistor, and another resistor is disposed in series circuit with the Zener diode.
  • the ratio of these two resistors substantially defines a multiplication factor which enhances the net negative temperature coefficient of the transistor and serves to overcome the net positive temperature coefficient of the Zener diode.
  • the invention disclosed herein relates to voltage regulators for use in battery charging systems on road vehicles, and particularly concerns a novel voltage regulator circuit which achieves temperature compensation in a unique manner.
  • Voltage regulator circuits and devices for use in vehicular battery charging systems have long been known in the art and are generally seen to comprise a pair of terminals adapted for connection to the vehicle battery with a series circuit coupled across the terminal pair and including a voltage sensitive device such as a Zener diode and a resistor, the voltage sensing device being adapted to conduct at some predetermined battery voltage so as to develop an output signal across the resistor.
  • a transistor device is normally also provided with the device having its base-emitter junction connected across the resistor.
  • the collector output circuit of the transistor is normally coupled to the field winding of a generator, for example, such that the collector current of the transistor effectively varies the output of the generator which charges the battery. ln known manner, the overall regulator circuit is such that regulation will commence at some predetermined transistor collector current.
  • the instant invention contemplates the provision of a regulator circuit of the above basic type, but wherein the thermistor so prevalent in prior art constructions is eliminated while an overall advantageous temperature coefficient of the circuit is retained.
  • the novel invention contemplates the provision of an impedance network, such as resistors, in circuit with the Zener diode or other breakdown device and the transistor, this impedance circuit being such that the net inherently negative temperature coefficient of the transistor is effectively multiplied by a predetermined amount sufficient to overcome the net positive temperature coefficient of the Zener diode as above discussed.
  • the instant invention contemplates the provision of a regulator device which, in standard fashion, includes a pair of terminals for connection to the battery.
  • a series. circuit is likewise coupled across the pair'of terminals and includes a voltage sensitive device such as a Zener diode and resistors, one such re sistor being coupled across the base-emitter junction of a transistor likewise'coupled across the pair of terminals.
  • a further resistor likewise is coupled in series circuit arrangement with the breakdown device.
  • the ratio of the resistor disposed in series circuit with the Zener diode and the resistor coupled across the base-emitter circuit of the transistor substantially defines a multiplication factor, which factor serves to inherently multiply the net negative temperature coefficient of the transistor by an amount sufficient to overcome the net positive temperature coefficient of the Zener diode so as to render an overall regulator circuit temperature coefficient that is negative or is at least zero as is desirable in this art.
  • the ratio of resistors or impedances in the manner of R lR or, more precisely, (R +R )/R substantially defines a multiplication factor F.
  • FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram illustrating one example of the instant invention as applied to a battery charging system which employs an alternator;
  • FIG. 2 is a fragmentary view of a portion of FIG. 1 illustrating a modification of the instant invention
  • FIG. 3 is a graph of regulating voltage against ambient temperature for various regulator types useful in explaining the overall result of the instant invention.
  • FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 are schematic diagrams of basic regulator circuits useful in teaching the principles of the instant invention.
  • FIG. 4 the basic regulation circuit is depicted and will be seen to comprise a terminal pair 60 and 62 across which terminal pair is connected a transistor 64 in so-called grounded emitter configuration.
  • a voltage break-down element such as Zener diode 66 is coupled to the base circuit of the transistor 64.
  • Zener diode 66 is coupled to the base circuit of the transistor 64.
  • the circuit conditions were such that the system voltage V rises above some desired level, then the voltage V would exceed the given break-down voltage of the Zener diode 66 and the Zener diode would conduct providing current to the emitter base circuit base of the transistor, and thus output collector current from the transistor utilized for regulation control. Accordingly, the amount of current flowing in the field winding of the system alternator or generator would decrease reducing the system output so as to maintain the system output at its desired value.
  • the temperature coefficient of the circuit voltage is directly dependent upon the break-down voltage of the Zener diode 66.
  • the temperature coefficient approximates zero as is known in the art.
  • this temperature coefficient increases in a positive manner for increasing voltages above 5-volts across the Zener diodes.
  • the Zener diode 66 is a nominal l3-vo1t diode manufactured by Texas Instruments lS2l30A, such a diode will be seen to have a positive temperature coefficient of +0.07 percent per degree Centigrade.
  • Such'a positive temperature coefficient is unfortunately high for battery charging circuits since it results in a net rise of system voltage with increasing temperature. As is known, such a positive temperature coefficient circuit is highly undesirable in this environment.
  • the temperature coefficient of the Zener diode 66 and the transistor 64 For example, and assuming the element types above discussed, at this temperature the voltage across the Zener diode V would rise by the positive temperature coefficient multiplied by the temperature rise, that is by 0.07 percent of 13x50, which equals 0.455 volts, giving a total of 13.455 volts across the Zener diode V As is also known, for a silicon or germanium transistor, the temperature coefficient of 'the base-emitter voltage V is approximately minus 2.5 millivolts per degree Centigrade. Thus, at the 50 C. increase in temperature contemplated here, the voltage V would be reduced by 0.125 volts to form a new value of 0.575 volts.
  • Zener diodes render rather poor operation due to their leakage currents at low current values.
  • a resistor R is provided across the base-emitter path of the transistor. Such resistor is necessary to complete acircuit path through the Zener diode 66 at the time when the transistor 64 still is not conducting since its base-emitter voltage V, is not suffi ciently high.
  • the Zener diode 66 is easily damaged by ripple voltages as well as voltage excursions of the system voltage V, due to the high currents which can be drawn through the Zener diode 66 and the transistor 64 which has a relatively low slope resistance. Accordingly, it is therefore desirable to provide some resistance in series with the Zener diode, such as resistor R, so as to limit the current and power surges to safe values which can easily be handled by the semi-conductor components.
  • resistor R some resistance in series with the Zener diode, so as to limit the current and power surges to safe values which can easily be handled by the semi-conductor components.
  • the system will commence regulation when the transistor 64 is brought into conduction to an extent where it causes a reduction of field current. That is, V increases until R, is passing sufficient current to develop 0.7 volts across it, since transistor 64 cannot conduct until this situation exists.
  • the current in R is given by n, 0.7/560 1.2mA
  • the voltage of regulation is then given by the sum of the voltages across R,, the Zener diode, and R,.
  • the Zener diode having a 0.07 percent per degrees Centigrade temperature coefficient, this gives +9.1 millivolts per degrees Centigrade for the 13 volt diode.
  • the voltage drop across R is given by its value multiplied by the current flowing through it. This current is the same as 1 B, 10 (l.2mA-4.46microamps/C) l2mV- 44.6microvolts/C Adding the three voltages together, the voltage V, at regulation is given by V, 0.7 volts 2.5 millivolts per degree Centigrade.
  • the novel invention will be seen to have the following general characteristics as concerns the selection of resistance values.
  • the positive temperature coefficient of the Zener diode 66 is known upon selection of the particular element.
  • the inherent negative temperature coefficient of the transistor is known once a particular transistor type has been selected. Applicants have found that a ratio of the resistors R IR or, more precisely, (R, +R )/R in fact, substantially defines a multiplication factor F which, in circuit, will multiply the negative temperature coefficient of the transistor 64, which coefficient will be termed -t,.
  • FIG. 1 of the drawings wherein the actual preferred and exemplary circuit of the instant invention is disclosed.
  • the values selected for the resistors corresponding to resistors of R and R or their equivalents, in FIG. 6, fall within the above equation, and that this circuit, merely through suitable selection of resistance values in accordance with the instant invention, exhibits a net negative-temperature coefficient.
  • an alternator 11 supplies power to a full wave rectifier 12 to positive and negative supply lines 13, 14 between which the battery 15 of a road vehicle is connected.
  • the alternator also supplies power through three additional diodes 16 to a positive supply line 17, which in use will be at substantially the same potential as the positive line 13.
  • the lines 17, 13 are interconnected by a warning lamp 18 in series with the ignition switch 19 of the vehicle, a resistor 20 being connected across the lamp 18.
  • resistors 21, 22 Connected across the lines 13, 14 are a pair of resistors 21, 22 in series, the values of these resistors being such that the current drain when the vehicle is not in use is negligible.
  • a point intermediate the resistors 21, 22 is connected to the cathode of a Zener diode 23, the anode of which is connected, to the line 14 through a resistor 24, and is further connected to the base of an n-p-n transistor 25, the emitter of which is connected to the line 14.
  • the collector of the transistor 25 is connected to the line 17 through a resistor 26, and is further connected to the base of an n-pn transistor 27, the collector of which is connected to the line 17 through a resistor 28, and the emitter of which is connected to the base of an n-p-n transistor 29.
  • the transistor 29 has its emitter connected to the line 14, and its collector connected to the line 17 through the field winding 31 of the alternator, a diode 32 being connected in parallel with the winding 31.
  • the collector of the transistor 29 is also connected to the base of the transistor 25 through a feedback path including a resistor 33 and a capacitor 34 in series.
  • the Zener diode 23 When a predetermined voltage is obtained, the Zener diode 23 conducts and a voltage is developed across the resistor 24.
  • the resultant base emitter current in the transistor 25 causes collector current to flow in the transistor 25, and when this collector current reaches a predetermined value, sufficient current flowing through the resistor 26 is diverted through the transistor 25 to cause a switching action to commence.
  • the switching action causes the transistor 25 to become fully conductive and the transistors 27, 29 to be turned off.
  • the field current circulates through rectifier 32 and commences to decay.
  • the feedback path through the resistor 33 and capacitor 34 ensures that the circuit switches rapidly from one state with the transistor 25 on and the transistors 27, 29 off, and a second state in which the transistors 27, 29 are on and the transistor 25 is off.
  • the mark-space ratio is determined by the current flowing through the Zener diode 23, which in turn is dependent upon the voltage of the battery, and the arrangement is such that the mean current flow in the winding 31 maintains the battery voltage at a predetermined value
  • the transistor 25 has an inherent characteristic such that for a predetermined collector current, the base-emitter voltage required decreases with temperature. Since regulation commences at a predetermined collector current, it can be arranged that the output voltage of the alternator is reduced as the temperature of the transistor 25 increases, and so regulation can be obtained provided that the transistor 25 experiences temperatures which are sufficiently closely related to the battery temperature. It must be noted that in order for this compensation to be effected, the value of the resistor 24 must be carefully chosen in relation to the value of the resistor 21, because the effective compensation is multiplied by the ratio of these resistors. Circuits are known of the general form shown in FIG. 1 as per FIGS. 4 through 6 in which no temperature compensation is provided whatsoever.
  • circuits are not suitable for use in a battery charging system, because of the problems mentioned above, and a circuit shown in FIG. 1 distinguishes from such circuits particularly in the way in which the relationship between the values of the resistors 21 and 24 is chosen.
  • a typical, though exemplary set of values for FIG. 1 is given below:
  • the ratio of the resistance of resistors 21, 24 is chosen to give the constant voltage up to 20C, and the ratio of the resistors 41,24 is chosen to give the required slope above 20C.
  • the resistors 22, 42 are first made with too high a value. The value of the resistor 22 is first set for operation below the temperature of 20C, whereafter the value of the resistor 42 is set, with the circuit at an elevated temperature, to produce the required characteristics.
  • circuit shown in FIG. 1 due to the selection of the values of resistances R, and R, in accordance with the general teachings of the instant invention as above-discussed, does, in fact, exhibit an overall negative temperature coefficient, and, in this manner, markedly differs form circuits of similar type in the prior art.
  • the operation of the impedance elements 21 and 24 to magnify the negative temperature coefficient of the transistor may be analyzed in terms of the voltages across the impedance elements to achieve a change in conduction of the transistor.
  • the base emitter voltage which is necessary to bring about a change of conduction is on the order of 0.7 volts. This voltage decreases with increasing temperature by 2 l: millivolts per degree Centigrade. If resistor 24 has a typical value of 200 ohms, the current passed through this resistor by the circuit in order to bring about this change of transistor conduction is 3 95 milliamps. This current decreases with increasing temperature by an amount proportional to the temperature coefficient of the transistor With the given parameters this current decrease comes to 12 microamps per degree Centigrade.
  • resistor 21 All of the current which flows through resistor 24 also flows through resistor 21. Slightly more than 3 milliamps minus 12 microamps per degree Centigrade must flow through resistor 21 in order to bring about a change in conduction of the transistor. Of course, some of the current which flows through resistor 21 also flows through the other divider resistor 22. The current through resistor 22 can be estimated at 2 Va milliamps, with an 8 volt Zener in the circuit. Also, some of the current through the resistor 21 passes through the base emitter junction of the transistor. However, for the purposes of this conceptual analysis, we can neglect the base to emitter current since its value is kept small compared with the current in resistor 24.
  • resistor 21 which resistor has an exemplary value of 1,000 ohms, by a current which is sufficient to bring about a change in conduction of the transistor.
  • This current will be 2 k milliamps plus 3 ii milliamps, or 6 milliamps, and the effect of the temperature coefficient of the transistor is to reduce this by 12 microamps per degree Centigrade resulting in a voltage change of 1,000 X 12 or 12 millivolts per degree Centigrade.
  • the voltage across resistor 21 at the point where the transistor changes conduction is 6 volts less 12 millivolts per degree Centigrade.
  • Zener reference potential The voltage across the other divider resistor is the Zener reference potential plus the control voltage "of the transistor.
  • Zener diodes have certain characteristics in common. It is known that above about 5 volts, Zeners have an increasing positive temperature coefficient. A 13 volt Zener INZA made by Texas Instruments Inc. has a temperature coefficient of about 0.07 percent per degree Centigrade. An 8 volt Zener will have less of a coefficient than that, but taking the 13 volt value as a worse case, the Zener reference potential will increase 5.6 millivolts per degree Centigrade. As we have said, the transistor control potential is about 0.7 volts minus 2 h millivolts per degree Centigrade. Therefore, the voltage across resistor 22 is 8.7 volts and increases with temperature at 5.6 minus 2.5 equals 3.1 millivolts per degree Centigrade.
  • the voltage across the voltage divider made up of resistors 21 and 22 when the conduction of the transistor changes will be the VR VR VR, 6 volts 12 millivolts per degree Centigrade VR 8.7 volts 3.1 millivolts per degree Centigrade.
  • the total circuit has a negative temperature coefficient of about minus 9 millivolts per degree.
  • V 3.01 volts 7.5 millivolts per degree Centigrade.
  • the current in R is given by Ohms law as 1m 0.7 volts '12: millivolts poi ilvg'i'vo (toutipiimlv
  • the voltages across the Zener diode and baseemitter will be as before, i.e., a total of 8 volts 0.7 volts plus 5.6 millivolts per degree Centigrade (for Zener) minus 2.5 millivolts per degree Centigrade (for VEB) V 5.83 volts 20.8 millivolts per degree Centigrade V 8.0 volts 5.6 millivolts per degree Centigrade V 0.7 volts 2.5 millivolts per degree Centigrade Total volts 14.53 17.7 millivolts per degree Centigrade.
  • the complete circuit thus has a negative temperature coefficient of minus 17.7 millivolts per degree Centigrade.
  • a voltage regulator for use in a battery charging system on-a road vehicle comprising in combination first and second supply lines for connection to the vehi cle battery, a first resistor, a Zener diode and a second resistor connected in series between said supply lines, said Zener diode having a positive temperature coefficient, a third resistor connected across the series combination of the Zener diode and second resistor, an input transistor having its base-emitter circuit connected across said second resistor, the base-emitter circuit of said input transistor having a negative temperature coefficient substantially less than the positive temperature coefficient of said Zener diode, control means coupled to the collector of said input transistor for controlling charging of' said battery in accordance with the conduction of said input transistor, and said negative temperature coefficient of said base-emitter circuit'of the input transistor being multiplied by a factor dependent on the ratio of the resistance values of said first resistor and said second resistor, whereby said negative temperature coefficient is at least equal to the positive temperature coefficient of the Zener diode.
  • a battery charging system for a road vehicle comprising in combination a battery, a generator incorporating a field winding, means coupling said generator to said battery whereby said generator charges said battery, a first resistor, a Zener diode and a second resistor connected in series across said battery, a third resistorconnected across the series combination of said Zener diode and said second resistor, an input transistor having a base, a collector and an emitter, means connecting said base and emitter across said second resistor, an output transistor having said field winding in its collector circuit, means coupling the input transistor to the output transistor whereby conduction of the input transistor controls conduction of the output transistor, a positive feedback circuit between the output and input transistors whereby the circuit oscillates between one state with the output transistor fully on and the input transistor fully off, and another state with the output transistor off and the input transistor fully on, the
  • a battery charging system for a road vehicle comprising in combination a battery, a generator incorporating a field winding, means coupling said generator to said battery whereby said generator charges said battery, a first resistor, a Zener diode and a second resistor connected in series across said battery, a third resistor connected across the series combination of said Zener diode and said second resistor, an input transistor having a base, a collector and an emitter, means connecting said base and emitter across said second resistor, an
  • output transistor having said field winding in its collector circuit, means coupling the input transistor to the output transistor whereby conduction of the input transistor controls conduction of the output transistor,
  • the system further including a fourth resistor and a'second Zener diode connected in series across the series combination of said first resistor and first Zener diode, the ratio of said first resistor to said second resistor being chosen so that until a predetermined temperature is reached the overall circuit has a zero temperature coefficient, but said second Zener diode conducting at said predetermined temperature and the ratio of said fourth resistor to said second resistor being chosen so that above said predetermined temperature the overall circuit has a negative temperature coefficient.
  • a battery charging system for use in a road vehicle, comprising in combination first and second supply lines, a battery having its positive terminal connected to the first supply line and its negative terminal connected to the second supply line, an alternator, a full wave rectifier connected to the alternator and supply-' ing ow er to the first and second sulppl lines, a third sup ly lme, means connecting said t l supply line to said first supply line through a warning lamp and an ignition switch of the vehicle in series, a plurality of diodes connected to the phase points of said alternator and supplying power to said third supply line, whereby when the alternator is operating the potential of said third supply line is equal to the potential of said first supply line so that said warning lamp is extinguished, a series circuit connected between said first and second supply lines and including a first resistor, a Zener diode and a second resistor, a third resistor connected across the series combination of said Zener diode and said second resistor, an input transistor having its base connected to the junction

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Control Of Charge By Means Of Generators (AREA)
  • Control Of Eletrric Generators (AREA)
US00149585A 1967-02-06 1971-06-03 Voltage regulators for use in battery charging systems Expired - Lifetime US3718849A (en)

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GB5566/67A GB1204882A (en) 1967-02-06 1967-02-06 Voltage regulators for use in battery charging systems

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US (1) US3718849A (fr)
JP (1) JPS6160652B1 (fr)
DE (1) DE1638065B2 (fr)
ES (1) ES350419A1 (fr)
FR (1) FR1554212A (fr)
GB (1) GB1204882A (fr)

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4059771A (en) * 1975-11-05 1977-11-22 Jacobs Marcellus L Wind electric plant with improved alternator field excitation
US4277738A (en) * 1979-06-18 1981-07-07 General Motors Corporation Generator voltage regulator
US4345199A (en) * 1979-06-18 1982-08-17 General Motors Corporation Generator voltage regulator
US4360773A (en) * 1979-06-18 1982-11-23 General Motors Corporation Generator voltage regulator
US4360772A (en) * 1979-06-18 1982-11-23 General Motors Corporation Generator voltage regulator
US4760323A (en) * 1984-07-24 1988-07-26 Hitachi, Ltd. Voltage regulator for generator
US4992722A (en) * 1988-03-26 1991-02-12 Nippondenso Co., Ltd. Charging control unit and method for motor vehicle
US5187426A (en) * 1990-05-23 1993-02-16 Mercedes-Benz Ag Device for limiting the terminal voltage in an alternator
US20120019229A1 (en) * 2010-07-23 2012-01-26 Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd. Voltage regulating circuit for portable electronic device
US20130057410A1 (en) * 2011-09-06 2013-03-07 Scott Kennedy Gallert Solar batiery charging controller
US20130093380A1 (en) * 2011-10-17 2013-04-18 Scott Kennedy Gallert Solar charge controller with time-variable charging states and time-equal shunting states

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3019162C2 (de) * 1980-05-20 1985-11-07 Telefunken electronic GmbH, 7100 Heilbronn Transistor-Zündschaltung
DE3931897A1 (de) * 1989-09-25 1991-04-04 Bosch Gmbh Robert Verfahren zur spannungsregelung
DE102016212545A1 (de) * 2016-07-11 2018-01-11 Robert Bosch Gmbh System für den Betrieb einer Last

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3201681A (en) * 1960-06-24 1965-08-17 Philips Corp Supply circuit and abrupt current and voltage limiting means therefor
US3373333A (en) * 1965-10-20 1968-03-12 Gary R. Eckard Voltage and current regulator for automobiles
US3538421A (en) * 1967-08-02 1970-11-03 Motorola Inc Temperature stabilized voltage regulator

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3201681A (en) * 1960-06-24 1965-08-17 Philips Corp Supply circuit and abrupt current and voltage limiting means therefor
US3373333A (en) * 1965-10-20 1968-03-12 Gary R. Eckard Voltage and current regulator for automobiles
US3538421A (en) * 1967-08-02 1970-11-03 Motorola Inc Temperature stabilized voltage regulator

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4059771A (en) * 1975-11-05 1977-11-22 Jacobs Marcellus L Wind electric plant with improved alternator field excitation
US4277738A (en) * 1979-06-18 1981-07-07 General Motors Corporation Generator voltage regulator
US4345199A (en) * 1979-06-18 1982-08-17 General Motors Corporation Generator voltage regulator
US4360773A (en) * 1979-06-18 1982-11-23 General Motors Corporation Generator voltage regulator
US4360772A (en) * 1979-06-18 1982-11-23 General Motors Corporation Generator voltage regulator
US4760323A (en) * 1984-07-24 1988-07-26 Hitachi, Ltd. Voltage regulator for generator
US4992722A (en) * 1988-03-26 1991-02-12 Nippondenso Co., Ltd. Charging control unit and method for motor vehicle
US5187426A (en) * 1990-05-23 1993-02-16 Mercedes-Benz Ag Device for limiting the terminal voltage in an alternator
US20120019229A1 (en) * 2010-07-23 2012-01-26 Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd. Voltage regulating circuit for portable electronic device
US20130057410A1 (en) * 2011-09-06 2013-03-07 Scott Kennedy Gallert Solar batiery charging controller
US8519678B2 (en) * 2011-09-06 2013-08-27 Scott Kennedy Gallert Solar battery charging controller
US20130093380A1 (en) * 2011-10-17 2013-04-18 Scott Kennedy Gallert Solar charge controller with time-variable charging states and time-equal shunting states

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DE1638065A1 (de) 1971-08-12
FR1554212A (fr) 1969-01-17
GB1204882A (en) 1970-09-09
DE1638065B2 (de) 1973-07-26
JPS6160652B1 (fr) 1986-12-22
ES350419A1 (es) 1969-05-01

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