US3712073A - Method and apparatus for vaporizing and superheating cryogenic fluid liquids - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for vaporizing and superheating cryogenic fluid liquids Download PDF

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US3712073A
US3712073A US3712073DA US3712073A US 3712073 A US3712073 A US 3712073A US 3712073D A US3712073D A US 3712073DA US 3712073 A US3712073 A US 3712073A
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cryogenic fluid
heating medium
liquid
heating
vaporized
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E Arenson
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Black Sivalls and Bryson Inc
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Black Sivalls and Bryson Inc
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C9/00—Methods or apparatus for discharging liquefied or solidified gases from vessels not under pressure
    • F17C9/02—Methods or apparatus for discharging liquefied or solidified gases from vessels not under pressure with change of state, e.g. vaporisation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
    • F17C2201/01—Shape
    • F17C2201/0104—Shape cylindrical
    • F17C2201/0119—Shape cylindrical with flat end-piece
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2205/00—Vessel construction, in particular mounting arrangements, attachments or identifications means
    • F17C2205/01—Mounting arrangements
    • F17C2205/0153—Details of mounting arrangements
    • F17C2205/018—Supporting feet
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2209/00—Vessel construction, in particular methods of manufacturing
    • F17C2209/22—Assembling processes
    • F17C2209/228—Assembling processes by screws, bolts or rivets
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2223/01—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
    • F17C2223/0146—Two-phase
    • F17C2223/0153—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL
    • F17C2223/0161—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL cryogenic, e.g. LNG, GNL, PLNG
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2227/00—Transfer of fluids, i.e. method or means for transferring the fluid; Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/03—Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/0302—Heat exchange with the fluid by heating

Definitions

  • cryogemc fluid l1qu1d to be vaponzed and super- UNITED STATES PATENTS heated is passed through a heating coil disposed within the vessel in heat exchange relationship with both the 2,363,118 11/1944 Chamberlaln ..165/105 X d f h h 1,609,756 12/1926 MacMahon ..62/53X vapor, 0 t "5 2,055,949 9/1936 Sharp ..122/33 that cryogenc fluld and superheated 2,119,091 5/1938 Atkinson et al.
  • the present invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for vaporizing cryogenic fluid liquids, and more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to methods and apparatus for vaporizing and superheating a stream of cryogenic fluid liquid by passing the stream in heat exchange relationship with a heating medium which is continuously vaporized and condensed within a single closed vessel.
  • cryogenic fluids such as natural gas, oxygen, nitrogen and the like in the liquid state.
  • cryogenic fluids such as natural gas, oxygen, nitrogen and the like in the liquid state.
  • Such fluids are refrigerated and liquefied at the site of their production and transported while in the liquid state to areas where they are to be utilized.
  • the liquefied fluids are then revaporized and superheated to desired temperature levels at the areas of use.
  • cryogenic fluid is used herein to mean those fluids which exist in the liquid state at a temperature below about l50 F at pressures up to about 1,000 psia.
  • cryogenic fluids such as liquefied natural gas
  • conventional heaters in which the cryogenic fluid is conducted through tubes in the heater, and heat is transferred to the fluid by radiation and convection from combustion gases and flames therein.
  • cryogenic fluids Because of the problems encountered with direct heating, methods of vaporizing cryogenic fluids indirectly have been developed. Commonly, thesemethods include directly heating a medium liquid such as isopentane in a heater, pumping or otherwise conducting the hot medium liquid to a heat exchanger and exchanging heat between the medium liquid and the cryogenic fluid to be vaporized. While these indirect heating methods are relatively successful in that stable operating conditions are achieved, they require elaborate apparatus to carry out which is expensive to manufacture, install and operate.
  • the present invention relates to a method of vaporizing and superheating a stream of cryogenic fluid liquid comprising the steps of heating a confined body of heating medium liquid so that a portion thereof is continuously vaporized, passing the stream of cryogenic fluid liquid in heat exchange relationship with the heating medium liquid so that the cryogenic fluid is partially vaporized and then passing the cryogenic fluid in heat exchange relationship with the heating medium vapor so that cryogenic fluid is fully vaporized and superheated and so that the heating medium vapor is continuously condensed and returned to the body of heating medium liquid. Additionally, apparatus for carrying out the method of the present invention is provided.
  • a further object of the present invention is the provision of a method of vaporizing and superheating a stream of cryogenic fluid liquid which may be carried out in apparatus which is inexpensive to install and operate.
  • Yet a further object of the present invention is the provision of methods and apparatus for vaporizing and superheating a stream of cryogenic fluid liquid wherein vapor binding is prevented from occurring'and stable operating conditions are achieved.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates, in diagrammatic form, a system for carrying out the method of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a view taken along line 3-3 of FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 1 a vaporizer apparatus which may be used for carrying out the method of the present invention is illustrated and generally designated by the numeral 10.
  • the apparatus 10 basically comprises a closed horizontal vessel 20 having a forward end 22 and a rearward end 24.
  • the forward end 22 of the vessel 20 includes an annular flange portion 26 having a circular cover plate 28 bolted thereto by a plurality of bolts 30.
  • the rearward end 24 of the vessel 20 includes a flange portion 32 and a circular cover plate 34 is bolted thereto by a plurality of bolts 36.
  • Conventional gaskets 35 are disposed between the flange portions 26 and 32 and cover plates 28 and 34 of the vessel 20.
  • a conventional U-tube fire box 38 is disposed in the lower portion of the vessel 20.
  • the ends of fire box 38 extend through and are seal welded to the cover plate 28.
  • a conventional natural gas or fuel burner 40 is disposed within one end of the fire box 38 and a stack 42 is attached to the other end thereof. Fuel is supplied to the burner 40 through conduit 44.
  • any convenient heat source may be utilized in the apparatus 10 in lieu of the fuel burning apparatus described above.
  • hot exhaust gases from a boiler, gas turbine or the like may be passed through a heating coil disposed in the lower portion of the vessel 20 for providing heat thereto.
  • a heating coil 46 is disposed within the upper portion of the vessel 20.
  • Inlet and outlet nozzles 48 and 50 extending through and seal welded to the cover plate 34 are connected to the heating coil 46.
  • the heating coil 46 is comprised of a plurality of heating tubes 52 which are serially connected together by return bends 54.
  • the tubes 52 are serially arranged within the upper portion of the vessel 20 in a plurality of banks, one above the other.
  • the inlet nozzle 48 is connected to a first bank of tubes 60 positioned above the fire box 38.
  • a second bank 62 is positioned directly above and connected to the bank 60, and a third bank 64 is positioned directly above and connected to the second bank 62.
  • the third bank 64 is connected to the outlet nozzle 50.
  • a conventional fill nozzle 70 and drain and vent valves 72 and 74 are provided attached to the vessel 20.
  • a quantity of heating gauge glass (not shown) for indicating the level of liquid within the vessel 20.
  • the level may be adjusted by viewing the gauge glass and adding liquid to the vessel 20 through the opening or extracting liquid from the vessel 20 through the drain valve 72.
  • the heating medium liquid has been placed within the vaporizer apparatus 10
  • fuel is supplied through the conduit 44 to the gas burner 40 and ignited.
  • the products of combustion from the burner 40 travel through the fire box 38 and are vented to the atmosphere through stack 42.
  • Heat from the combustion within the fire box 38 is transferred through the walls thereof into the body of heating medium liquid causing it to be heated and a portion thereof to be vaporized.
  • the heating medium vapors travel upwardly into the uppermost portion of the vessel 20 around the top bank of heating tubes 64 disposed therein.
  • Vent valve 74 is opened to vent air contained within the vessel 20 to the atmosphere. Once all the air has been vented from the vessel 20, the valve 74 is closed thereby confining the heating medium liquid vapors within the vessel 20.
  • a stream of cryogenic fluid liquid is pumped from the storage tank 12 by the pump 14 through the conduit 16, through the inlet nozzle 48 of the vaporizer apparatus 10 and into the heating coil 46 thereof.
  • heat is transferred from the heating medium liquid and vapor contained within the vessel 20 to the stream of cryogenic fluid liquid passing through the heating coil 46 thereby vaporizing and superheating it.
  • the vaporized and superheated cryogenic fluid exits and heating coil 46 through the outlet nozzle 50. From the outlet nozzle 50 the vaporized and superheated cryogenic fluid passes through conduit 18 to a point of use or distribution.
  • a temperature controller 82 which may be any conventional pneumatic or electric temperature controller, senses the temperature of the vaporized and superheated cryogenic fluid passing through conduit 18.
  • the temperature controller 82 is operably connected to a conventional fuel gas control valve 84 disposed in conduit 44.
  • the temperature controller 82 opens and closes fuel gas valve 84 in predetermined relation to the temperature of the fluid passing through conduit 18 thereby increasing or decreasing the volume of fuel gas supplied to burner 40 which in turn increases or decreases the amount of heat transferred to the cryogenic fluid stream passing through the vaporizer apparatus 10.
  • Temperature controller 82 is set so that the stream of vaporized cryogenic fluid passing through conduit 18 is maintained at the desired level of superheat.
  • the cryogenic fluid liquid stream passes through the heating coil 46, heat is transferred from the body of heating medium liquid 80 through the walls of the heating tubes container in the tube banks 60 and 62 and into the cryogenic fluid thereby heating it and vaporizing at least a portion of the liquid.
  • the heated and partially vaporized stream then passes into the third bank of heating tubes 64.
  • Heat from the heating medium vapor surrounding the third bank of heating tubes 64 is transferred through the walls of the heating tubes into the cryogenic fluid passing therethrough so that remaining liquid is vaporized and the vapor is superheated to a desired level of superheat.
  • the heat transferred from the heating medium vapors in the uppermost portion of the vessel causes the heating medium vapors to be condensed and pass by gravity back into the body of heating medium liquid 80.
  • portions of the body of heating medium liquid 80 are continuously vaporized, condensed on the bank of heating tubes 64 and returned to the body of heating medium liquid 80.
  • a fllm of the material forms on the tubes.
  • This film acts as a barrier to heat transfer, and the outside walls of the tubes may approach the temperature of the cold fluid contained within the tubes rather than the temperature of the heating medium material on the outside of the tubes.
  • cryogenic liquids are heated in a conventional heater with combustion gases containing water vapor, a fllm forms on the outside walls of the tubes preventing the outside walls from being heated above the freezing point of ice, and as a result, ice forms on the tubes.
  • the filming characteristics of various heat transfer materials are known in the art and have been characterized or indexed under what is known as the heat transfer coefficient.
  • the heat transfer coefficient varies inversely with the resistance to heat transfer for a particular material. That is, the higher the heat transfer coefficient of a particular material, the less resistance to heat transfer imposed by the material.
  • combustion gases have a heat transfer coefficient of approximately to 40 btu/hr-ft -F. at the temperatures and other conditions found within a heater used to vaporize cryogenic fluid liquids.
  • Condensing water vapor or steam exhibits a heat transfer coefficient of approximately 1,000 to 3,000 btu/hr-ft -F.
  • condensing steam does not form an appreciable barrier on the outside walls of heating tubes containing cryogenic liquids, and the walls are heated to a level approaching the temperature of the steam thereby preventing the formation of ice.
  • a heating medium having a condensing heat transfer coefficient above 500 btu/hr-ft F. isutilized so that a minimum resistance to heat transfer is imposed by the heating medium.
  • this is accomplished by placing the portion of the heating coil 46 wherein the cryogenic fluid is heated to itsboiling point and at least partially vaporized beneath the surface of the body of heating medium liquid 80, and exposing to the heating medium vapor only the portion of the coil 46 wherein the remaining portion of the cryogenic fluid liquid is vaporized and the stream is superheated. Since the heating medium liquid forms a film of relatively high resistance to heat transfer on the outside of the heating tubes submerged therein, the transfer of heat to the liquid within the tubes is sufflciently low that vapor binding does not occur. After all or part of the vaporization has been completed at the low heat transfer rate, the stream of cryogenic fluid is subjected to the maximum heat transfer rate which occurs in the vapor section.
  • the particular portion of the heating coil 46 which should be submerged in the body of heating medium liquid will depend on a variety of factors such as the particular cryogenic fluid being vaporized and superheated, the inlet and outlet temperature and pressure of the cryogenic fluid, etc.
  • the coil 46 is positioned within the vessel 20 in banks, one above the other.
  • the vessel 20 may be initially filled with heating medium liquid so that banks 60 and 62 are beneath the surface of the body of liquid 80, and the bank 64 is in the vapor space above the liquid.
  • vapor binding occurs, additional liquid may be introduced into the vessel 20 thereby raising the level of the body of heating medium liquid and covering a portion of the heating tubes 52 in the bank 64. This in turn reduces the rate of heat transfer to the cryogenic liquid as it is being vaporized thereby preventing vapor binding. lf desirable, the level of the body of heating medium 80 may be lowered to the point where vapor binding occurs and then raised slightly to achieve maximum heat transfer rates without vapor binding.
  • the use of water as a heating medium liquid for vaporizing and superheating cryogenic fluids has been avoided due to the danger of the water freezing if the source of heat fails. Since the cryogenic liquid being vaporized and superheated enters the vaporizer apparatus at a very low temperature, if heat is not added to the heating medium liquid, it very quickly approaches the temperature of the cryogenic liquid. If water is used as the heating medium, ice will be formed causing severe damage to the apparatus 10. In order to overcome this problem, provision is made for dumping the water from the vessel 20 if the temperature thereof falls below a predetermined point. For example, referring to FIG. 1, a conventional temperature controller may be installed on the vessel 20 so that the temperature of the heating medium liquid within the vessel 20 is continuously sensed.
  • the temperature controller is operably connected to a fuel gas shut-down valve 92 disposed in the fuel conduit 44 and a water dump valve 94 disposed in a conduit 96 connected to the bottom of the vessel 20.
  • the temperature controller 90 is set at a temperature just above the freezing point of the heating medium liquid so that if for any reason heat is not continuously added thereto, the vaporizer apparatus will automatically shut down, i.e., fuel gas control valve 92 will close, and the heating medium liquid will dump out of the vessel 20, i.e., control valve 94 will open thereby dumping the water out of the vessel 20 through conduit 96, and damage to the vaporizer apparatus 10 due to the formation of ice and the expansion thereof will be prevented.
  • the bolts 30 and 36 holding the cover plates 28 and 34 to the ends of the vessel may be designed so that they will shear at a predetermined stress. Thus, if the body of heating medium liquid 80 reaches the freezing point thereof and begins to expand against the cover plates 28 and 34, the bolts 30 and 36 will shear allowing the cover plates 28 and 34 to move outwardly preventing damage thereto.
  • heating medium liquid is a material which when vaporized has a condensing heat transfer coefficient of at least 500 btu/hrft -F.
  • a method of vaporizing and superheating a stream of cryogenic fluid liquid comprising the steps of:
  • heating medium liquid is a material which when vaporized has a condensing heat transfer coefficient of at least 500 btu/hrft-F.
  • Apparatus for vaporizing and superheating a stream of cryogenic fluid liquid comprising:
  • a closed vessel having a lower portion for containing a body of heating medium liquid and an upper portion for containing heating medium vapor;
  • a first cryogenic fluid heating coil disposed within said vessel beneath the surface of and in heat exchange relationship with said body of heating medium liquid so that cryogenic fluid passing therethrough is heated and at least partially vaporized;
  • a second cryogenic fluid heating coil disposed within said vessel above the surface of said body of heating medium liquid and in heat exchange relationship with said heating medium vapors, said second cryogenic fluid heating coil being serially connected to said first cryogenic fluid heating coil so that the heated and partially vaporized cryogenic fluid passing therethrough is completely vaporized and superheated and heating medium vapors are continuously condensed and returned to said body of heating medium liquid.
  • Apparatus for vaporizing and superheating a stream of cryogenic fluid comprising:
  • a closed vessel having a lower portion for containing a body of water and an upper portion for containing steam;
  • first cryogenic fluid heating coil disposed within said vessel beneath the surface of and in heat exchange relationship with said body of water so that cryogenic fluid passing therethrough is heated and at least partially vaporized
  • a second cryogenic fluid heating coil disposed within said vessel above the surface of said body of water and in heat exchange relationship with said steam, said second cryogenic fluid heating coil being serially connected to said first cryogenic fluid heating coil so that heated and partially vaporized cryogenic fluid passing therethrough is completely vaporized and superheated and steam is continuously condensed and returned to said body of water.
  • the apparatus of claim 8 which is further characterized to include means for dumping said body of water from said closed vessel when the temperature of said body of water reaches a preselected minimum level thereby preventing said body of water from forming ice and damaging said vessel.

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  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)
US3712073D 1971-02-03 1971-02-03 Method and apparatus for vaporizing and superheating cryogenic fluid liquids Expired - Lifetime US3712073A (en)

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CA (1) CA930300A (enExample)
DE (1) DE2161504A1 (enExample)
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US3897754A (en) * 1974-10-16 1975-08-05 Ransome Gas Ind Inc LPG vaporizer
US3986340A (en) * 1975-03-10 1976-10-19 Bivins Jr Henry W Method and apparatus for providing superheated gaseous fluid from a low temperature liquid supply
US4100757A (en) * 1977-05-04 1978-07-18 Frick Company Closed circuit ammonia system for liquid heating from water
US4116016A (en) * 1977-03-08 1978-09-26 Fischer & Porter Co. Corrosion-resistant liquified gas evaporator
US4170115A (en) * 1976-07-05 1979-10-09 Osaka Gas Company, Limited Apparatus and process for vaporizing liquefied natural gas
US4224802A (en) * 1978-03-28 1980-09-30 Osaka Gas Company, Limited Apparatus and process for vaporizing liquefied natural gas
US4398503A (en) * 1979-07-23 1983-08-16 British Nuclear Fuels Limited Method and apparatus for metering a feed of hydrogen fluoride vapor
US4438729A (en) 1980-03-31 1984-03-27 Halliburton Company Flameless nitrogen skid unit
US4526006A (en) * 1979-11-23 1985-07-02 Anthony George M Heat transfer method and apparatus
WO1989002561A1 (fr) * 1987-09-18 1989-03-23 Erich Berger Procede et dispositif destines a un evaporateur de gaz liquide
US4936343A (en) * 1989-03-27 1990-06-26 Pruitt John E Carbon dioxide fill manifold
US5107906A (en) * 1989-10-02 1992-04-28 Swenson Paul F System for fast-filling compressed natural gas powered vehicles
US5113905A (en) * 1989-03-27 1992-05-19 Michael D. Hoyle Carbon dioxide fill manifold and method
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US5598709A (en) * 1995-11-20 1997-02-04 Thermo King Corporation Apparatus and method for vaporizing a liquid cryogen and superheating the resulting vapor
US6112529A (en) * 1998-12-30 2000-09-05 Curbow; Jeffery L. Carbon dioxide vaporizer
US20020174666A1 (en) * 2001-05-25 2002-11-28 Thermo King Corporation Hybrid temperature control system
US20030019224A1 (en) * 2001-06-04 2003-01-30 Thermo King Corporation Control method for a self-powered cryogen based refrigeration system
US20030019219A1 (en) * 2001-07-03 2003-01-30 Viegas Herman H. Cryogenic temperature control apparatus and method
US20030029179A1 (en) * 2001-07-03 2003-02-13 Vander Woude David J. Cryogenic temperature control apparatus and method
US6578365B2 (en) * 2000-11-06 2003-06-17 Extaexclusive Thermodynamic Applications Ltd Method and system for supplying vaporized gas on consumer demand
US20040020228A1 (en) * 2002-07-30 2004-02-05 Thermo King Corporation Method and apparatus for moving air through a heat exchanger
US20040216469A1 (en) * 2003-05-02 2004-11-04 Thermo King Corporation Environmentally friendly method and apparatus for cooling a temperature controlled space
US6817385B1 (en) * 2003-02-15 2004-11-16 Va-Tran Systems Inc. Method and apparatus for filling a liquid container and converting liquid phase fluid into a gaseous phase for dispensing to users
US20050066661A1 (en) * 2003-09-29 2005-03-31 Kalina Alexander I. Process and apparatus for boiling and vaporizing multi-component fluids
US20060183064A1 (en) * 2005-01-18 2006-08-17 Selas Fluid Processing Corporation System and method for vaporizing a cryogenic liquid
US20060242969A1 (en) * 2005-04-27 2006-11-02 Black & Veatch Corporation System and method for vaporizing cryogenic liquids using a naturally circulating intermediate refrigerant
US20100083662A1 (en) * 2008-10-06 2010-04-08 Kalex Llc Method and apparatus for the utilization of waste heat from gaseous heat sources carrying substantial quantities of dust
US20100205962A1 (en) * 2008-10-27 2010-08-19 Kalex, Llc Systems, methods and apparatuses for converting thermal energy into mechanical and electrical power
US8176738B2 (en) 2008-11-20 2012-05-15 Kalex Llc Method and system for converting waste heat from cement plant into a usable form of energy
US8474263B2 (en) 2010-04-21 2013-07-02 Kalex, Llc Heat conversion system simultaneously utilizing two separate heat source stream and method for making and using same
US20140219644A1 (en) * 2007-02-12 2014-08-07 Gaumer Company, Inc. Heater for Vaporizing Liquids
US8833077B2 (en) 2012-05-18 2014-09-16 Kalex, Llc Systems and methods for low temperature heat sources with relatively high temperature cooling media
WO2016010478A1 (en) * 2014-07-16 2016-01-21 Keppel Offshore & Marine Technology Centre Pte Ltd Apparatus and method for the regasification of liquefied natural gas
US20180119885A1 (en) * 2012-04-25 2018-05-03 Kenneth W. Anderson Systems and Methods for Converting Cryogenic Liquid Natural Gas to High Pressure Natural Gas and to Low Pressure Natural Gas and Retain All Converted Product and To Further Dispense Only By Voluntary Actions of the User
US20210041103A1 (en) * 2020-10-27 2021-02-11 Eric Champagne Portable Liquid Fuel Vaporizer
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CA930300A (en) 1973-07-17
DE2161504A1 (de) 1972-08-10
GB1310800A (en) 1973-03-21
FR2124635A5 (enExample) 1972-09-22

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