Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
  • A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L27/30—Artificial sweetening agents
  • A23L27/31—Artificial sweetening agents containing amino acids, nucleotides, peptides or derivatives
  • A23L27/32—Artificial sweetening agents containing amino acids, nucleotides, peptides or derivatives containing dipeptides or derivatives
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S530/00—Chemistry: natural resins or derivatives; peptides or proteins; lignins or reaction products thereof
  • Y10S530/801—Peptide sweetners

Definitions

• Saccharin is commonly employed as asugar substitute but suffers the drawback of having an objectionable bitter, metallic aftertaste. It has been reported that from onequarter to one-third of the population are saccharin sensitive and perceive an off-taste regardless of the saccharin concentration. It has also been reported that the incidence of off-taste due to saccharin is a function of the concentration of the compound and that everyone can be expected to obtain an oflf-taste from saccharin at some concentration. It has been suggested to eliminate the aftertaste by combining saccharin with such ingredients as pectin or sorbitol, dextrose, meltose, etc., but such a combination has not overcome the problem. Combinations containing saccharin and salts of cyclamates in certain proportions, while widely used, have also failed to overcome the problem of objectionable aftertaste.
• saccharin at its threshold level of sweetness is about 700 times as sweet as sucrose. This greatly enhanced sweetness of saccharin relative to sucrose decreases as the concentration of saccharin increases. At normal use levels saccharin is only 150-200 times as sweet a sucrose. Consequently, to obtain a given increase in sweetness level with saccharin it is necessary to employ a proportionately greater concentration of saccharin. This increased level of saccharin causes a larger segment of the population to perceive an objectionable aftertaste. While individuals vary in the degree to which they find the aftertaste of saccharin objectionable, the occurrence of the objection is so Widespread that considerable effort has been expended in devising formulations to overcome this problem.
• an object of the present invention to provide sweetening compositions containing saccharin in which the aftertaste due to saccharin is masked. Another object is to provide sweetening compositions containing saccharin which have a taste which is free of objectionable flavor qualities. A further object is to provide sweetening compositions containing saccharin which have a taste comparable to or superior to that of sugar.
• the dipeptide need be present in only very small quantities. Even when present in undetectable amounts, that is, amounts below their threshold level of taste, the dipeptides of the present invention begin to manifest their effectiveness in overcoming the objectionable aftertaste due to saccharin.
• the dipeptide sweetening agents employed according to the present invention are superior to sucrose in sweetness and possess a lingering sweetness which has been found by taste panel evaluation to be preferable to that of sucrose.
• the dipeptides of the present invention have the surprising ability of masking the bitterness and potentiating the sweet taste of saccharin. This effect has long been sought for and although many formulations have been stated to achieve it, this effect has heretofore not been attained.
• the dipeptide sweetening agents of the present invention have a fairly constant ratio of sweetness to that of sucrose over all sweetness levels. Saccharin, on the other hand, is found to be 700 times as sweet as sucrose when both are compared at their threshold levels of sweetness but only to 200 times as sweet as sucrose at normal use levels.
• the dipeptides of the present invention are L-aspartyl dipeptides of the formula 0 ll nm-on-o-nrn-n-woom Ha H2)n o 0 on R2 wherein the carbon marked with an asterisk is of the L- configuration, n is an integer from 0 to 5, R is an alkyl radical of up to 6 carbon atoms, an alkyl-aryl or alicyclic radical of up to 10 carbon atoms, and R is a monoor di-unsaturated alicyclic radical of up to 8 carbon atoms, or when n is 0, a phenyl radical.
• Examples of some specific peptides are L-aspartyl-2,5- dihydro-L-phenylalanine, L-aspartyl-L-(l-cyclohexene-l)- alanine, L-aspartyl-L-phenylglycine, and L-aspartyl-L-2,5- dihydrophenylglycine.
• the alkyl radical R may be methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, n-pentyl, 2- methyl-n-butyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, Z-methyl-n-pentyl, 3- methyl-n-pentyl, 2,2-dimethyl-n-butyl and 2,3-dimethyl-nbutyl.
• the dipeptides of the present invention demonstrate an effect in masking the aftertaste of saccharin when present in an amount as little as about 2% that of the saccharin. Amounts greater than 2% may, of course, be used. The minimum amount needed will vary depending on the sweetness of individual dipeptides relative to sugar. This amount, however, may be readily determined by taste tests. The taste of the composition improves as the amount of dipeptide is increased. The upper limit of dipeptide is determined not by tast consideration alone, but rather by other factors such as cost and solubility. The dipeptides of the present invention are more expensive than saccharin. For many applications, e.g., soft drinks, a relatively expensive sweetening agent cannot be employed.
• the quantity of dipeptide employed will be at least that level or near that level at which masking of the saccharin aftertaste begins. In most applications, e.g., drugs and medicinals where cost considerations are not as critical, higher amounts of dipeptide may be employed. Another factor limiting the amount of dipeptide which may be employed is that of solubility as there is little to be gained by employing the dipeptide at levels beyond its solubility.
• the dipeptides of the present invention are used in an amount of about 1 part of dipeptide to from about 1 part to about 50 parts of saccharin, preferably about 1 part of dipeptide to from about 1.5 parts to about 15 parts of saccharin, and most preferably from about 1 part of saccharin to from about 2.5 parts to about 12 parts of saccharin.
• compositions of the present invention may be used to impart their sweetness to a variety of comestibles including food products, liquids, and pharmaceutical preparations.
• food products are fruits, vegetables, juices, meat products such as ham or bacon, sweetened milk products, egg products, salad dressings, ice creams and sherbets, icings, syrups, cake mixes, pastry mixtures, gelatin, chewing gum, and candy.
• Liquids include beverages such as carbonated and noncarbonated soft drinks, wines, and liquers.
• Examples ofpharmaceutical preparations are orally administered suspensions of antibiotics, e.g., penicillin, ampicillin, nystatin or oxytetracycline; liquid vitamin preparations; and syrups, e.g., cough syrup; tooth paste; mouth wash; etc.
• compositions of the present invention are stable, water-soluble compositions which may be utilized under various physical forms, for example, as powders, liquids or pastes. They may also be used with liquid or solid carriers such as water, glycerin, sorbitol, starch, salt, citric acid or other appropriate pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic carriers.
• the saccharin may be employed in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable alkali metal salt, ammonium salt, or amine salts, e.g., the N-methylglucamine salt, or the alkaline earth metal salt, or as the free acid.
• R may be, as mentioned previously, alkyl-aryl or an alicyclic radical of up to 10 carbon atoms.
• alkyl-aryl radicals are benzyl, phenethyl, isopropylphenyl, 3-phenylpropyl and isopropylbenzyl.
• alicyclic radicals are cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl.
• the sample containing sucrose. is taken as the standard for purposes of comparison.
• the taste of the B sample sweetened solely with sodium saccharin is evaluated as poor due to the noticeable aberrant taste quality of the saccharin.
• the sample sweetened with mixture C of saccharin and dipeptide is found to be over sweet.
• the aberrant taste aspects due to saccharin, however, are not detected.
• the sample sweetened with the mixture D has a sweetness comparable to that of the sucrose, but with the added advantage of a better qualit of taste.
• the aberrant taste aspects due to saccharin are not detected.
• EXAMPLE 2 A solution is prepared containing 0.3 mg. of sodium saccharin and 0.025 mg. of L-aspartyl-L-phenylglycine, methyl ester, in ml. of water. The solution contains .006% sodium saccharin and .0005 of the dipeptide, the
• the concentration of the saccharin is equal to the threshold level at which the bitter aftertaste is detectable while the concentra ion of the dipeptide is one-tenth that of its threshold level of sweetness. Taste tests on this solution do not reveal any of the aftertaste normally found with solutions containing this quantity of saccharin.
• EXAMPLE 3 A solution is prepared containing 0.3 mg. of sodium saccharin and 0.1 mg. of L-aspartyl-L-phenylglycine, methyl ester in 5 ml. of water. At this ratio (3:1) of sodium saccharin to dipeptide there is effective masking of the saccharin aftertaste. The sweetness quality of the solution is evaluated as better than that of Example 3 and as better than that of sucrose alone.
• EXAMPLE 5 A solution is prepared containing 0.3 mg. of sodium saccharin and 0.00625 mg. of Laspartyl-2,5-dihydro- L-phenylalanine, methyl ester, in 5 ml. of water.
• the solution contains .006% sodium saccharin and .000125% of the dipeptide, the ratio of the two materials being 48:1.
• the concentration of the dipeptide is one-tenth that of its threshold level of sweetness. Taste tests on this solution do not reveal any of the aftertaste normally found with solutions containing this quantity of saccharin.
• EXAMPLE 6 A dry mix is prepared by blending 5.5 g. of the potassium salt of penicillin G, 0.5 g. of sodium saccharin, 0.25 g. of the methyl ester of L-aspartyl-L-phenylglycine, and 58.0 g. of line granulated sugar. A syrup for oral administration is then prepared by adding to the dry mix sufficient water to make ml. The reconstituted syrup has an improved and enhanced sweetness character due to the dipeptide.
• EXAMPLE 7 A concentrated liquid sweetener is prepared containing the following ingredients:
• EXAMPLE 8 A dry mix is prepared containing the following ingredients:
• the foregoing ingredients are mixed, wet-granulated with a liquid containing 50% water and 50% alcohol SD-3A, and dried to give a granular free-flowing powder.
• a bulk sweetener is prepared by mixing the following ingredients:
• composition is warmed and spray dried to form a sweetener which may be substituted for sugar on a volume per volume basis.
• EXAMPLE A composition is prepared as in Example 9, aerated, poured on drying trays, dried in a vacuum oven and particulated to give a bulk sweetener which can be substituted for sugar on a volume per volume basis.
• a composition comprising saccharin and, relative to the saccharin, an amount of a dipeptide effective to mask the aftertaste 0f saccharin, the dipeptide being of the formula wherein the carbon marked with an asterisk is of the L-configuration, n is an integer from 0 to 5, R is an alkyl radical of up to 6 carbon atoms, an alkyl-aryl or alicyclic radical of up to 10 carbon atoms, and R is a monoor di-unsaturated alicyclic radical of up to 8 carbon atoms, or, when n is 0, a phenyl radical.
• composition according to claim 1 wherein the amount of dipeptide is at least about 2% that of the saccharin.
• composition according to claim 1 wherein the dipeptide is L-aspartyl-L-phenylglycine, the dipeptide being present in an amount at least about 8% that of the saccharin.
• composition according to claim 1 wherein the dipeptide is L-aspartyl-Z,5-dihydro-L-phenylalanine, the dipeptide being present in an amount at least about 2% that of the saccharin.
• composition according to claim 1 containing about 12 parts of saccharin and at least about 1 part of L-aspartyl-L-phenylglycine.
• composition according to claim 5 wherein the dipeptide is in the form of the methyl ester.
• composition according to claim 1 containing about parts of saccharin and at least about 1 part of L-aspartyl-Z,5-dihydro-L-phenylalanine.
• composition according to claim 7 wherein the dipeptide is in the form of the methyl ester.
• composition according to claim 1 containing about 1 part of dipeptide to form about 1 part to about 50 parts of saccharin.
• composition according to claim 1 containing about 1 part of dipeptide to from about 1.5 parts to about 15 parts of saccharin.
• a composition according to claim 1 containing about 1 part of dipeptide to form about 2.5 parts to about 12 parts of saccharin.
• a method of masking the aftertaste of saccharin which comprises adding to the saccharin a sweet tasting dipeptide of claim 1, the amount of the dipeptide being eifective to mask the aftertaste of saccharin.
• composition according to claim 13 together with a non-toxic carrier.

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• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Nutrition Science (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Food Science & Technology (AREA)
• Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
• Seasonings (AREA)
• Peptides Or Proteins (AREA)
• Medicinal Preparation (AREA)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Publications (1)

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Family Applications (1)

Country Status (8)

Cited By (20)

Families Citing this family (3)

• 1970
  • 1970-03-25 US US22686A patent/US3695898A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
• 1971
  • 1971-03-15 CA CA107718A patent/CA930604A/en not_active Expired
  • 1971-03-23 DE DE19712114021 patent/DE2114021A1/de active Pending
  • 1971-03-24 IT IT49293/71A patent/IT946199B/it active
  • 1971-03-24 CH CH429971A patent/CH536602A/fr not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1971-03-24 HU HUSU606A patent/HU164517B/hu unknown
  • 1971-03-25 FR FR7110663A patent/FR2087842A5/fr not_active Expired
  • 1971-04-19 GB GB2486271*A patent/GB1352167A/en not_active Expired

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