US3689259A - Method of consolidating metallic bodies - Google Patents

Method of consolidating metallic bodies Download PDF

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Publication number
US3689259A
US3689259A US829685A US3689259DA US3689259A US 3689259 A US3689259 A US 3689259A US 829685 A US829685 A US 829685A US 3689259D A US3689259D A US 3689259DA US 3689259 A US3689259 A US 3689259A
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container
grain
consolidation
refractory
temperature
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Robert W Hailey
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CERACON Inc A CORP OF
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Wheeling Pittsburgh Steel Corp
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Assigned to METAL ALLOYS, INC., 110 NEWPORT CENTER DR., SUITE 200, NEWPORT BEACH, CA. 92660 A CORP. OF CA. reassignment METAL ALLOYS, INC., 110 NEWPORT CENTER DR., SUITE 200, NEWPORT BEACH, CA. 92660 A CORP. OF CA. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: WHEELING PITTSBURGH STEEL CORPORATION
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Assigned to CERACON, INC., A CORP. OF CA reassignment CERACON, INC., A CORP. OF CA ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: METAL ALLOYS, INC., A CORP. OF CA
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B30—PRESSES
    • B30B—PRESSES IN GENERAL
    • B30B15/00—Details of, or accessories for, presses; Auxiliary measures in connection with pressing
    • B30B15/34—Heating or cooling presses or parts thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/003—Apparatus, e.g. furnaces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/12—Both compacting and sintering
    • B22F3/14—Both compacting and sintering simultaneously
    • B22F3/15—Hot isostatic pressing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B30—PRESSES
    • B30B—PRESSES IN GENERAL
    • B30B15/00—Details of, or accessories for, presses; Auxiliary measures in connection with pressing
    • B30B15/30—Feeding material to presses

Definitions

  • the invention is directed to improvements over the process disclosed in Pat. No. 3,356,- 496, issued Dec. 5, 1967, to me on Method of Producing High Density Metallic Products.
  • a metallic part to be consolidated is placed in a particulate or coherent heated refractory, e.g. ceramic, container and the container and body are introduced to a die cavity wherein both the body and container are subjected to compaction at high pressure required for consolidation of the metallic body.
  • the present invention has in common with the patented process the treatment of a prepared body or prepress in the final consolidation stage under similar pressure, temperature and heat transference conditions, but improves upon the predecessor process with respect to preil'inal consolidation handlings and treatments given the prepress and granular material that ultimately becomes the refractory container during final consolidation.
  • the patented process may include use of granular refractory material, the general procedure differs from the process herein contemplated as for example with respect to details of heating the prepress or body to be consolidated within a container followed by transference from the container of its contents into the compaction die cavity.
  • the invention achieves optimum control of consolidation temperatures, minimized start-up and down times, together with the employment of a heating and transfer system accessible at all times for maintenance and adjustment without causing serious down-time problems.
  • the grain is preheated at least to a temperature sufficiently high to drive olf volatile contaminants including adsorbed moisture.
  • preheating of the latter desirably is carried to higher temperature levels which may approximate the preheat temperature of the heated pre-pressed body.
  • the refractory grain may serve the dual functions of a compactible pressure transfer medium and also as a medium for preservation of preheat in the work body, thus to assure maintenance of necessary temperature levels for consolidation of the prepress.
  • Contemplated also is the employment of a technique involving use of a heated temporary container for initial reception of the preheated work body and embedding refractory grain, and transference of the container from what may be termed a loading station to a discharge or compaction station at which the contents of the container are displaced into the cavity of a high pressure resist-ant die for final consolidation of the workpiece.
  • the container serves primarily as a material transfer means and itself need not be designed for high pressure resistance since application of the high consolidation pressure is confined to the die.
  • the materials and physical steps employed adapt to an operating sequence according to which the preheated work body which has been pre-formed to a unitized state at relatively lower density, is introduced to the heated container at a loading station followed by introduction to the container of a measured quantity of the refractory grain.
  • This procedure may involve also the removal and return of a heated container closure, all in timed relation with the container loading, transference of the container to the die location, and finally displacement of the container contents into die cavity, all as will later appear.
  • Pre-packing of the refractory grain may occur at the loading station and be accomplished by a plunger sized to enter the container with its cover removed.
  • a vertically reciprocating punch displaces both the grain and work body including the bottom layer of grain, down into the die cavity wherein continued travel of the punch subjects the body to high pressure compaction by pressure transfer through or within the grain, the temperatures and pressures employed being, as previously indicated, suflicient to consolidate the body to a density increase in excess of percent, and most usually closely approaching percent, of the theoretical maximum density.
  • the process may be regarded generally as comprising means indicated at 10 for feeding refractory grain from a supply source 10 into a container 11 at the designated loading station at which the container also receives the heated prepress 12, following which the loaded container is transferred to the designated consolidation station beneath punch 13 and in alignment with a die cavity 14 which receives the packed embedding grain and the preformed body itself as a result of displacement out of the container 11 by the down traveling punch 13.
  • the supply source as indicated at is to be regarded merely as illustrative of any suitable means for controllably delivering the grain to the system, either in heated or unheated condition.
  • the heat may be supplied by elements 24 embedded in the grain at spacing sufficiently close to assure efficient and uniform heating of the grain.
  • Useable refractory grain materials may be characterized as comprising any of or mixtures of the ceramics, refactory compounds, carbon, and graphite.
  • ceramics is intended to include those chemically combined metal compounds and compositions which have come to be characterized as ceramics.
  • the latter include such metallic oxides as oxides of any of silicon, aluminum, barium, calcium, magnesium, thorium, and zirconium, as well as such oxide complexes, as of combinations of any of silicon, calcium, or magnesium oxides that exist in earths and clays; also metallic sulfates, e.g. sulfates or barium or calcium; aluminates, e.g. aluminates of calcium or magnesium; silicates, e.g. silicates of aluminum,
  • refractory compounds is intended to include those high melting point inorganic compounds not always characterized as ceramics, including the nitrides, borides, carbides, silicides, and suldes of both metals and nonmetals, in the form of simple or complex compounds. Binders need not be added to the refractory grain. However, binders may be added if they do not interfere with the flow and packing of the grain, are not contaminative to the consolidated product, and provide positive advantages such as minimizing the loss of refractory grain in the transfer operations.
  • a practical size of refractory grain for this process is in the range of 325 mesh to 100 mesh grain, although coarser and liner grain and mixtures may be used for special purposes. Finer grain tends to dust and may not pack to as high a density as coarser grain. Coarser grain usually penetrates more deeply into the surface of a part being consolidated than does a iiner grain, making surface clean-up more diicult. It may be desirable in some cases to use controlled mixtures of particle sizes in Order to obtain the best total grain characteristics.
  • the grain may be preheated or not, depending mainly on: the size and configuration of the part to be consolidated; desire to limit the cost and complexity of grain ltransfer mechanisms; the rate at which parts are to be consolidated; and chemical purity considerations, as described in more detail below. If the grain contains volatiles that may be damaging to the part being consolidated (such as water vapor), it can be preheated in a separate operation to remove the volatiles, and stored under clean, dry conditions until used, or the grain may be preheated directly prior to loading into the hot transfer container.
  • volatiles that may be damaging to the part being consolidated (such as water vapor)
  • it can be preheated in a separate operation to remove the volatiles, and stored under clean, dry conditions until used, or the grain may be preheated directly prior to loading into the hot transfer container.
  • the major factors influencing heating procedures here would be: the grain volume relative to part volume, the thermal conductivity of the part to assure that heat lost from the part surface to the surrounding grain will be replaced rapidly by heat ilow from the internal mass of the part without creating undesirable temperature gradients in the part; the ability of the part to be brought to a higher temperature than needed for consoli dation to provide the extra heat capacity for heating the grain; and the ability of the grain to ow and deform properly to distribute consolidation pressures under less than fully hot conditions.
  • a fused aluminum oxide grain of minus 100 mesh grain size provides satisfactory characteristics for this process. It is resistant to self bonding and sintering when owed over a hot hearth for the purpose of preheating. It packs well by vibration or tamping around a part to be consolidated (usually to a density about 50% of theoretical) to provide a firm external and internal support for the part during transfer operations.
  • a part to be consolidated usually to a density about 50% of theoretical
  • it ows by crushing and deforming to a density of about of theoretical, the final density being primarily dependent on the particular grain material used, its particle size and distribution, and the ternperature and pressure of consolidation. As both the part and the grain are compressed longitudinally in consolidation, the grain ows to distribute pressures uniformly enough so that the part is consolidated to a density at or near theoretical density.
  • the cross-sectional conguration of the part is essentially maintained while the length of the part is reduced in proporation to the change in density. Enough open continuous porosity normally is maintained in the grain to permit the escape of gases from the part being consolidated.
  • the fused alumina grain is relatively inert chemically to most metals at temperatures up to about 2200" F., and after consolidation and ejection from the die, the grain breaks and sandblasts away readily from part surfaces.
  • the grain acts as a satisfactory thermal barrier to prevent heat ow from the part to the die, so that the part develops uniform consolidated properties throughout its mass.
  • silica With many products, the lower hardness and greater deformability of silica (SiOz) at elevated temperatures can make it advantageous to use silica or a similar material as a refractory grain.
  • materials such as thorium oxide, zirconium oxide, boron nitride, carbon, etc., as simple compounds or in combination with other refractory materials, to provide better properties in consolidation than to lower melting point refractory grains.
  • acid soluble refractory grain such as magnesium oxide or calcium oxide may be used.
  • the general powder compositions which can be consolidated into products using the loose grain method include the following: pure or blended elemental powders, e.g. Mo, Fe, W, Ni, Cr, Co, etc.; prealloyed powders, e.g. stainless steel; ceramic and refractory compounds such as metal oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, etc.; metal-ceramic, metal-carbide, etc. mixtures, e.g. Fe alloy plus aluminium oxide addition; and combinations of materials as cores and claddings, fibers and powders. Binders may be used if compatible with heating techniques and the iinal required properties of the product.
  • elemental powders e.g. Mo, Fe, W, Ni, Cr, Co, etc.
  • prealloyed powders e.g. stainless steel
  • ceramic and refractory compounds such as metal oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, etc.
  • metal-ceramic, metal-carbide, etc. mixtures
  • the particle size of the powdered material may be that employed in conventional powder metallurgy, and may vary from less than 1 micron average diameter up to about 30 mesh or larger.
  • IPowder is packed in a container (such as atomized superalloy powder of high hardness packed in a formed metal container or in a sprayed or cast metal or ceramic container); powder is packed in a container or mold and presintered to provide preliminary properties or initial diffusion before consolidation (such as electrolytic tungsten powder packed and presintered in a split ceramic mold); powder is pressed to a preliminary product form with or without a container (such as iron alloy powder isostatically pressed in an elastomer mold to a gear or other form, or tool steel powder pressed inside a tubular container in a steel die); powder is pressed to a preliminary product form with or without a container and presintered prior to consolidation (such as a stainless steel composition blend of elemental powders which will benefit from a diffusion heat
  • the temperature to which the material to be consolidated is heated depends on: the composition and form of the product; the consolidated properties desired (such as metallurgical structure, strength, density, etc.), the unit pressures available in consolidation; potential reactions with the refractory grain; and the rate of product flow desired through the process. In general, it is desirable to consolidate at the highest safe temperature that is compatible with obtaining the density, properties, and quality required in the final product. A refractory grain normally can be selected which allows satisfactory consolidation in line with these considerations. The examples below illustrate how specific consolidation temperatures may be chosen:
  • stages of the process may operate in a controlled atmosphere, the composition of which is predetermined in accordance with such factors as materials employed and their behavior at temperatures to which they arc exposed. Accordingly, in the drawing I have indicated at 15 the general outline of an enclosure within which may be accommodated the various stages of the process.
  • gases may be used for atmospheres in the process, including inert, reducing, oxidizing, carburizing, nitriding, and neutral gases. They may be used separately or as mixtures. Their normal purpose is to protect the heating equipment, the refractory grain, and/ or the product being consolidated.
  • the choice of a specific atmosphere for heating and consolidating a specific product will depend primarily on certain gas properties such as: chemical reactivity or inertness in relation to the product and/ or the refractory grain; solubility in the product; thermal conductivity; density; ability to be purified; convenience :relative to use and preventing contamination; and cost.
  • Argon is an example of an inert gas available in quantity in a high purity form at an acceptable cost. Argons high density and atomic weight, and its large atom size are favorable properties for the design of heating and transfer equipment to avoid leakage and contamination by other gases. Argons low thermal conductivity can decrease heat loss from the product after it has been brought to temperature and during transfer operations. It is a true inert gas, is non-explosive and can be purified satisfactorily for recirculation.
  • Hydrogen is an example of a reducing gas available in pure form in quantity at an acceptable cost. Hydrogen will dissolve in and/or react with many materials (e.g., titanium, zirconium, carbon, boron), and its use with such materials may require special techniques or protective measures. Its low density and atomic weight provide problems in preventing back diffusion of air into hydrogenfilled enclosures or equipment. Its high thermal conductivity can greatly increase insulation requirements for heating equipment, and cause rapid heat loss from the surface of a hot part as it is transferred from a heating station. Hydrogen is explosive when mixed with relatively small quantities of oxygen. lIt can be purified readily, and is considerably lower in cost than argon.
  • materials e.g., titanium, zirconium, carbon, boron
  • gases that may be used in the process are gases such as helium, nitrogen, dissociated ammonia, carbon monoxide, the endothermic and exothermic gases, hydrocarbons, etc., used separately or mixed to provide specific properties.
  • the refractory grain is shown to be fed under control as by release gate 16 into the transfer container 11 to a depth suiiicient to fully embed the preheat 12.
  • a quantity of the grain may be introduced to the container to a depth suiicient to form a bottom layer L which subsequently is displaced out of the container together with the grain and prepress charge at the consolidation station.
  • its cover 18 is shifted to close the container and its contents.
  • heating units 19 and 20 provision may be made as indicated by heating units 19 and 20 for heating the container with or without continuance of the heating to its arrival at the consolidation station.
  • suitable means such as tongs 21 may be used and Where conservation of the prepress heat may be important, a surrounding heating means 22 may be provided.
  • the transfer container can potentially be loaded for transfer operations at temperatures ranging from room temperature to roughly the temperature of the prepress.
  • factors to be considered are: heat capacity; thermal conductivity; strength and stability at the maximum temperature of use; hardness and erosion resistance; physical and thermal shock resistance.
  • the transfer container may either be unheated or heated to an elevated temperature up to about the temperature of the part.
  • Lower transfer container temperatures can improve handling convenience, allow a wider ⁇ range of container material choices, and provide better container life.
  • the refractory grain and/or the hot part must have enough heat capacity to provide satisfactory grain and product temperatures for consolidation, and it becomes more desirable to use fast transfer speeds.
  • Stainless steels may be suitable for use up to about 1000 Inconels and similar oxidation resistant alloys can be suitable up to temperatures of about 2200 F. Higher melting point materials such as molybdenum and pyrolitic graphite can be used for higher container temperatures.
  • the general range of pressure application rate by punch 13 to the embedded body 12 after displacement into the die cavity 14 may be from l1/240l per second.
  • successful consolidations have
  • the primary purpose of a fast rate of pressure application is to reach full consolidation pressure and full compaction of the product while the refractory grain and product are at a desired high temperature.
  • the rate of pressure application also should be slow enough so that gases existing in a free state in the product and refractory grain are satisfactorily expelled as the product and grain are compacted.
  • Stainless steel alloys have been consolidated to full density in alumina grain at pressures ranging from 25-35 t.s.i.
  • Other hard alloys such as the stellites, superalloys and hastelloys also have been consolidated to full density at 35 t.s.i.
  • a 40 pound M-2 tool steel billet can be prepared by the loose grain consolidation method using a 700 ton press and a powder mixture containing:
  • the above powders are blended and milled together in an argon atmosphere to obtain a uniform, intimate mixture free from external contamination.
  • the powder mixture is pressed at room temperature into a 4% diameter by 14 long cylindrical shape in a die, using a pressure of 20 tons per square inch.
  • a steel tube with a 0.060 wall thickness is used in this case inside the die to hold the powder in an integral form after pressing.
  • Induction heating in an argon gas atmosphere is used to bring the pressed billet form in its steel can to a ternperature of 2300 F.
  • the billet supported on a 11/2 thick by 5 diameter cast alumina base, is held at 2300 F. for one hour to obtain a desired level of solid solution between the alloying elements prior to consolidation, and to permit reduction of residual oxides by the carbon.
  • the billet typified by the shape 12, although not tubular is immediately raised out of the can and transferred into a 5" I.D. cylindrical transfer container 11 of Inconel maintained at about 2000 F.
  • Preheated 100 mesh alumina grain from the container or heating zone at a temperature of about 2000 F. is poured rapidly into the annulus between the container and the billet. In less than 10 seconds, the hot alumina is packed to a total height of approximately 17" in the container, with a packed density about 50% of theoretical.
  • the consolidation die 14, containing an expendabble 0.040 thick split steel liner backed up by a graphite-greased paper liner, is positioned outside the press to receive the hot charge.
  • the transfer container is moved over the consolidation die, and the billet 12 and alumina grain G are lowered rapidly into the lined die.
  • the die then is moved directly into the press under the punch 13, where a pressure of 700 tons consolidates the -billet to a 4% diameter by lOl/2" long cylinder and to full density, and the alumina grain to -90% of theoretical density. Pressure is held for a period of 15 seconds to obtain maximum compaction and high diffusion bond strength.
  • a 2'1/2" pipe cap (or other similar pipe fitting) of titanium alloy can be made by the loose lgrain consolidation method, using a 700 ton press and a prealloyed powder.
  • a typical alloy is Ti-6Al-4V, which provides high strength, high corrosion resistance, and low weight for aircraft applications.
  • the above alloy is obtained as a high purity powder in a minus 100 mesh particle size, and is pressed directly at 20 tons per square inch to a preliminary pipe cap form and a density of about 65% of theoretical.
  • the powder is packed to a standard density of about 45% of theoretical in a urethane mold, which then is sealed and isostatically pressed.
  • the powder may be loaded and packed in the mold under an argon or nitrogen atmosphere. As pressed, the cap cross-section is approximately that of the nished part, but the length is about 1% times the desired lfinal length.
  • the pressed part is heated by induction in a pure argon atmosphere to a temperature of 1800 F. (below the alpha transformation temperature). When it has reached a uniform temperature, it is transferred rapidly with 1800 F. tongs 21 to a 5" I.D. cylindrical transfer container 11 of Inconel maintained at 1800 F. Immediately prior to this move, the bottom of the transfer container is loaded with a 1" layer L of 1800 F. preheated 325 mesh alumina grain packed to a firm density of about 50% of theoretical. The pressed part is laid open end up on this alumina bed, and additional 1800 F. preheated alumina grain is poured rapidly ofver the part and packed firmly to a height l over the top of the part.
  • the consolidation die containing an expendable 0.020" thick split steel liner backed up by a graphited paper liner, is positioned in the press to receive the hot charge.
  • the transfer container 11 moves over the consolidation die, and the press punch 13 immediately moves down through the container to transfer the ceramic and contained part to the lined die cavity, and to apply a pressure of 700 tons in the die.
  • the pipe cap consolidates to full density and nal form, and the alumina grain compacts to 75-85% of theoretical density. Pressure is held for a period of 15 seconds.
  • the method of consolidating a metallic or ceramic body that includes:
  • step (a) heating said body in lower density form to a temperature suciently high for consolidation in step (f) by compaction -under high pressure

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  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
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  • Manufacture Of Alloys Or Alloy Compounds (AREA)
  • Press-Shaping Or Shaping Using Conveyers (AREA)
US829685A 1969-06-02 1969-06-02 Method of consolidating metallic bodies Expired - Lifetime US3689259A (en)

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Cited By (33)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4260582A (en) * 1979-07-18 1981-04-07 The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. Differential expansion volume compaction
US4371396A (en) * 1979-02-27 1983-02-01 Asea Aktiebolag Method for manufacturing billets, from metal powder, intended to be subsequently rolled or forged
US4428906A (en) 1982-04-28 1984-01-31 Kelsey-Hayes Company Pressure transmitting medium and method for utilizing same to densify material
US4499049A (en) * 1983-02-23 1985-02-12 Metal Alloys, Inc. Method of consolidating a metallic or ceramic body
US4499048A (en) * 1983-02-23 1985-02-12 Metal Alloys, Inc. Method of consolidating a metallic body
US4501718A (en) * 1983-02-23 1985-02-26 Metal Alloys, Inc. Method of consolidating a metallic or ceramic body
DE3434703A1 (de) * 1983-09-26 1985-04-11 Metals Ltd., Newport Beach, Calif. Verfahren zum verfestigen eines metallischen, metallisch/ keramischen oder keramischen gebildes sowie vorrichtung zu seiner durchfuehrung
US4518441A (en) * 1984-03-02 1985-05-21 Hailey Robert W Method of producing metal alloys with high modulus of elasticity
US4547337A (en) * 1982-04-28 1985-10-15 Kelsey-Hayes Company Pressure-transmitting medium and method for utilizing same to densify material
US4592252A (en) * 1984-07-23 1986-06-03 Cdp, Ltd. Rolling cutters for drill bits, and processes to produce same
US4615208A (en) * 1984-03-02 1986-10-07 Hailey Robert W Hydraulic press frame
US4634572A (en) * 1984-10-25 1987-01-06 Metal Alloys, Inc. System for automatically consolidating a plurality of bodies formed of powder
US4634375A (en) * 1985-03-11 1987-01-06 Hailey Robert W Heating and handling system for metal consolidation process
US4640711A (en) * 1983-09-26 1987-02-03 Metals Ltd. Method of object consolidation employing graphite particulate
US4667497A (en) * 1985-10-08 1987-05-26 Metals, Ltd. Forming of workpiece using flowable particulate
US4673549A (en) * 1986-03-06 1987-06-16 Gunes Ecer Method for preparing fully dense, near-net-shaped objects by powder metallurgy
US4689008A (en) * 1985-03-11 1987-08-25 Hailey Robert W Heating and handling system for metal consolidation process
US4725227A (en) * 1985-03-11 1988-02-16 Hailey Robert W Heating and handling system for metal consolidation process
US4744943A (en) * 1986-12-08 1988-05-17 The Dow Chemical Company Process for the densification of material preforms
US4746554A (en) * 1985-01-07 1988-05-24 Cdp, Ltd. Pump liners and a method of cladding the same
US4747999A (en) * 1986-03-21 1988-05-31 Uddeholm Tooling Aktiebolag Powder metallurgical method
US4853178A (en) * 1988-11-17 1989-08-01 Ceracon, Inc. Electrical heating of graphite grain employed in consolidation of objects
US4915605A (en) * 1989-05-11 1990-04-10 Ceracon, Inc. Method of consolidation of powder aluminum and aluminum alloys
US4933140A (en) * 1988-11-17 1990-06-12 Ceracon, Inc. Electrical heating of graphite grain employed in consolidation of objects
WO1992018657A1 (en) * 1991-04-15 1992-10-29 Tosoh Smd, Inc. Method of producing tungsten-titanium sputter targets and targets produced thereby
US5294382A (en) * 1988-12-20 1994-03-15 Superior Graphite Co. Method for control of resistivity in electroconsolidation of a preformed particulate workpiece
US5623727A (en) * 1995-11-16 1997-04-22 Vawter; Paul Method for manufacturing powder metallurgical tooling
US5669825A (en) * 1995-02-01 1997-09-23 Carbite, Inc. Method of making a golf club head and the article produced thereby
US5770136A (en) * 1995-08-07 1998-06-23 Huang; Xiaodi Method for consolidating powdered materials to near net shape and full density
US6042780A (en) * 1998-12-15 2000-03-28 Huang; Xiaodi Method for manufacturing high performance components
US20080230279A1 (en) * 2007-03-08 2008-09-25 Bitler Jonathan W Hard compact and method for making the same
CN114653940A (zh) * 2022-03-25 2022-06-24 矿冶科技集团有限公司 一种氢气-真空两步烧结法纯化高纯铼的方法
EP4454787A1 (en) * 2023-04-19 2024-10-30 Rolls-Royce Submarines Limited Article manufacture by hot isostatic pressing using an oxide stripping medium

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL7602386A (nl) * 1976-03-08 1977-09-12 Skf Ind Trading & Dev Werkwijze voor het vervaardigen van een regelma- tig gevormd element.
SE460461B (sv) * 1983-02-23 1989-10-16 Metal Alloys Inc Foerfarande foer varm isostatisk pressning av en metallisk eller keramisk kropp i en baedd av tryckoeverfoerande partiklar
GR1002199B (en) * 1995-03-02 1996-03-21 Institouto Michanikis Ylikon K A method for safe transmission of steady or time dependent pressure under high-low, steady or time dependent temperature.

Cited By (37)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4371396A (en) * 1979-02-27 1983-02-01 Asea Aktiebolag Method for manufacturing billets, from metal powder, intended to be subsequently rolled or forged
US4260582A (en) * 1979-07-18 1981-04-07 The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. Differential expansion volume compaction
US4547337A (en) * 1982-04-28 1985-10-15 Kelsey-Hayes Company Pressure-transmitting medium and method for utilizing same to densify material
US4428906A (en) 1982-04-28 1984-01-31 Kelsey-Hayes Company Pressure transmitting medium and method for utilizing same to densify material
US4499049A (en) * 1983-02-23 1985-02-12 Metal Alloys, Inc. Method of consolidating a metallic or ceramic body
US4501718A (en) * 1983-02-23 1985-02-26 Metal Alloys, Inc. Method of consolidating a metallic or ceramic body
US4499048A (en) * 1983-02-23 1985-02-12 Metal Alloys, Inc. Method of consolidating a metallic body
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BE751301A (fr) 1970-12-02
ES380294A1 (es) 1973-03-16
SE367772B (enExample) 1974-06-10
NL7008011A (enExample) 1970-12-04
FR2049146B1 (enExample) 1973-02-02
GB1291350A (en) 1972-10-04
DE2027016B2 (de) 1972-11-02
DE2027016A1 (de) 1971-02-18
FR2049146A1 (enExample) 1971-03-26

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