US3681604A - Portable x-ray generating machine - Google Patents

Portable x-ray generating machine Download PDF

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Publication number
US3681604A
US3681604A US64485A US6448570A US3681604A US 3681604 A US3681604 A US 3681604A US 64485 A US64485 A US 64485A US 6448570 A US6448570 A US 6448570A US 3681604 A US3681604 A US 3681604A
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United States
Prior art keywords
generator
spiral
ray tube
magnetic permeability
high magnetic
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US64485A
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English (en)
Inventor
Daryl L Criswell
Clarence V Sebold
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Bendix Corp
Original Assignee
Bendix Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Bendix Corp filed Critical Bendix Corp
Priority to US64485A priority Critical patent/US3681604A/en
Priority to CA116060A priority patent/CA938033A/en
Priority to GB1296657D priority patent/GB1296657A/en
Priority to ZA714239A priority patent/ZA714239B/xx
Priority to IL37176A priority patent/IL37176A/xx
Priority to FR7124125A priority patent/FR2100124A5/fr
Priority to DE19712132879 priority patent/DE2132879C3/de
Priority to AU31214/71A priority patent/AU449835B2/en
Priority to JP5470771A priority patent/JPS474120A/ja
Priority to BR4909/71A priority patent/BR7104909D0/pt
Priority to NL7110980A priority patent/NL7110980A/xx
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3681604A publication Critical patent/US3681604A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05G—X-RAY TECHNIQUE
    • H05G1/00—X-ray apparatus involving X-ray tubes; Circuits therefor
    • H05G1/08—Electrical details
    • H05G1/10—Power supply arrangements for feeding the X-ray tube
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F5/00—Coils
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
    • H03K3/00—Circuits for generating electric pulses; Monostable, bistable or multistable circuits
    • H03K3/02—Generators characterised by the type of circuit or by the means used for producing pulses
    • H03K3/53—Generators characterised by the type of circuit or by the means used for producing pulses by the use of an energy-accumulating element discharged through the load by a switching device controlled by an external signal and not incorporating positive feedback
    • H03K3/537—Generators characterised by the type of circuit or by the means used for producing pulses by the use of an energy-accumulating element discharged through the load by a switching device controlled by an external signal and not incorporating positive feedback the switching device being a spark gap
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05G—X-RAY TECHNIQUE
    • H05G1/00—X-ray apparatus involving X-ray tubes; Circuits therefor
    • H05G1/02—Constructional details
    • H05G1/04—Mounting the X-ray tube within a closed housing
    • H05G1/06—X-ray tube and at least part of the power supply apparatus being mounted within the same housing

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT A portable X-ray generating machine having an X-ray tube and two spiral generator power sources connected to each other and to the X-ray tube.
  • One generator supplies a positive potential to the anode of the X-ray tube, and the other generator supplies a negative potential to the cathode of the X-ray tube.
  • a potential drop is thus provided across the X-ray tube during operation that is approximately twice as large as the potential output of any one spiral generator.
  • the various embodiments include different configurations of material having a high magnetic permeability placed about the spiral generators. This material increases the output of the generators fromthat which could be obtained if no such material were present, and in at least one embodiment also increases the safety of the device by preventing the induction of a current in any element in the vicinity of the X-ray generating machine that could be potentially harmful to an operator.
  • Electrostatic Generator R. J. Van de Graaff does show two generators, which have come to be referred to by those in the generator art as Van de Graafi generators, connected to opposite ends of an X-ray tube.
  • One generator supplies a positive voltage to the tube, while the other supplies a negative voltage. That is, positive charges are continuously supplied to the globe of one Van de Graaff generator, and negative charges continuously supplied to the globe of the other.
  • a Van de Graaff generator differs from a generator such as the spiral generators used in this invention in that a spiral generator does not produce a continuous output but instead operates in pulse mode and produces a high voltage pulse from a short time interval on being triggered or activated.
  • Van de Graaff reference does not provide any teaching concerning the solution of a number of problems which must be solved before two spiral generators can be used with a single load. These problems include the manner of connecting two spiral generators to each other and to a triggering mechanism so that both generators will produce an output voltage at the same time, and the manner of connecting two spiral generators to each other so that upon being triggered, one generator will produce a positive output voltage and the other a negative output voltage.
  • the portable X-ray generating machine of this invention includes a plurality of spiral generators connected to each other and to an X-ray tube so that a potential drop can be maintained across the X-ray tube that is larger than the potential output of any one generator.
  • Each embodiment illustrated herein includes an X-ray tube and two spiral generators with one generator connected to the anode of the X-ray tube and the other to the cathode of the X-ray tube.
  • the two spiral genera tors are connected to each other and to a spark-gap switch that triggers their operation.
  • Each spiral generator includes an inner and an outer conductive foil.
  • the conductive foils of each generator are separated by a layer of insulating material.
  • the inner conductive foil of each generator is connected to the outer conductive foil of the other.
  • the generators are connected in this manner so that upon being triggered, one generator will produce a negative output potential and the other will produce a positive output potential.
  • This invention also includes the use of a material having a high magnetic permeability to increase the spiral generator power output.
  • the output potential of a spiral generator is limited by the size of the magnetic field, produced by current flowing from the generator, that can be maintained in the area around the generator.
  • a material having a high magnetic permeability material will support a large magnetic field and thus maximize the generator power output.
  • the entire core section of two spiral generators is filled with a material having a high magnetic permeability and also a high electrical resistance. It has been found that no special insulating material is needed to insulate this core material from the spiral generator when the core has a high electrical resistivity.
  • a cylindrical layer of material having a high magnetic permeability is provided around the inside surface of the spiral generator and an X-ray tube is placed within this layer.
  • This cylindrical layer increases the spiral generator output both by supporting a large magnetic field, and also by preventing inductive coupling between the generator and the conductive portions of the X-ray tube. If inductive coupling is allowed to occur between the generator and any conductive portion of the X-ray tube, that portion will act as a shorted turn of the generator and sharply reduce the generator output.
  • a cylindrical layer of material having a high magnetic permeability surrounds the spiral generator and prevents inductive coupling between the generator and any conductive element in the vicinity of the generator.
  • FIG. 1 is a partially cutaway cross-sectional view of an X-ray generating machine including two spiral generators connected to an X-ray tube;
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the device of FIG. 1 taken along the plane of line 22 to show the core sections of the spiral generators;
  • FIG. is a cross-sectional view of the X-ray generating machine of FIG. 4 taken along the plane of line 5 5 to illustrate the layer of high magnetic permeability material within the core of one of the spiral generators;
  • FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a portion of the spiral I generators of the device shown in FIG. 4 that illustrates the manner in which the two spiral generators are connected to each other in order to achieve the electrical relationship between the generators illustrated by the circuit diagram of FIG. 3 in an embodiment having two spiral generators in line with each other;
  • FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of an X-ray generating machine similar to that of FIG. 5 but also including a layer of material having a high magnetic permeability material surrounding the outer surface of the generator to further increase generator output and prevent electrical coupling with nearby objects.
  • DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS place and also insulates the various elements and conductive paths connecting those elements and thus prevents the voltages supplied to the X-ray tube from short circuiting or reaching and harming an operator.
  • the two spiral generators are connected to each other and to a spark-gap switch 30 that triggers their operatron.
  • the core sections of the spiral generators l4 and 16 are filled with ferrite rods 32.
  • Ferrite is selected as an example of a material that has a high magnetic permeability and also has a high electrical resistance.
  • the term ferrite refers to a number of metallic compounds of the formula:
  • X F62 04 where X is typically selected to be a material such as manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, cadmium, zinc or magnesium and can be any divalent metallic ion having the proper ionic radius to fit the spherical structure of the above formula.
  • the rods 32 need not have a high electrical resistance, but if they are formed from an electrically conductive material, they must be insulated from the spiral generators so that no short-circuit electrical path will be available to the generator voltage output.
  • the rods 32 increase the output of the spiral generators from the output that would be available if no material having a high magnetic permeability were present by increasing the magnitude of the magnetic field that can be maintained within the core areas of the generators l4 and 16.
  • one of the factors limiting the value of the electrical current that can be provided by any generator is the magnitude of the magnetic field associated with that electric current that can be maintained in the vicinity of the current.
  • a material having a high magnetic permeability will support a larger magnetic field and will thus provide a larger electric current than will a material having a low magnetic permeability.
  • the outputgain provided by the rods 32 appears primarily as an increase in the number of amperes of current transmitted through the X-ray tube 12 during operation. Increasing the current transmitted through the X-ray tube 12 increases the dosage of the X-ray output of that tube and thus increases the resolution of the X-ray photographs formed with the generating machine 10.
  • FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of the X-ray generating machine 10 that illustrates the manner in which the spiral generators 14 and 16 are connected to each other, to the spark-gap switch and to the X-ray tube 12.
  • the spiral generators 14 and 16 are formed from two conductive sheets or foils 32 and 34 wound to form the two cylindrically shaped generators.
  • Conductor 32 forms the outer foil 36 of generator 14 and inner foil 38 of generator 16
  • conductor 34 forms the inner foil 40 of generator 14 and outer foil 42 of generator 16.
  • the outer conductive foil of a spiral generator is defined to be the foil whose outermost turn has a larger radius and is outside of the outermost turn of the outer or inner conductive foil of that generator over a major portion of the circumference of that generator.
  • the inner and outer conductive foils of each of the generators 14 andl6 are separated from each other by a layer of an insulating material that is not shown in order to avoid undue confusion in the drawings.
  • the drawings also show only several turns of the conductive foils of each spiral generator in order to avoid confusion and detract from theinvention by illustrating a known element of the combination of this invention in excess and unnecessary detail.
  • acharging voltage is supplied to con ductor 32 from power supply 44.
  • each spiral generator will have about 30 turns, and a charging voltage on the order of +6,000 to +l0,000 volts is supplied from the power supply 44.
  • a high voltage potential on the order of 100,000 volts is provided across the X-ray tube 12 by triggering the spark-gap switch 30 to short the conductors 32 and 34.
  • a transmission wave propagates back and forth between the conductive foils of each generator and produces a potential of about 50,000 volts at the inner end of the foils of generator 16 and a voltage of about +50,000 volts at the inner end of the foils of generator 14.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a second embodiment 46 of an X- ray generating machine that differs from the device in that it includes two spiral generators 48 and 50 placed in line with each other so that they encircle different portions of an X-ray tube 52.
  • the elements are held in place and electrically insulated from each other by a molded, electrically non-conductive housing 53.
  • the X-ray tube 52 includes an anode 54 and cathode 56.
  • the cathode 56 includes a plurality of vanes 58 and a flange section 60 that encircles the tube 52.
  • Annular rings or layers 62 and 64 of ferrite rods are disposed between the X-ray tube 52 and the generators 48 and 50, respectively.
  • ferrite layer 62 prevents electromagnetic coupling between generator 48 and the annular flange portion 60 of the X-ray tube cathode. If an electromagnetic coupling is allowed to occur between these two elements, a short circuit electric current will be induced in flange 60 that will substantially degrade the output of generator 48. As is illustrated in FIG. 4, the ferrite layer 62 need not screen all direct paths between a conductive surface placed within the core of the spiral generator and all portions of that generator in order to prevent electromagnetic coupling between that conductive surface and the encircling spiral generator.
  • FIG. 5 A cross-sectional view of the generating machine 46 that illustrates the layer 64 of ferrite material is provided by FIG. 5.
  • Layer 64 comprises a plurality of ferrite rods 65 and a block 66 of non-conductive material that separates at least two of the ferrite rods forming the layer 64 along their entire length so that the ferrite material forms an open instead of a closed electric path.
  • layer 64 simply acts as an additional turn of the spiral generator 50 and does not present a closed, short-circuit electrical path to the generator output voltage. As is illustrated in FIG.
  • the spiral generators 48 and 50 when the ferrite layers 62 and 64 are placed in contact with the spiral generators 48 and 50, those layers must be separated and electrically insulated from each other so that they do not provide a closed electric circuit between the two generators 48 and 50. Because of the high output voltages provided by the generators 48 and 50, the spiral generators will be short circuited if connected with each other even by a material having a very high electrical resistance. However, the two layers 62 and 64 can be replaced by a single layer formed from long ferrite rods if that single layer is spaced and electrically insulated from the two spiral generators.
  • each of the spiral generators 48 and 50 (FIG. 4) is connected to the outer foil of the other generator so that generator 48 will supply a negative output voltage to cathode 56 and generator 50 will supply a positive voltage to anode 54 when a spark-gap switch 67 is triggered.
  • a novel manner of providing such a connection between two spiral generators in line with each other is illustrated by the partially cutaway, perspective view of the connection between generators 48 and 50 provided by FIG. 6.
  • generator 48 comprises an inner conductive foil 68, and an outer conductive foil that is separated from foil 68 by an electrically insulating layer 72.
  • Generator 50 comprises an inner conductive foil 74 and an outer conductive foil 76 that is separated from the foil 74 by an electrically insulating layer 78.
  • the two generators are connected to each other by conductive lines and 82 which also extend to spark-gap switch 67, as is shown in FIG. 4.
  • Conductors 80 and 82 are connected to generator 48 in a straightforward manner with conductor 80 placed in contact with the inner foil 68 of generator 48, and with conductor 82 placed in contact with the outer foil 70 of generator 48.
  • the insulating foil 72 separates conductor 82 from the inner foil 68.
  • Conductor 80 extends across the surface of the outer conductive foil 76 of spiral generator 50 and thus connects the inner foil of generator 48 to the outer foil of generator 50.
  • the outer foil 76 of generator 50 is cutoff and does not extend beyond conductor 80. However, the insulating layer 78 and inner conductive foil 74 are not cut off at this point but are instead folded over across the top of conductor 80 with the in sulating layer 78 separating conductive foil 74 from conductor 80. Conductor 82 extends across the top of foil 74 and thus connects the outer foil 70 of generator 48 to the inner foil 74 of generator 50.
  • FIG. 7 is a view very similar to that of FIG. 5 of an X ray generating machine 86 that is similar to the device 46 shown in FIGS. 4 and 5.
  • the generating machine 86 differs from device 46 only in that it includes not only a first layer 64 of material having a high' magnetic permeability placed around the inner surface of a spiral generator 50, but also includes a second layer 88 of material having a high magnetic permeability encircling the outer surface of generator 50.
  • the material forming layer 88 also has a high electrical resistance so that no special insulation of layer 88 from the spiral generators of the machine 86.
  • the voltages at the outside of the generators are low enough, with the outside surface of one generator remaining at ground and the outside surface of the other not exceeding the charging potential during charging'or operation of the generator, so that a high resistance layer 88 can contact both spiral generators of the generating machine 86.
  • Layer 88 will not break down or provide a conductive path that would degrade generator output.
  • the only insulation requirement for layer 88 is that it be electrically separated from layer 64 so that there is no closed electrical path across the generator 50. Such an electrical path would short the generator output.
  • the portions of layers 64 and 88 in line with the generator 50 are separated by the generator itself.
  • the non-conductive housing 53 also electrically separates layer 88 from the layers 62 and 64 disposed inside the generators and prevents the fonnation of an electrical path around the edges of the generators that would connect those layers.
  • the ferrite layer 92 increases the output of generator 90 by maintaining a larger magnetic field about that generator than could be maintained in the absence of the ferrite.
  • Layer 88 also prevents electromagnetic coupling between generator 50 and nearby objects, and thereby prevents the degradation of the generator output that will occur if there is a coupling between that generator and a ground surface.
  • prevention of such coupling also protects persons in the vicinity of the generating machine 86 by preventing a potentially harmful current from being induced in any nearby conductive or semi-conductive material.
  • An X-ray generating machine comprising:
  • a layer of material having a high magnetic permeability disposed between said X-ray tube and said spiral generator to prevent inductive coupling between said generator and said X-ray tube.
  • a second cylindrical layer of a material having a high magnetic permability disposed within said second spiral generator, said first and second layers of material having a high magnetic permeability being electrically insulated from each other.
  • An X-ray generating machine comprising:
  • an X-ray tube having an anode electrode and a cathode electrode
  • a first spiral generator encircling a portion of said X- ray tube an electrically connected to one of said electrodes
  • each of said first and second spiral generators comprising wound inner and outer conductive foils separated by a layer of electrically insulating material;
  • An X-ray generating machine comprising:
  • means comprising a layer of a material having a high magnetic permeability at least partially containing said spiral generator for reducing electric coupling between said generator and any conductive element in the vicinity of said generator and for increasing the generator output by supporting a large magnetic field about said generator during operation.
  • said material having a high magnetic permeability comprises a ferrite material having a high electrical resistance.
  • said spiral generator has an inner diameter larger than the outer diameter of said X-ray tube
  • said spiral generator encircles said X-ray tube
  • a second layer of a material having a high magnetic permeability is disposed between said generator and said X-ray tube.
  • said layer of material having a high magnetic permeability comprises a cylinder that completely encircles said spiral generator.
  • the combination includes a second spiral generator in line with said spiral generator
  • said layer of material having a high magnetic permeability also encircles said second spiral generator.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • X-Ray Techniques (AREA)
US64485A 1970-08-17 1970-08-17 Portable x-ray generating machine Expired - Lifetime US3681604A (en)

Priority Applications (11)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US64485A US3681604A (en) 1970-08-17 1970-08-17 Portable x-ray generating machine
CA116060A CA938033A (en) 1970-08-17 1971-06-18 Portable x-ray generating machine
GB1296657D GB1296657A (fr) 1970-08-17 1971-06-24
IL37176A IL37176A (en) 1970-08-17 1971-06-28 Portable x-ray generator
ZA714239A ZA714239B (en) 1970-08-17 1971-06-28 A portable x-ray generating machine
DE19712132879 DE2132879C3 (de) 1970-08-17 1971-07-01 Röntgengerät mit zwei Impulsgeneratoren, die entladbare Kapazitäten zur Erzeugung von Hochspannungsimpulsen aufweisen
FR7124125A FR2100124A5 (fr) 1970-08-17 1971-07-01
AU31214/71A AU449835B2 (en) 1970-08-17 1971-07-14 Portable xray generating machine
JP5470771A JPS474120A (fr) 1970-08-17 1971-07-23
BR4909/71A BR7104909D0 (pt) 1970-08-17 1971-08-02 Maquina portatil geradora de raios-x
NL7110980A NL7110980A (fr) 1970-08-17 1971-08-10

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US64485A US3681604A (en) 1970-08-17 1970-08-17 Portable x-ray generating machine

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US3681604A true US3681604A (en) 1972-08-01

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US64485A Expired - Lifetime US3681604A (en) 1970-08-17 1970-08-17 Portable x-ray generating machine

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Country Link
US (1) US3681604A (fr)
JP (1) JPS474120A (fr)
AU (1) AU449835B2 (fr)
BR (1) BR7104909D0 (fr)
CA (1) CA938033A (fr)
FR (1) FR2100124A5 (fr)
GB (1) GB1296657A (fr)
IL (1) IL37176A (fr)
NL (1) NL7110980A (fr)
ZA (1) ZA714239B (fr)

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3878394A (en) * 1973-07-09 1975-04-15 John P Golden Portable X-ray device
US4123697A (en) * 1977-07-05 1978-10-31 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Electrostatic high potential system
US4325004A (en) * 1980-10-02 1982-04-13 Gte Laboratories Incorporated Method and apparatus for starting high intensity discharge lamps
US4608521A (en) * 1984-12-27 1986-08-26 Gte Laboratories Incorporated Dual spiral line generator method and apparatus for starting low wattage high intensity discharge lamps
US4629945A (en) * 1984-12-27 1986-12-16 Gte Laboratories Incorporated Method and apparatus for starting low wattage high intensity discharge lamps
US4924485A (en) * 1987-09-22 1990-05-08 Hoeberling Robert F Portable radiography system using a relativistic electron beam
FR2703556A1 (fr) * 1993-03-30 1994-10-07 Centre Nat Rech Scient Générateur impulsionnel de rayons X.
EP0651596A1 (fr) * 1993-10-22 1995-05-03 GRÖNER OFFSHORE I&M AS Générateur d'impulsions de rayons X
US5567995A (en) * 1994-10-20 1996-10-22 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force Multi winding spiral generator
US20060238034A1 (en) * 2003-03-20 2006-10-26 Radiance Technologies, Inc. Apparatus and method for generating high voltages using a voltage inversion generator and multiple closed-path ferrites

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3878394A (en) * 1973-07-09 1975-04-15 John P Golden Portable X-ray device
US4123697A (en) * 1977-07-05 1978-10-31 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Electrostatic high potential system
US4325004A (en) * 1980-10-02 1982-04-13 Gte Laboratories Incorporated Method and apparatus for starting high intensity discharge lamps
US4608521A (en) * 1984-12-27 1986-08-26 Gte Laboratories Incorporated Dual spiral line generator method and apparatus for starting low wattage high intensity discharge lamps
US4629945A (en) * 1984-12-27 1986-12-16 Gte Laboratories Incorporated Method and apparatus for starting low wattage high intensity discharge lamps
US4924485A (en) * 1987-09-22 1990-05-08 Hoeberling Robert F Portable radiography system using a relativistic electron beam
FR2703556A1 (fr) * 1993-03-30 1994-10-07 Centre Nat Rech Scient Générateur impulsionnel de rayons X.
WO1994023552A1 (fr) * 1993-03-30 1994-10-13 Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique Generateur impulsionnel de rayons x
US5651045A (en) * 1993-03-30 1997-07-22 Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique X-ray pulse generator
EP0651596A1 (fr) * 1993-10-22 1995-05-03 GRÖNER OFFSHORE I&M AS Générateur d'impulsions de rayons X
US5567995A (en) * 1994-10-20 1996-10-22 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force Multi winding spiral generator
US20060238034A1 (en) * 2003-03-20 2006-10-26 Radiance Technologies, Inc. Apparatus and method for generating high voltages using a voltage inversion generator and multiple closed-path ferrites
US7151330B2 (en) * 2003-03-20 2006-12-19 Radiance Technologies, Inc. Apparatus and method for generating high voltages using a voltage inversion generator and multiple closed-path ferrites

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
IL37176A0 (en) 1971-11-29
ZA714239B (en) 1972-03-29
IL37176A (en) 1974-05-16
DE2132879B2 (de) 1975-11-27
NL7110980A (fr) 1972-02-21
CA938033A (en) 1973-12-04
JPS474120A (fr) 1972-02-29
BR7104909D0 (pt) 1973-05-24
AU449835B2 (en) 1974-06-20
AU3121471A (en) 1973-01-18
GB1296657A (fr) 1972-11-15
DE2132879A1 (de) 1972-02-24
FR2100124A5 (fr) 1972-03-17

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