US3681058A - Low-nickel valve steel - Google Patents
Low-nickel valve steel Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3681058A US3681058A US875851A US3681058DA US3681058A US 3681058 A US3681058 A US 3681058A US 875851 A US875851 A US 875851A US 3681058D A US3681058D A US 3681058DA US 3681058 A US3681058 A US 3681058A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- nickel
- alloy
- vanadium
- oxide
- lead
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract description 46
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract description 24
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 19
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title description 19
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 abstract description 24
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 abstract description 24
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 24
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 24
- 229910000464 lead oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 19
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 16
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 13
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 13
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 10
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 8
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 8
- 229910000963 austenitic stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 8
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 8
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 4
- HTUMBQDCCIXGCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Pb+2] HTUMBQDCCIXGCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 33
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 33
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 17
- YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxolead Chemical compound [Pb]=O YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 7
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000001464 adherent effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910000601 superalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000004580 weight loss Effects 0.000 description 3
- 206010037660 Pyrexia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000013021 overheating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010301 surface-oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- YPFNIPKMNMDDDB-UHFFFAOYSA-K 2-[2-[bis(carboxylatomethyl)amino]ethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]acetate;iron(3+) Chemical compound [Fe+3].OCCN(CC([O-])=O)CCN(CC([O-])=O)CC([O-])=O YPFNIPKMNMDDDB-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 241000238366 Cephalopoda Species 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OHVQNZMUIWWRFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N [N].[C].[Mn].[Cr] Chemical compound [N].[C].[Mn].[Cr] OHVQNZMUIWWRFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- -1 carbon Chemical compound 0.000 description 1
- 239000003518 caustics Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009533 lab test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052573 porcelain Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002028 premature Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/58—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with more than 1.5% by weight of manganese
Definitions
- ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE This is an austenitic stainless steel, particularly suited for use in the manufacture of internal combustion engine valves consisting essentially of, in weight percent, .45 to .57 carbon, 7 to 12 manganese, .25 max. silicon, 17 to 22 and preferably 18 to 21.5 chromium, 1 to 4 nickel, .40 to .60 nitrogen, total .additional carbide-forming element content of 1.5 to 4.5 with vanadium up to .45, and the balance iron.
- silicon is .15% max.
- the steel is characterized by good elevated-temperature strength and lead-oxide corrosion resistance.
- nickel-, iron-, and cobaltbase superalloys that possess the necessary strength at these high temperatures, principally because of their highalloy content, but most of these alloys generally lack the necessary corrosion resistance, specifically resistance to lead-oxide corrosion encountered in exhaust gas environments. Furthermore, these superalloys are extremely expensive as a result of their high-alloy content. Moreover, these superalloys, even if they do not have a nickel base, nevertheless contain large amounts of nickel for purposes of promoting strength and austenite stability. The element nickel in recent years characteristically experiences fluctuations with respect to availability.
- Yet another object of the invention is to provide an austenitic stainless steel for internal combustion engine valves operating at high temperatures characterized by a good combination of elevated temperature strength or heat resistance and lead-oxide corrosion resistance.
- Another more specific object of the invention is to provide an austenitic stainless steel for the manufacture of internal combustion engine valves subjected to high temperature service conditions, the steel being characterized by good strength and heat resistance at these high temperatures, while having a relatively low alloy content, particularly with respect to nickel which need be present in an amount within the range of 1 to 4%
- FIG. 1 is a graph showing the criticality of an upper limit for vanadium in the alloy of the invention for the purpose of providing improved lead-oxide corrosion resistance
- FIG. 2 are photographs of samples of material with varying vanadium contents to show the effect of vanadium with respect to the scaling characteristics of the stainless steel of the invention.
- the austenitic stainless steel of the invention must have good elevated temperature strength to withstand the high-temperature service conditions, which may be on the order of about 1500 F. Consequently, the composition of the alloy must be balanced to render it stable and fully austenitic.
- the alloy In addition to the required elevated-temperature strength, the alloy must possess good corrosion resistance in the lead-oxide type environments to which it will be subjected, and further the alloy must possess good surface oxidation characteristics in that the oxide formed at the high service temperatures must be line and tightly adhering rather than being of the large, scaly type oxide. The latter type oxide formation render the valves susceptible to hot spots, which in turn cause burning and premature valve failure.
- an austenitic stainless steel consisting essentially of, in weight percent, .1 to .75 and preferably .45 to .75 carbon, 4 to 12 and preferably 7 to 12 manganese, .25 max. silicon and preferably .15 max. silicon, 17 to 22 chromium and preferably 18 to 21.5 chromium, 1 to 4 nickel, .1 to .6 and preferably .40 to .60 nitrogen, total additional carbide-forming element content of 1.5 to 4.5 with vanadium up to .45, and the balance iron.
- the carbon plus nitrogen should be sufficient to give an essentially complete austenite matrix.
- specific carbide promoters may be present in amounts of up to .45% vanadium, preferably .3 to .45% vanadium, 1 to about 3% tungsten, .50 to about 1.5% columbium with the total content of these carbide-forming elements not exceeding about 4.5%.
- Molbydenum may be substituted for tungsten on an atomic weight basis.
- Examples of other strong carbide formers are zirconium, titanium, and tantalum.
- Chromium which is a ferrite promoter, is necessary within the above-recited ranges to provide the alloy with corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance; however, the chromium content if too high, will cause ferrite formation, which reduces the elevated-temperature strength of the alloy.
- Manganese is an austenite promoter and in conjunction with nickel, which is also an austenite promoter, contributes with respect to the alloy balance in achieving the stable austenitic structure required for achieving hightemperature strength. Manganese, in conjunction with nickel, promotes corrosion resistance, as well as promoting the stretch resistance of the alloy at elevated temperature.
- Nickel promotes the desired austenitic structure in the alloy and is critical within the above-recited range in achieving good stretch resistance at elevated temperature.
- Stretch resistance determines the resistance of a valve made of the alloy to deformation at elevated temperature. Valve deformation during service at elevated temperature is a primary cause of valve failure at high operating temperature service conditions. Nickel within the range of 1 to 4% is necessary for this purpose; however, increased amounts of nickel above about 4% no longer significantly improve stretch resistance and add significantly to the cost of the alloy.
- Vanadium as well as other carbide-forming elements that may be used in the alloy, promotes high-temperature strength. In so doing, vanadium combines with the carbon in the alloy to form carbides, which in turn reduces the austenite stability of the alloy otherwise provided by the presence of carbon, which is an austenitepromoting element. Vanadium is also critical with respect to providing lead-oxide corrosion resistance. Specifically, as will be shown in detail hereinafter, the presence of vanadium above about .45 drastically reduces the leadoxide corrosion resistance of the alloy. In addition, in creased amounts of vanadium above this level also have an undesirable effect with respect to the surface oxide characteristics of the alloy.
- Tungsten which is also a carbide former, combines with carbon to form carbides that are stable at elevated service temperature conditions and thus improve the elevated-temperature strength of the alloy. Excess amounts of tungsten in combination with the total carbide forming element content will impair the austenite stability of the alloy.
- Columbium like tungsten functions as a carbide former that enhances the elevated temperature strength of the alloy.
- Carbon is an austenite former as well as a carbide former.
- carbon plus nitrogen must be maintained within the recited range to provide suflicient carbon plus nitrogen to maintain an austenitic matrix and to combine with the carbide-forming elements to form carbides and/ or nitrides that at elevated temperature provide the required strengthening for the alloy.
- Nitrogen like carbon, is an austenite former and'must be maintained within the above-described range to provide alloy balance. In addition, as explained above, it with carbon combines with the carbide-forming elements to form nitrides and carbonitrides, which serve as strengtheners in the alloy.
- Silicon must be maintained at the above-described maximums to achieve the desired lead-oxide corrosion resistance. Increased silicon above the above-recited maximums'will render valves made of the alloy susceptible to deterioration at high temperature by corrosion in the engine exhaust environment.
- the corrosion resistance of a steel to lead oxide is evaluated by the lead-oxide test.
- specimens of the steel of approximately 0.5 in. diameter and approximately 0.5 in. length are machined, given a standard finish, measured, Weighed, and then placed in a mag- Weight percent 6 Mn 81 Cr Ni V W Cb N Selected alloys from the compositions listed in Table I nesia crucible together with 40 grams of lead oxide, were tested for stretch resistance at a temperature of placed in a furnace, and heated at 1675 F. for one hour. 1350 F. and 18,000 p.s.i., and at a temperature of 1500 The crucibles are then emptied. Specimens are cooled to F. and 9,000 p.s.i.
- the vanadium content of the alloy of the invention is particularly critical with respect to maintaining an upper limit of about .45 to achieve the required leado-xide corrosion resistance in the steel.
- the graph thereof shows that as vanadium is increased above about .45% the corrosion resistance, as signified by weight loss, drastically increases. Consequently, an upper limit for vanadium in the alloy of the invention is .45% for the purpose of maintaining acceptable lead-oxide corrosion resistance.
- Prolonged exposure of exhaust valves at elevated temperature ultimately results in surface oxidation of the valves.
- the type or form of the oxide has a significant influence on the service life of the valve. For example, if the oxide is of the large particle, loosely adherent type it can adhere to the valve seat, which results in localized overheating and ultimate failure of the valve. Consequently, it is preferred that the oxide form be tightly adherent or if loose be in the form of fine particles, rather than oxide particles that are large and loosely adherent.
- Oxidation tests were performed on selected compositions listed in Table I. These tests were conducted by exposing specimens in an air atmosphere at 1800 F. for five 20-hour periods for a total exposure of 100 hours. Test specimens having a 0.5 in. diameter x 1.25 in. long were machined, ground over their entire surface, measured, and degreased. The test specimens were then placed in a porcelain crucible, exposed for 20 hours and cooled to room temperature. This procedure was repeated until IOU-hour exposure was accumulated.
- FIG. 2 presents photographs of the specimens after testing.
- the specimens each were of a composition of Table I having various vanadium contents, as indicated on FIG. 2.
- the oxide formed during the oxidation tests is of the undesirable, large-flake type.
- the oxide is a fine, loose type which is easily dispersed by the exhaust gases and will not adhere to the valve seat and cause localized overheating and valve failure. It may be seen, therefore, that the upper limit for vanadium is significant in the alloy of the invention for the purpose of controlling the type or character of the oxide formed during hightemperature service and thus promoting prolonged valve service life.
- An austenite stainless steel characterized by good elevated-temperature strength and lead-oxide corrosion resistance consisting essentially of, in weight percent, .45 to .57 carbon, 7 to 12 maganese, .25 max. silicon, 17 to 22 chromium, 1 to 4 nickel, .40 to .60 nitrogen, up to .45 vanadium, 1 to about 3 tungsten, .50 to about 1.5 columbium with the total content of vanadium, tungsten and columbium not exceeding about 4.5%, and the balance iron.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Solid-Phase Diffusion Into Metallic Material Surfaces (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
- Exhaust Silencers (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US87585169A | 1969-11-12 | 1969-11-12 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3681058A true US3681058A (en) | 1972-08-01 |
Family
ID=25366470
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US875851A Expired - Lifetime US3681058A (en) | 1969-11-12 | 1969-11-12 | Low-nickel valve steel |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3681058A (en) |
BE (1) | BE758798A (en) |
CA (1) | CA939172A (en) |
DE (1) | DE2055385A1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES385427A1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2069457A5 (en) |
GB (1) | GB1335695A (en) |
SE (1) | SE359860B (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3839100A (en) * | 1973-04-16 | 1974-10-01 | K Ota | Low nickel high-strength silicon steel |
US4929419A (en) * | 1988-03-16 | 1990-05-29 | Carpenter Technology Corporation | Heat, corrosion, and wear resistant steel alloy and article |
US20110226391A1 (en) * | 2009-07-13 | 2011-09-22 | Korea Institute Of Machinery And Materials | C+n austenitic stainless steel having high strength and excellent corrosion resistance, and fabrication method thereof |
CN105839028A (en) * | 2015-01-12 | 2016-08-10 | 宝钢特钢有限公司 | Austenite heat-resistant valve steel and manufacturing method thereof |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN113088630B (en) * | 2021-03-11 | 2022-06-21 | 上大新材料(泰州)研究院有限公司 | Method for modifying martensite air valve steel carbide |
-
0
- BE BE758798D patent/BE758798A/en unknown
-
1969
- 1969-11-12 US US875851A patent/US3681058A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1970
- 1970-11-04 CA CA097,410A patent/CA939172A/en not_active Expired
- 1970-11-05 GB GB5280070A patent/GB1335695A/en not_active Expired
- 1970-11-10 SE SE15163/70A patent/SE359860B/xx unknown
- 1970-11-11 ES ES385427A patent/ES385427A1/en not_active Expired
- 1970-11-11 DE DE19702055385 patent/DE2055385A1/en active Pending
- 1970-11-13 FR FR7040879A patent/FR2069457A5/fr not_active Expired
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3839100A (en) * | 1973-04-16 | 1974-10-01 | K Ota | Low nickel high-strength silicon steel |
US4929419A (en) * | 1988-03-16 | 1990-05-29 | Carpenter Technology Corporation | Heat, corrosion, and wear resistant steel alloy and article |
US20110226391A1 (en) * | 2009-07-13 | 2011-09-22 | Korea Institute Of Machinery And Materials | C+n austenitic stainless steel having high strength and excellent corrosion resistance, and fabrication method thereof |
CN102428200B (en) * | 2009-07-13 | 2014-04-02 | 韩国机械研究院 | High strength/corrosion-resistant austenitic stainless steel with carbon - nitrogen complex additive, and method for manufacturing same |
CN105839028A (en) * | 2015-01-12 | 2016-08-10 | 宝钢特钢有限公司 | Austenite heat-resistant valve steel and manufacturing method thereof |
CN105839028B (en) * | 2015-01-12 | 2017-07-28 | 宝钢特钢有限公司 | Austenite heat-resistance Valve Steel manufacture method |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB1335695A (en) | 1973-10-31 |
BE758798A (en) | 1971-05-12 |
ES385427A1 (en) | 1973-11-01 |
DE2055385A1 (en) | 1971-06-16 |
FR2069457A5 (en) | 1971-09-03 |
SE359860B (en) | 1973-09-10 |
CA939172A (en) | 1974-01-01 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
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AS | Assignment |
Owner name: COLT INDUSTRIES OPERATING CORP. Free format text: MERGER AND CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:CRUCIBLE CENTER COMPANY (INTO) CRUCIBLE INC. (CHANGED TO);REEL/FRAME:004120/0308 Effective date: 19821214 |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: CRUCIBLE MATERIALS CORPORATION, PENNSYLVANIA Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:COLT INDUSTRIES OPERATING CORP.;REEL/FRAME:004194/0621 Effective date: 19831025 Owner name: CRUCIBLE MATERIALS CORPORATION, A DE CORP. Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:COLT INDUSTRIES OPERATING CORP.;REEL/FRAME:004194/0621 Effective date: 19831025 |
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AS | Assignment |
Owner name: MELLON BANK, N.A. FOR THE CHASE MANHATTAN BANK (NA Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CRUCIBLE MATERIALS CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE.;REEL/FRAME:004490/0452 Effective date: 19851219 Owner name: CHASE MANHATTAN BANK, THE (NATIONAL ASSOCIATION) A Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CRUCIBLE MATERIALS CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE.;REEL/FRAME:004490/0452 Effective date: 19851219 Owner name: MELLON FINANCIAL SERVICES CORPORATION Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CRUCIBLE MATERIALS CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE.;REEL/FRAME:004490/0410 Effective date: 19851219 Owner name: MELLON BANK, N.A. AS AGENT FOR MELLON BANK N.A. & Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CRUCIBLE MATERIALS CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE.;REEL/FRAME:004490/0410 Effective date: 19851219 |