US3679933A - Display system - Google Patents

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Publication number
US3679933A
US3679933A US886812A US3679933DA US3679933A US 3679933 A US3679933 A US 3679933A US 886812 A US886812 A US 886812A US 3679933D A US3679933D A US 3679933DA US 3679933 A US3679933 A US 3679933A
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Prior art keywords
cathodes
electrode units
indicator electrode
indicator
voltage
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Expired - Lifetime
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US886812A
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English (en)
Inventor
Yasuo Nakada
Hideo Takita
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Sony Corp
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Sony Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J17/00—Gas-filled discharge tubes with solid cathode
    • H01J17/38—Cold-cathode tubes
    • H01J17/48—Cold-cathode tubes with more than one cathode or anode, e.g. sequence-discharge tube, counting tube, dekatron
    • H01J17/49—Display panels, e.g. with crossed electrodes, e.g. making use of direct current
    • H01J17/491—Display panels, e.g. with crossed electrodes, e.g. making use of direct current with electrodes arranged side by side and substantially in the same plane, e.g. for displaying alphanumeric characters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/04—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of a single character by selection from a plurality of characters, or by composing the character by combination of individual elements, e.g. segments using a combination of such display devices for composing words, rows or the like, in a frame with fixed character positions
    • G09G3/06—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of a single character by selection from a plurality of characters, or by composing the character by combination of individual elements, e.g. segments using a combination of such display devices for composing words, rows or the like, in a frame with fixed character positions using controlled light sources
    • G09G3/10—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of a single character by selection from a plurality of characters, or by composing the character by combination of individual elements, e.g. segments using a combination of such display devices for composing words, rows or the like, in a frame with fixed character positions using controlled light sources using gas tubes

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT A display system using a gaseous glow indicator tube having a plurality of indicator electrode units such as seven, for instance, each unit including a plurality of cathodes and having anodes disposed opposite the indicator electrodes.
  • the indicator electrode units and the anodes are contained in an envelope and a driving circuit is provided for selectively feeding current to the indicator electrode units in such a manner that adjacent ones are not caused to glow successively.
  • This invention relates to a display system for driving a gaseous glow indicator tube having a plurality of indicator electrode units mounted in the same envelope.
  • gaseous glow indicator tube comprising an envelope containing a plurality of indicator electrode units for providing a display of a number containing a plurality of figures.
  • ionized plasma is produced by glow discharge in the envelope, and even after the discharge is stopped, ions are not destroyed and still remain in the vicinity of the discharged indicator electrode units.
  • the presence of the residual ions leads to glow of neighboring electrode units, thus causing a wrong message display.
  • This can be avoided by providing a partition between adjacent indicator electrode units to prevent the influence of the residual ions upon the neighboring electrode units, but this introduces difficulty in the fabrication of indicator tubes.
  • the indicator electrode units are caused to discharge not sequentially but, for example, alternately so as to avoid successive discharge of adjacent electrode units and hence prevent accidental discharge due to the presence of residual ions.
  • one object of this invention is to provide a display system for gaseous glow indicator tubes which are free from accidental discharge of the indicator electrode units.
  • Another object of this invention is to provide a display system for gaseous glow indicator tubes of the type having a plurality of indicator electrode units mounted in the same envelope which employs a driving circuit for holding the anode potentials of undischarged ones of the indicator electrode units sufliciently low to prevent accidental discharge.
  • Still another object of this invention is to provide a display system for gaseous glow indicator tubes of the type having a plurality of indicator electrode units mounted in the same envelope which employs a driving circuit for holding the anode potentials of undischarged ones of the indicator electrode units sufficiently low to prevent accidental discharge and for maintaining the potentials of unused cathodes positive.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic showing one example of an indicator tube to which this invention is applicable;
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating one example of an indicator tube of this invention
  • FIGS. 3A-3E are waveform diagrams for explaining the operation of the indicator tube of FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic showing one example of the principal part of this invention.
  • FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C are schematics illustrating other examples of the principal part of this invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic showing one example of an experimental device, for explaining the operation of the principal part of this invention.
  • FIGS. 7 and 8 are graphs, for explaining the operation of the device depicted in FIG. 6.
  • FIG. 1 there is illustrated one example of a known indicator tube M for displaying a number containing a plurality of figures.
  • Reference numeral 1 indicates a planar glass envelope in which an insulator base plate 2 having mounted thereon a plurality of aligned indicator electrode units A, B, C, D, is
  • the indicator tube M is caused to sequentially display the figures not concurrently but in a time-divisional manner so as to simplify the circuit construction and reduce power consumption of the indicator tube M.
  • the indicator electrode units A, B, C, D are identical in construction with another.
  • the indicator electrode unit A for example, comprises an anode a and a plurality of cathodes Ka Kb Kc Kg, arranged in the form of a number 8 on the base plate 2 in a predetermined spaced relation to the anode a,.
  • the anodes a,, a a a ofthe indicator electrode units A, B, C, D are respectively connected to an anode power source B+ through control switches Sa, Sb, Sc, Sn.
  • the cathodes Ka to Kn Ka to Kn Ka to Kn of the indicator electrode units A, B, C, D are respectively connected together and are grounded through discharge ballast resistors Rk to Rk and selector switches Slt to Sk-,.
  • the indicator electrode units A, B, C, D it is possible to cause the indicator electrode units A, B, C, D, to display a number containing a plurality of different figures in a time-divisional manner by altering the selected condition of the selector switches Sk to Sk in such a manner that the indicator electrode unit, for example, B is caused to display the number 3, while the control switches Sa to Sn are changed over one after another, that is, during the intervals between the closings of the switches Sa and Sb, for example.
  • the indicator electrode unit A displays the number 2 and then the unit B displays the number 3
  • there occurs the so-called crosstalk phenomenon such that the number 2 displayed by the unit A is lightly superimposed with the number 3 displayed by the unit B.
  • partition walls be provided between adjacent indicator electrode units.
  • providing partitions introduces difficulty in the placement of the insulator base plate 2 with the cathodes mounted thereon into the envelope 1.
  • this invention provides a driving circuit for the indicator tube which avoids the crosstalk phenomenon without requiring partition walls.
  • the indicator electrode units A, B, C, D are caused to glow at least alternately in a time-divisional manner.
  • the display system of the indicator tube may be constructed as shown in FIG. 2, which illustrates one example of this invention as applied to the display device of an electronic computer.
  • Reference numeral 3 indicates a shift register for memorizing a display output of the computer, the output of the shift resistor 3 being supplied to a buffer 4 through a gate circuit G.
  • the output of the buffer 4 is fed to a decoder 5 for converting a binary digit into a code for display, and the selector switches Sk to Sk, connected to the cathodes of the indicator tube M are selectively actuated by the output of the decoder 5 to select those cathodes corresponding to a number defined by the operated output of the shift register 3.
  • the gate circuit G is supplied with a switching signal to be switchingly controlled, for example, at four-bit time intervals in the shift register 3.
  • a timing pulse generator 6 produces a timing pulse P at four-bit time intervals such as shown in FIG. 3A.
  • the output pulse of the timing pulse generator 6 is applied to a flip-flop circuit 7, and its switching output P, (such as depicted in FIG. 3B) is, in turn, supplied to the gate circuit G, thereby permitting the application of the output of the shift register 3 to the bufier 4 at four-bit time intervals.
  • One portion of the output of the flip-flop circuit 7 is applied to a differentiation circuit 8 to derive at its output end a differentiated pulse P such as 3C.
  • the resulting differentiated pulse P is fed to a rectifier circuit 9, at the output end of which is obtained pulse P of one polarity derived from the differentiated pulse P
  • the pulse P is supplied to a shift register 10.
  • the shift register 10 is made up of a decimal shift register from output terminals e, to e of which are sequentially derived shift pulses Pe, to Pe each having a pulse width of eight-bit time t, as shown in FIG. 3E.
  • the shift pulses Pe, to Fe, derived at the output terminals 2, to e of the shift register 10 are respectively applied to odd-number driving signal input terminals f,, 3, f f, and f of 10 control switches Sa to Sj connected to the cathodes of the indicator tube M, while the shift pulses Pe to Pe derived at the output terminals a to 2, are respectively supplied to even-numbered driving signal input terminals f A, 3,, f and f,,, of the control switches Sa to Sj.
  • the anodes of the indicator electrode units A to J of the indicator tube M are sequentially but alternately supplied with the anode voltage causing the indicator electrode units A to J to glow alternately in a time-divisional manner.
  • the selector switches Sk, to SR are selectively actuated in synchronism with the shift pulses derived from the shift resistor 3, thus providing a display of a predetermined number.
  • the indicator electrode units having just ceased to glow and those having started to glow are considerably apart from each other. Consequently, it is possible to alleviate the influence of the residual ions of the ionized plasma caused between the cathodes and anode of the indicator electrode unit previously lighted, thus avoiding the crosstalk phenomenon.
  • Such a display system may still be defective in that the crosstalk phenomenon can occur when the anode voltage is increased to provide for increased glow intensity. It has been found that this defect can be removed by supplying the anodes of the indicator electrode units with a bias of lower potential than the anode voltage used to cause the units to glow and by applying a predetermined positive bias to those cathodes which are not selected in accordance with the operated output of the shift register 3. This will hereinbelow be described by way of example with reference to FIG. 4.
  • control switches Sa to Sm for supplying an anode voltage to the anodes of the indicator tube M in a predetermined interlaced order are made up of transistors Q, to Q,,. Since the switching circuits Sa to Sm are all identical in construction, a description will be made in connection with the switching circuit Sa.
  • Reference character T indicates a transformer, in which input terminals f, of its primary winding are supplied with, for example, the shift pulse Pe, from the aforementioned binary shift register 10, and its secondary winding is connected at one end to the base of the transistor Q, and at the other end to the emitter of the transistor.
  • the emitter is connected to the anode a, of the indicator tube M.
  • the collector of the transistor Q is connected to an anode power source B+ through a protective resistor R, of a relatively small resistance value, and a series voltage dividing circuit consisting of resistors R and R, is interposed between the anode power source 8+ and ground and is connected from the connection point of the resistors R and R to the emitter of the transistor Q,, that is, the anode a, of the indicator tube M through a resistor Ra of a high resistance value such as about I megohm.
  • the transistor Q In the event that no shift pulse Fe, is applied to the input terminal f, the transistor Q, remains nonconductive and its emitter, that is, the anode a, of the indicator M, is supplied with a divided voltage from the voltage dividing circuit consisting of the resistors R, and R
  • the indicator electrode units A, B, C are not caused to glow they are all supplied with the predetermined voltage from the voltage dividing circuit incorporated in each of the switching circuits Sa to Sm, that is, a voltage lower than that of the anode power source B+.
  • the cathodes of the indicator electrode units corresponding in position to one another are respectively interconnected, and the selector switches Sk, to Sk-, are interposed between the groups of the interconnected cathodes and ground.
  • the selector switching circuits Sk, to Sit,- are made up of transistors Q, to Q, in the same manner as the switching circuits Sa to Sm. Since the switching circuits Sk, to Sk, are identical in construction with one another, a description will be given of the switching circuit Sk,.
  • the emitter of the transistor Q is grounded, and its collector is connected through a resistor Rk, to the common connection point of the interconnected cathodes Ka, to Kn, of the indicator electrode units.
  • a series voltage dividing circuit consisting of resistors R and R is interposed between the anode power source 8+ and ground, and the voltage dividing point of the circuit is connected to the collector of the transistor (3,, that is, the common connection point of the cathodes Ka, to Kn,. Further, the base of the transistor 0, is connected to a bias power source E through a resistor R,,, if necessary.
  • the transistor 0 when a selector pulse is applied from the decoder 5 to the base input terminal of the transistor 0,, the transistor 0, is made conductive to bias the cathodes Ka, to Kn, of the indicator electrode units A to N to ground potential.
  • a positive bias is supplied to the cathodes Ka, to Kn, from the voltage dividing circuit made up of the resistors R and R Those cathodes of the indicator electrode units which are selected for displaying a desired number are biased to ground potential, while the other remaining cathodes are supplied with the positive bias voltage.
  • FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C illustrate modified forms of the switching circuit incorporated in each anode circuit.
  • the switching circuit consists of transistors Q,, Q and Q, of a relatively low reverse voltage, in which the input transistors Q, and Q are always held in the on state and the transistor 0,, is held in the ct? state.
  • the anode of the indicator electrode unit is connected to the emitter of the transistor-Q and is normally supplied with a divided voltage based upon the voltage dividing ratio of the resistors R and K, through the base of the transistor 0,.
  • the transistors Q, and Q When a negative control pulse is applied to the base of the input transistor 0,, the transistors Q, and Q are rendered non-conductive, so that the base potential of the transistor 0,, is biased to that of the anode power source B+ thereby biasing the anode to this potential.
  • the resistors R, and R and the transistor Q can be omitted, thus forming a simple circuit such as depicted in FIG. 5B.
  • the switching circuit consists of an input transistor Q,, a Zener diode connected in series to the collector of the transistor Q, and a transistor (1,.
  • a voltage corresponding to the Zener voltage of the Zener diode D2 is normally applied through the base and emitter of the transistor Q to the anode of the indicator electrode unit connected thereto so as to stabilize the bias voltage which is normally impressed on the anode.
  • the switching operation of the illustrated circuit is the same as that described in connection with FIG. 5A.
  • Ea is selected to satisfy the following condition.
  • FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram showing one example of an experiment for obtaining the above condition.
  • the indicator tube M is made up of two indicator electrode units A and B including anodes a and a and two pairs of cathodes Ka,, Ka and Kb Kb disposed opposite the anodes a and a and an anode a of an indicator electrode unit C.
  • the cathodes are interconnected as previously described, and the aforementioned voltage Ebb is impressed between the anode a of the indicator electrode unit A and the cathode Ka disposed opposite thereto through a resistor Rk from an anode power source 8+ to cause a discharge between the anode a and the cathode Ka Further, a variable voltage is supplied from a variable intermediate output terminal of the anode power source B+ to the anode 0 of the indicator electrode unit B adjacent the unit A, by which a variable voltage is ap plied between the anode a of the unit C and the connection point of the interconnected cathodes Ka and Kb from an auxiliary anode power source Es.
  • the sealed gas that is, an inert gas such, for example, as argon, neon or the like in the vicinity of the cathode Ka is ionized by the glow discharge between the anode a and the cathode Ka of the indicator electrode unit A to produce the so-called ionized plasma.
  • the cathode Ka adjacent to the cathode Ka is excited to be ready for glow discharge by a relatively low electric field and hence is caused to glow by the electric field impressed between the anode a of the indicator electrode unit C and the cathode Ka
  • the cathode K82 which should be held not to glow is caused to glow by the residual ions in the indicator electrode unit A.
  • the discharge initiating voltage Ez causing the crosstalk phenomenon changes as indicated by curves h,, 11 h and hq in FIG. 7, in which the abscissa represents the variations in the discharge current between the anode a, and the cathode I(a of the indicator electrode unit A caused by changing the resistance value of the resistor RR, and the ordinate represents the voltage applied to the anode a of the indicator electrode unit C.
  • the voltage Ea increases to some extent, the ionization of the sealed inert gas is initiated between the anode a and the cathodes Kb and Kbg disposed opposite thereto and the crosstalk is likely to occur. Consequently, the voltage has an optimum value such that the crosstalk voltage Ez is maximum at a certain voltage as depicted in FIG. 8.
  • the discharge initiating voltage Ez between the anodes is 130V and the normal discharge initiating voltage E between the anode and the cathode of each indicator electrode unit is 130V, the crosstalk voltage Ez is maximum with the voltage Ea being approximately 100V.
  • the crosstalk generating voltage Ez cannot be measured.
  • the indicator electrode units are alternately caused to glow and, in addition, the anodes of the indicator electrode units which are not caused to glow are supplied with the bias voltage Ea of lower potential than the normal discharge voltage of the indicator electrode units, thereby ensuring to avoid the crosstalk phenomenon.
  • this arrangement prevents crosstalk between adjacent indicator electrode units and permits stable timedivisional display without requiring mechanical protective means such as partition walls between adjacent indicator electrode units. Further, this allows ease in the fabrication of the indicator tube.
  • the crosstalk phenomenon can be prevented with more ease, so that the bias voltage Ea can be increased, by supplying a positivebias voltage to cathodes which are not selected at that time.
  • the application of a positive bias voltage to those cathodes causes an increase in their mean potential, so that even if the bias voltage Ea applied to the anodes opposing those cathodes is increased, it can be held within the range of the discharge initiating voltage Ez between the cathodes and the anodes, thereby further avoiding the crosstalk phenomenon.
  • the present invention has been described as being applied to an indicator tube in which a plurality of cathodes are provided in one plane, the invention is applicable to an indicator tube of the type employing a plurality of cathodes arranged one above another as in the Nixie Tube (Trademark of Sylvania We claim as our invention:
  • a display system comprising:
  • each of said indicator electrode units having a plurality of cathodes and an anode respectively disposed generally opposite the cathodes of each unit;
  • a display system as claimed in claim 6 wherein a voltage divider is provided at each of said anodes and having means for being coupled to a power supply, said voltage divider normally applying only a portion of said power supply to said ,anodes, and switching means for causing said voltage divider to apply a larger voltage to said anodes when a signal is received from said drive means.
  • a display system comprising: a gaseous glow-unit indicator tube having an envelope;
  • circuit means for supplying current from said anode to as sociated ones of said cathodes
  • a display system comprising:
  • each of said indicator electrode units having a plurality of cathodes and an anode respectively disposed generally opposite the cathodes of each unit;
  • circuit means for supplying current from said anode to associated ones of said cathodes
  • a display system in accordance with claim 6 which includes means for applying a positive bias voltage to certain ones of said cathodes which are associated with anodes which are not biased by said drive means

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Control Of Indicators Other Than Cathode Ray Tubes (AREA)
US886812A 1968-12-23 1969-12-22 Display system Expired - Lifetime US3679933A (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP43094737A JPS4810892B1 (de) 1968-12-23 1968-12-23

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JP (1) JPS4810892B1 (de)
DE (1) DE1963270C2 (de)
GB (1) GB1258949A (de)
NL (1) NL146328B (de)

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3761766A (en) * 1970-11-25 1973-09-25 Omron Tateisi Electronics Co Electronic indicia display system
US3786487A (en) * 1970-10-15 1974-01-15 Sony Corp Display device
US3794881A (en) * 1971-01-29 1974-02-26 Philips Corp Supply circuit for a gas discharge character display tube
US3815120A (en) * 1972-07-07 1974-06-04 Sperry Rand Corp Gas discharge display apparatus having time multiplex operated anode and cathode driver circuits
DE2402717A1 (de) * 1973-01-22 1974-08-08 Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co Lichtemittierende anzeigevorrichtung und verfahren zu ihrer herstellung
US3855500A (en) * 1970-09-01 1974-12-17 Sony Corp Gaseous glow-discharge indicator system
US3882355A (en) * 1972-12-29 1975-05-06 Ibm Flat screen display device using controlled cold cathodes
US3898646A (en) * 1972-11-22 1975-08-05 Sharp Kk Liquid crystal dynamic drive circuit
US3906287A (en) * 1971-03-20 1975-09-16 Sony Corp Indicator display tube having predetermined spacing between base plate and cover
US3914643A (en) * 1972-12-18 1975-10-21 Burroughs Corp Multi-segment display panel with anode groups
US3917972A (en) * 1970-09-11 1975-11-04 Sony Corp Multi-position indicator display tube
US3979623A (en) * 1970-09-11 1976-09-07 Sony Corporation Indicator display tube
US4307394A (en) * 1980-05-12 1981-12-22 Sangamo Weston, Inc. System for driving a gas discharge display

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL7208319A (de) * 1972-06-17 1973-12-19
JPS5273115U (de) * 1975-11-27 1977-06-01
JPS5323764U (de) * 1976-08-05 1978-02-28
JPS563857U (de) * 1979-06-18 1981-01-14

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2608674A (en) * 1951-02-09 1952-08-26 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Multicathode glow discharge device
US2702357A (en) * 1950-12-22 1955-02-15 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Multicathode gaseous discharge device

Family Cites Families (4)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3187320A (en) * 1962-06-13 1965-06-01 Burroughs Corp Segment display device
FR1350840A (fr) * 1962-12-20 1964-01-31 Ass Ouvriers Instr Precision Dispositif de commande d'une pluralité de tubes indicateurs de chiffres
FR1485958A (fr) * 1965-07-03 1967-06-23 Philips Nv Tube à décharge électrique dont une partie des électrodes constitue une matrice, en particulier tube à remplissage gazeux pour la reproduction de signaux lumineux sous la forme de chiffres ou de lettres
GB1164675A (en) * 1966-12-02 1969-09-17 Hitachi Ltd Electronic Display System

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2702357A (en) * 1950-12-22 1955-02-15 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Multicathode gaseous discharge device
US2608674A (en) * 1951-02-09 1952-08-26 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Multicathode glow discharge device

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3855500A (en) * 1970-09-01 1974-12-17 Sony Corp Gaseous glow-discharge indicator system
US3979623A (en) * 1970-09-11 1976-09-07 Sony Corporation Indicator display tube
US3917972A (en) * 1970-09-11 1975-11-04 Sony Corp Multi-position indicator display tube
US3786487A (en) * 1970-10-15 1974-01-15 Sony Corp Display device
US3761766A (en) * 1970-11-25 1973-09-25 Omron Tateisi Electronics Co Electronic indicia display system
US3794881A (en) * 1971-01-29 1974-02-26 Philips Corp Supply circuit for a gas discharge character display tube
US3906287A (en) * 1971-03-20 1975-09-16 Sony Corp Indicator display tube having predetermined spacing between base plate and cover
US3815120A (en) * 1972-07-07 1974-06-04 Sperry Rand Corp Gas discharge display apparatus having time multiplex operated anode and cathode driver circuits
US3898646A (en) * 1972-11-22 1975-08-05 Sharp Kk Liquid crystal dynamic drive circuit
US3914643A (en) * 1972-12-18 1975-10-21 Burroughs Corp Multi-segment display panel with anode groups
US3882355A (en) * 1972-12-29 1975-05-06 Ibm Flat screen display device using controlled cold cathodes
DE2402717A1 (de) * 1973-01-22 1974-08-08 Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co Lichtemittierende anzeigevorrichtung und verfahren zu ihrer herstellung
US4307394A (en) * 1980-05-12 1981-12-22 Sangamo Weston, Inc. System for driving a gas discharge display

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NL6918981A (de) 1970-06-25
DE1963270A1 (de) 1970-07-09
DE1963270C2 (de) 1984-03-15
NL146328B (nl) 1975-06-16
JPS4810892B1 (de) 1973-04-09
GB1258949A (de) 1971-12-30

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