US3662185A - Spark generator and components therefor - Google Patents

Spark generator and components therefor Download PDF

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Publication number
US3662185A
US3662185A US3662185DA US3662185A US 3662185 A US3662185 A US 3662185A US 3662185D A US3662185D A US 3662185DA US 3662185 A US3662185 A US 3662185A
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Prior art keywords
capacitor
diode
anode
cathode
actuable
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English (en)
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Said Sapir
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TDK Micronas GmbH
ITT Inc
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Deutsche ITT Industries GmbH
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/02—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/04—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/06—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes without control electrode or semiconductor devices without control electrode
    • H02M7/10—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes without control electrode or semiconductor devices without control electrode arranged for operation in series, e.g. for multiplication of voltage
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23Q—IGNITION; EXTINGUISHING-DEVICES
    • F23Q3/00—Igniters using electrically-produced sparks
    • F23Q3/004—Using semiconductor elements

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT [52] U.S.Cl ..307/l06, 321/ l5,34037l//l6666, A Spark igniter for g fired devices erein the isolated 51 I t I I "03k 3/00 capacitor of a diode-capacitor voltage tripler is used to store S l 17 1 8 electrical charge for firing the igniter.
  • a timer is used to fire 307/l 19, 106, I08; 431/61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66 X the igniter, whereby peak line current is kept very small.
  • a special circuit is employed to disable the timer when the gas is lit.
  • This invention relates to sources of potential, and more particularly, to a spark generator and a voltage tripler therefor.
  • system and voltage tripler of the present invention and certain circuit portions thereof may be used in arts wholly unrelated to fuel ignition, the invention has been found to be especially useful in automatically igniting natural gas emanating from a pilot burner used in a device such as a furnace or water heater in rooftop or other installations in which the device is not easily accessible. Due to the wide range of application of the invention, its use is not limited to either those described hereinbefore or hereinafter.
  • Another feature of the invention resides in the use of two auxiliary capacitors smaller than the storage capacitor.
  • the auxiliary capacitors thus are charged by line current at a low rate and one dumps its charge into the storage capacitor a little at a time. Peak line current is thus kept small.
  • a series resistor reduces charging current and peak line current at the source frequency.
  • Another feature of the invention is the use of a timer to fire the igniter at a frequency less than the line frequency. Peak line'current and average power are thus both reduced.
  • the lower timerfrequency permits the charging of the storage capacitor to a conveniently higher voltage with a low peak line current.
  • all three capacitors are combined into a voltage tripler to substantially reduce the size and cost of the igniter transformer.
  • the size and cost of the transformer is proportional to its turns or turns ratio, and the latter number is very large because an open circuit voltage of about 20 KV must be employed to reliably produce an arc across a representative 3/ 16-inch gap.
  • the spark does appear at a lower voltage since the open circuit voltage is measured with the transformer secondary leads much further apart than three-sixteenths inch.
  • a large secondary voltage is required so that the igniter will have a small output rise time, will not be sensitive to normal gap tolerances, and can break down any deposits that may accumulate on the pilot or on the electrode.
  • the storage capacitor thus has a dual function. It stores electrical-charge for spark ignition. It also actually increaes 1 the output voltage of the multiplier from 2E to 3E.
  • a further feature of the invention resides in the fact that the capacitors of the tripler actually reduce the peak line current while they effect the voltage boost advantage of the tripler at the same time.
  • the supply voltage may come from a transformer.
  • Prior art devices would not operate in this case because of the damping effect of transformer inductance on rapid changes in current.
  • the present invention is operative in such a case because the storage capacitor is isolated from the source and does not discharge therethrough.
  • peak line current is reduced.
  • instantaneous power is proportional to iR where i is current and R is resistance.
  • the control of peak cur rent is thus exceptionally important because instantaneous power is not merely a linear function of current, but a squared function thereof.
  • FIG. 1 in the drawing is a schematic diagram of a spark igniter for a gas fired device.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an alternative embodiment of a voltage tripler constructed in accordance with the present invention.
  • the igniter of the present invention is indicated at 10 having input terminals 11 and 12 for connection of an ac supply.
  • junctions are indicated at 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 and 26.
  • An input lead wire 27 is connected from terminal 11 to junction 13.
  • a capacitor C1 is connected between junctions l3 and 14.
  • a diode D1 is connected between junctions 14 and 18.
  • a diode D2 is connected between junctions 14 and 15.
  • a capacitor C2 is connected between junctions 15 and 18.
  • a lead wire 28 is connected between terminal, 12 and junction 18.
  • a capacitor C3 is connected between junctions 16 and 19.
  • a series circuit 29 is connected between junctions l3 and 19.
  • Series circuit 29 includes a resistor R1 connected from junction 19 to the anode 30 of diode D3.
  • the cathode 31 of diode D3 is connected to junction 13.
  • Capacitor C3 is connected between junctions 16 and 19.
  • Pilot burner 32 may burn, for example, natural gas. Pilot burner 32 includes a conduit 33 for the natural gas having an opening 34 through which the gas emanates. The gas thus burns above opening 34.
  • Burner 32 also includes a shield 35 having a horizontally projecting tip 36.
  • Shield 35 may be employed as a wind guard for the frame.
  • projection 36 is employed as a spark electrode.
  • conduit 33 and guard 35 both may be conductive and may be conductively fixed together.
  • Guard 35 may be grounded in any desired manner, for example, at 26. Normally, guard 35 would be grounded simply by the way in which it is conventionally fixed in position. That is, in most cases, it will not be necessary to take any additional steps to ground guard 35.
  • a lead 37 connects junctions l5 and 16.
  • a lead 38 connects junctions l6 and 17.
  • a resistor R2 is connected between junctions 17 and 20,
  • a lead 39 is connected between junctions 20 and 21.
  • a conventional neon lamp N1 is connected between junctions 21 and 22.
  • a capacitor C4 is connected between junctions 21 and 22.
  • a resistor R4 is connected between junctions 23 and 24.
  • a lead 40 connects junctions 19 and 22. Lead 41 connects junctions 22 and 24.
  • a transformer is indicated at T1.
  • Transformer T1 has a primary winding 42 and a secondary winding 43.
  • a second series circuit is indicated at 44 connected between junctions l7 and 24.
  • Series circuit 44 includes transformer primary 42 and a silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR), wherein the primary 42 is connected from junction 17 to the anode 45 of SCR CR1, the cathode 46 of the SCR CR1 being connected to junction 24.
  • SCR CR1 has a gate 47 connected to junction 23 by a lead 48.
  • One side of secondary 43 is connected to junction 21 by a lead 49.
  • the other side of secondary 43 is connected to the other spark electrode 50 at junction 25 over a lead 51. insulation, which is broken away, is indicated at 52.
  • Spark electrode 50 may be supported in a fixed position, as shown, by any conventional means 53.
  • Each component part of the igniter may have the following values:
  • capacitor C4 is equal to that of capacitor C1. [t is not necessary to use these relative values for capacitors C1, C2 and C4. However, values close to these relative values are preferred.
  • capacitors Cl and C2 each have to capacitance substantially .less than capacitor C3. it is the capacitor C3 which discharges through transformer primary 42 to create the are between spark electrodes 36-and 50.
  • capacitor C2 will not charge in a direction opposite to that shown because the electrodes of capacitor C2 are clamped together by diodes D1 and D2. Only capacitors Cl and C3 would charge with the polarities shown.
  • capacitor C1 and C2 The transient response of capacitors C1 and C2 to charge from zero charge if terminal 11 first goes positive is for capacitor C3 not to charge, for capacitor C2 to charge with the polarity shown, and for capacitor C1 to charge with the opposite polarity.
  • capacitor C1 would discharge extremely rapidly into a low supply impedance and begin to charge with the polarity shown for the following reasons.
  • capacitor C3 The normal charging operation of capacitor C3 begins when terminal 12 first becomes positive with respect to terminal 11. In this case, capacitor C1 charges rapidly through the source impedance to the peak potential reached between terminals 11 and 12 through diode D1. When the ac. supply voltage across terminals 11 and 12 reverses the terminal 11 becomes positive with respect to terminal 12, capacitor C1 discharges into capacitor C2 through diode D2. Capacitor C3 receives additional charging while terminal 11 is positive as capacitors discharge thereinto. Charging thus continues until the peak dc. voltage across capacitor C2 is approximately equal to twice the peak of the supply voltage. Capacitors C1 and C2 with diodes D1 and D2 form an entirely conventional voltage doubler should circuit 29 be disconnected from junctions 13 and 19, and lead 37 be disconnected from junctions 15 and 16.
  • capacitor C3 is directly placed across the line as follows. The circuit from terminal 12 is made through lead 28, capacitor C2, capacitor C3, series circuit 29, and lead 27 to terminal 11. Thus, when terminal 12 is positive with respect to terminal 11, capacitor C2, if it is charged with the polarity shown, will discharge into capacitor C3. Since the voltage at terminal 12 is at E peak, and the voltage across capacitor C2 is actually 2E, the peak d.c. voltage reached across capacitor C3 is thus 3E.
  • the resistor R1 is optional. Thus anode 30 of diode D3 may be connected directly to junction 19. For this reason, the said voltage doubler combined with capacitor C3 and diode D3 is a voltage tripler. Resistor R1 merely limits the charging current of capacitor C3 and therefore reduces the line current, but resistor R1 is primarily employed to limit the discharge of capacitor C3 when it is charged with the reverse polarity. It is so charged after spark ignition because C3 with transformer T1 acts as a tuned circuit which rings.
  • spark electrodes 36 and 50 placement of spark electrodes 36 and 50 in a position such that the resistance therebetween is substantially reduced when the gas is ignited makes it possible to prevent spark ignition in that case.
  • capacitor C4 When the gas is not ignited, the resistance between junction 20 and current is extremely high. Capacitor C4 then charges through resistor R2. The potential of junction 21 thus rises above ground as capacitor C4 charges. When the potential of junction 21 is sufficiently high, neon lamp N1 fires. When neon lamp N1 fires, SCR CR1 is gated on, and capacitor C3 discharges. The discharge path of capacitor C3 is through lead 38, series circuit 44, lead 41, and lead 40 to ground. The discharge of capacitor C3 causes an arc to be produced between electrodes 36 and 50. Electrode 36 is maintained at or is at ground potential. Note junction 26 is grounded. Current to sustain the arc which passes through electrode 50 and through secondary 43 to ground also flows through lead 39 and through capacitor C4.
  • the secondary current is somewhat triangular as a function of time, ie a spike.
  • the peak current may be 1,200 milliamperes and may exist for about 1 microsecond.
  • a Fourier analysis of the spike would reveal a fundamental of about 1 megahertz.
  • the impedance of capacitor C4 is less than 2 ohms.
  • the resistance between spark electrodes 36 and 50 may be reduced to about 30 megohms.
  • This 30-megohm resistance in combination with the 33-megohm resistance of resistor R2 acts as a voltage divider between junction 17 and ground.
  • the dc. resistance of secondary 43 is negligible in comparison to the 33-megohm resistance of resistor R2.
  • Resistors are V2 W, 10%.
  • capacitor C4 charges at a greater rate, but at a rate which is also a function of the resistance of resistor R2 and its own capacitance Capacitor C3 charges slowly.
  • the charging potential of capacitor at junction 17 thus rises slowly.
  • the rise in the potential of junction 20 is even slower because it is inherent in the operation of capacitor that it cannot change its voltage instantaneously.
  • the firing frequency of the SCR CR1 thus is reduced substantially below the ac. supply frequency by the charging of capacitor C4.
  • the charging rate of capacitor C4 is determined by the magnitude of the resistance of resistor R2 which is very large, Le. 33 megohms, For the foregoing reasons, neon lamp N1 may not fire except at 3- second intervals when the supply frequency is 60 hertz.
  • capacitor C3 discharges through transformer primary 42, and the secondary output voltage causes an arc to be sustained for a brief time between spark electrodes 36 and 50, the ground return for transformer secondary 43 over lead 49 being through capacitor C4.
  • the resistance between electrodes 36 and 50 reduces because the gas therebetween ionizes and creates a lower resistance path. This, therefore, keeps the potential of junction 21 below the firing potential of neon lamp N1.
  • the invention has a timer which includes, for example, capacitor C4. Due to the fact that the firing rate is substantially smaller than the line frequency, additional time is provided to charge capacitor C3 to a higher voltage with a low peak line current as well as a low average current, i.e. low power.
  • the power consumption is directly proportional to are frequency.
  • the voltage tripler of the invention provides duel advantages.
  • the increase in line voltage makes it possible to use a smaller capacitor and to use a transformer of a substantially smaller size and of a substantially lower cost.
  • the transformer turns ratio is to 2,000.
  • the transformer turns ratio would have to be increased to 10 to 6,000.
  • a nominal open circuit voltage of 20,000 volts must be created between electrodes 36 and 50 to create an are over a distance of about three-sixteenths inch.
  • capacitor C3 performs a dual function. It performs a voltage tripling function in the tripler, and it performs a capacitor discharge function in the igniter.
  • resistor R2 and capacitor C4 makes an extremely inexpensive timer. Moreover, nothing need be added to bias junction toward ground to disable the timer except the connections of the electrodes 36 and 50 and their placement in the flame.
  • peak current in the line is reduced because instantaneous power is directly proportional to the square of current. A reduction in peak current thus provides a marked reduction in power.
  • resistor R1 may be omitted.
  • the voltage tripler may be used by itself.
  • the timer may be used by itself. If no automatic timer shutdown is desired or required, lead 49 may be disconnected from junction 20 and connected directly to ground. The location of spark electrodes 36 and 50 is thus less important.
  • Any voltage breakdown device may be used for neon lamp N. If, for example, a trigger diode replaced neon lamp N1, an additional resistor might be connected between junctions 20 and 22.
  • FIG. 2 An alternative embodiment of the voltage tripler of the present invention is indicated at 54 in FIG. 2.
  • tripler 54 has various junctions 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61 and 62.
  • Tripler 54 has input leads 63 and 64, and output leads 65 and 66.
  • Tripler 54 may replace the voltage tripler of FIG. 1.
  • leads 38 and 40 may be disconnected from junctions l7 and 22, respectively, and leads 65 and 66 connected thereto, respectively.
  • a resistor 70 is connected from terminal 67 to junction 55.
  • Terminal 68 is also connected to junction 55.
  • Terminal 69 is connected to junction 56.
  • a resistor 71 is connected between junctions 55 and 56.
  • resistors 70 and 71 form a voltage divider so that alternatively l20 volts may be applied between terminals 67 and 69, or 24 volts may be applied between terminals 68 and 69.
  • a resistor 72 is connected between junctions 55 and 57.
  • a diode 73 is connected between junctions 57 and 58.
  • a diode 74 is connected between junctions 58 and 59.
  • a capacitor 75 is connected between junctions 57 and 59.
  • a diode 76 is connected between junctions 59 and 61.
  • a capacitor 77 is connected between junctions 61 and 62, junction 62 being grounded in the manner that junction 19 in FIG. 1 is also grounded.
  • a lead wire 78 is connected between junctions 60 v and 62.
  • a capacitor 79 is connected between junctions 58 and 60.
  • Tripler 54 may appear to be strikingly different from the tripler shown in FIG. 1, however, tripler 54 is in fact very similar to the tripler in FIG. 1, and the operation of the tripler 54 is substantially identical to that of the tripler shown in FIG. 1.
  • all of the common circuit elements may have identical values. What is meant by common" are those analogous circuit elements.
  • capacitor 79 may be identical to capacitor C1 in size and in all other respects. That is, the capacitance of capacitor 79 may be identical to the capacitance of capacitor C1.
  • capacitor 75 may be identical to capacitor C2 and capacitor 77 may be identical to capacitor C3.
  • tripler 54 One change in tripler 54, it will be noted, is that lead 27 of FIG. 1 has been replaced with lead 64 and placed on the bottom of the figure and grounded at junction 62. However, with this and two other exceptions, the tripler of FIG. 2 is identical to the tripler of FIG. I.
  • resistor 72 may be identical to resistor R] but is located in a different position.
  • Diode 76 may also be identical to diode D3, but it too is located in a different position. Thus, the location of diode 76 is the other one of the said two exceptions.
  • this word is hereby defined for such use as meaning at least that the resistance of resistor 72 is identical to the resistance of resistor R1, and that the capacitances of capacitors 79, 75 and 77 are identical to the capacitance of capacitors C1, C2 and C3, respectively.
  • the tripler of FIG. 2 is advantageous in one respect over the tripler in FIG. 1 in that by placing resistor 72 and diode 76 in the ungrounded side, a short existing between leads 63 and 64 or any extension thereof to the left, as shown in FIG. 2, will not cause resistor 72 and diode 76 to burn out.
  • phrases means to supply an alternating input voltage and the phrase a circuit to supply an alternating input voltage are hereby defined for use herein and in the claims to mean an a.c. source of potential or only input lead wires without an a.c. source of potential connected thereto or otherwise.
  • T is hereby defined as the period of time which is required to store a predetermined maximum amount of energy in capacitor C3 or in capacitor 77.
  • the maximum amount of energy stored may be equal to or less than 1% CH where C is the capacitance of capacitor C3 or the capacitance of capacitor 77, and E is the maximum voltage across capacitor C3 or the maximum voltage across capacitor 77 when the lamp N1 is never fired.
  • capacitors C3 and 77 charge slowly because they are charged by the smaller capacitors C1, C2, 75 and 79. This causes a low even current drain on the source of the potential.
  • the resistor R2 and the capacitor C4 provide a timing mechanism to fire the SCR CR1 at a frequency force less than line frequenm"- Restated, capacitors C3 and 77 charge slowly to reduce the line current load, and resistor R2 and capacitor C4 act to allow the slow charging.
  • T is larger than T
  • the firing frequency produced by resistor R2 and capacitor C4 is always less than the line frequency and accommodates the lower charging period for capacitors C3 and 77.
  • Either embodiment of the voltage tripler of the present invention or any other embodiment thereof may be employed in a voltage quadrupler or other voltage multiplier for producing a dc. output voltage larger than three times the peak input voltage.
  • a voltage multiplier comprising: first and second input leads; a first capacitor having one electrode connected to said first input lead; first and second diodes, each of said first and second diodes having an anode and a cathode, the anode of said first diode being connected from said second input lead, the other electrode of said first capacitor being connected to the cathode of said first diode, the anode of said second diode being connected to said first diode cathode; a second capacitor connected from said first diode anode to said second diode cathode; and a series circuit connected from said second diode cathode to said first input lead, said series circuit including a third diode and a third capacitor connected in series, said diode being poled to be conductive in a direction toward said first input lead.
  • said third diode has an anode and a cathode, said third diode anode being connected to one electrode of said third capacitor, said third diode cathode being connected to said first input lead, the other electrode of said third capacitor being connected to said second diode cathode.
  • a pulse generator comprising: first means to supply an alternating input voltage; second means connected from said first means, said second means including an electrical energy storage device, said second means being actuable to store a predetermined maximum amount of energy in said device but being a first capacitor, said third means being connected in parallel with said capacitor, said multiplier including a second capacitor actuable charge said first capacitor only on alternate half cycles of said input voltage, said second capacitor being connected to be recharged periodically, said first capacitor having a capacitance large in comparison to that of said second capacitor.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Ignition Installations For Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
US3662185D 1970-10-01 1970-10-01 Spark generator and components therefor Expired - Lifetime US3662185A (en)

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Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3819108A (en) * 1972-08-28 1974-06-25 Gen Marine Crowd control stick
US3870929A (en) * 1974-03-04 1975-03-11 Itt Ignition system and components thereof
US3878449A (en) * 1973-06-07 1975-04-15 Hughes Aircraft Co High pulse rate, high duty factor line modulator type pulse generators
US3877864A (en) * 1974-07-29 1975-04-15 Itt Spark igniter system for gas appliance pilot ignition
US3900786A (en) * 1972-08-28 1975-08-19 Richard James Jordan High voltage pulse generating circuit
US3938938A (en) * 1974-03-04 1976-02-17 International Telephone And Telegraph Corporation Ignition system and components thereof
US4086048A (en) * 1974-10-07 1978-04-25 International Telephone And Telegraph Corporation Spark ignited recycling ignition system with interlocking gas valve control
US4167767A (en) * 1976-07-15 1979-09-11 Bicosa Societe De Recherches Flame or spark detection system and combustible gas ignition device
US4413303A (en) * 1980-07-05 1983-11-01 Dunlop Limited Ignition systems
US6471507B1 (en) * 1999-11-02 2002-10-29 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy WSL gas igniter
US20070224557A1 (en) * 2006-03-22 2007-09-27 I-Hua Huang Controller for re-igniting
WO2013050019A3 (de) * 2011-10-04 2013-07-18 Hans-Wolfgang Diesing Isolierendes minimalnetzteil

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3109489C2 (de) * 1981-03-12 1982-12-09 Hellige Gmbh, 7800 Freiburg Defibrillator

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3441356A (en) * 1967-09-12 1969-04-29 Fenwal Inc Pulsed spark gas ignition and fuel control system

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3441356A (en) * 1967-09-12 1969-04-29 Fenwal Inc Pulsed spark gas ignition and fuel control system

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3819108A (en) * 1972-08-28 1974-06-25 Gen Marine Crowd control stick
US3900786A (en) * 1972-08-28 1975-08-19 Richard James Jordan High voltage pulse generating circuit
US3878449A (en) * 1973-06-07 1975-04-15 Hughes Aircraft Co High pulse rate, high duty factor line modulator type pulse generators
US3870929A (en) * 1974-03-04 1975-03-11 Itt Ignition system and components thereof
US3938938A (en) * 1974-03-04 1976-02-17 International Telephone And Telegraph Corporation Ignition system and components thereof
US3877864A (en) * 1974-07-29 1975-04-15 Itt Spark igniter system for gas appliance pilot ignition
US4086048A (en) * 1974-10-07 1978-04-25 International Telephone And Telegraph Corporation Spark ignited recycling ignition system with interlocking gas valve control
US4167767A (en) * 1976-07-15 1979-09-11 Bicosa Societe De Recherches Flame or spark detection system and combustible gas ignition device
US4413303A (en) * 1980-07-05 1983-11-01 Dunlop Limited Ignition systems
US6471507B1 (en) * 1999-11-02 2002-10-29 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy WSL gas igniter
US20070224557A1 (en) * 2006-03-22 2007-09-27 I-Hua Huang Controller for re-igniting
WO2013050019A3 (de) * 2011-10-04 2013-07-18 Hans-Wolfgang Diesing Isolierendes minimalnetzteil

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FR2109942A5 (ru) 1972-05-26
DE2148429A1 (de) 1972-04-06

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