US3661725A - Method for determining the carbon concentration in a metal melt - Google Patents

Method for determining the carbon concentration in a metal melt Download PDF

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Publication number
US3661725A
US3661725A US809766A US3661725DA US3661725A US 3661725 A US3661725 A US 3661725A US 809766 A US809766 A US 809766A US 3661725D A US3661725D A US 3661725DA US 3661725 A US3661725 A US 3661725A
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Prior art keywords
oxygen
melt
carbon concentration
determining
carbon
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Expired - Lifetime
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US809766A
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English (en)
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Klaus-Herbert Ulrich
Dieter Doering
Kurt Borowski
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Fried Krupp AG
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Fried Krupp AG
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
    • G01N27/403—Cells and electrode assemblies
    • G01N27/406—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes
    • G01N27/411—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes for investigating or analysing of liquid metals
    • G01N27/4112—Composition or fabrication of the solid electrolyte
    • G01N27/4114—Composition or fabrication of the solid electrolyte for detection of gases other than oxygen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
    • C21C5/28—Manufacture of steel in the converter
    • C21C5/42—Constructional features of converters
    • C21C5/46—Details or accessories
    • C21C5/4673—Measuring and sampling devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/20—Metals
    • G01N33/202—Constituents thereof
    • G01N33/2022—Non-metallic constituents
    • G01N33/2025—Gaseous constituents
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/10—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions
    • Y02P10/134—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions by avoiding CO2, e.g. using hydrogen

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT [30] Foreign Application Priority Data A method for determining the carbon concentration in a metal melt.
  • the oxygen activity in the melt is first determined from 21 Mar. 22, 1968 Germany ..P 17 73 027.7 measurement of the temperature and the oxygen potentiaL
  • the carbon concentration is then deten'nined from the oxygen [52] US. Cl ..204/l T activity f example with the aid f Suitable graph. [51] ; ; ; ; ; Field of Search ..204/ l T, 195 S 1 Claims, 2 Drawing Figures PATENTEBMAY 9:912 3,661,725
  • the Nemst equation is stated by C. Wagner in the German The present invention relates to a method for determining 5 journal "zeilschl'ift fur Physikalische Chemie" P B 21 the carbon content of a metal melt.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide an improved method for determining the carbon concentration in a metal melt and, in particular, a method which is free of the above mentioned disadvantages of the concentration determining methods known in the prior art.
  • the determination of the oxygen activity is made by first obtaining the oxygen potential using a well-known electrochemical cell method which employs solid conductive electrolytes. It is possible, for example, to employ as the electrolyte ZrO which is doped with approximately 15 mole percent CaO. If the one electrode of the solid conductor cell is provided with a known or specified oxygen potential, e.g. air having an oxygen partial pressure of 0.21 mm, it is possible to calculate the unknown oxygen potential of the melt at the second electrode by measuring the electromotive force (emf) of the cell and using the Ne rn st equation:
  • z is the charge number of the charge carriers in the electrolyte; E is the electromotive force (emf); F is the Faraday constant (96,484 coulombs); 4];- is the specified oxidation potential;
  • the oxygen activity a can therefore be calculated from the measured values of the electromotive force E and the temperature T and from the values which, for example, in the case of iron are well known for the free enthalpy of formation AG".
  • the determination of the carbon concentration of a metal melt, such as steel, for example, may be made continuously during the refining process or made discontinuously at particular times during the process with the aid of a measuring lance". The last type of measurement will introduce no great delay in the refining process if the emf measurement is made simultaneously with the usual temperature measurement.
  • FIG. 1 schematically illustrates apparatus which may be used for the continuous determination of the carbon concentration.
  • the converter is designated as 1, the oxygen lance as 2, the metal melt as 3 and the slag as 4.
  • a thermoelement 5 Built into the converter 1 is a thermoelement 5. This thermoelement is electrically connected with an external device 6 which measures the temperature of the melt.
  • the converter 1 is also provided with a solid conductive electrode 7 having a prescribed oxygen potential, e.g. that of air, as well as a second electrode 8, which can consist of an iron rod.
  • the two electrodes 7 and 8 are connected to a device 9 which determines the electromotive force (emf).
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate the empirically determined dependence of carbon concentration upon oxygen activity for two types of melts.
  • FIG: 2 illustrates the characteristic dependence for low phosphorus molten metal while FIG. 3 illustrates this dependence with high phosphorus molten metal.
  • the data for both FIGS. 2 and 3 were taken from an oxygen blast converter.
  • the carbon concentration determined by one of the conventional or prior art techniques, is plotted on the ordinate while the oxygen activity, calculated from the measured electromotive force and temperature, is indicated on the abscissa of each of the two graphs.
  • the method according to the present invention for determining the carbon concentration in a metal melt is essentially a two-step method.
  • the oxygen activity is initially calculated, given the empirically determined electromotive force and temperature, using the equation 2 above. Given the oxygen activity, the carbon concentration is .then read from a suitable graph of the type illustrated in FIGS.
  • the oxygen partial pressure of the melt 7 will be given by:
  • equation 4 it is possible to calculate the oxygen activity a, in terms of the other variables and constants.
  • equation 2 A convenient form of the resulting relation is given as equation 2 above.
  • T absolute temperature in Kelvin-degree l,863 K

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Investigating And Analyzing Materials By Characteristic Methods (AREA)
  • Measuring Oxygen Concentration In Cells (AREA)
US809766A 1968-03-22 1969-03-24 Method for determining the carbon concentration in a metal melt Expired - Lifetime US3661725A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19681773027 DE1773027A1 (de) 1968-03-22 1968-03-22 Verfahren zur Bestimmung des Kohlenstoffgehaltes in Metallschmelzen

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3661725A true US3661725A (en) 1972-05-09

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US809766A Expired - Lifetime US3661725A (en) 1968-03-22 1969-03-24 Method for determining the carbon concentration in a metal melt

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US3661725A (de)
BE (1) BE730069A (de)
DE (1) DE1773027A1 (de)
FR (1) FR2004501A1 (de)
GB (1) GB1211957A (de)
LU (1) LU58221A1 (de)
NL (1) NL6903679A (de)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2601137A1 (fr) * 1986-07-04 1988-01-08 Centre Nat Rech Scient Procede et dispositif pour la mesure des pressions partielles d'oxygene dans les gaz
EP0358168A2 (de) * 1988-09-07 1990-03-14 Minoru Sasabe Verfahren, Vorrichtung und Probe für die Messung der Aktivität eines in geschmolzenem Metall gelösten Elements
EP0450090A1 (de) * 1989-10-17 1991-10-09 Heraeus Electronite Co., Ltd. Verfahren und vorrichtung zur messung der sauerstoffaktivität in schlacke und schmelztiegel, die dafür benutzt werden
CN110735015A (zh) * 2019-09-26 2020-01-31 武汉华枫传感技术股份有限公司 一种转炉炼钢副枪自动测量方法和装置
US20210116307A1 (en) * 2019-04-29 2021-04-22 Chu LIEN System for continuously detecting temperature of molten steel and detecting composition during converter steelmaking

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4428770A (en) * 1982-02-23 1984-01-31 University Patents, Inc. Methods of manufacturing metal from a melt, determination of sulfur and carbon therein, sensors therefor and solid electrolyte compositions for said sensors

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3523066A (en) * 1966-06-23 1970-08-04 Atomic Energy Authority Uk Determination of combined carbon in metals

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3523066A (en) * 1966-06-23 1970-08-04 Atomic Energy Authority Uk Determination of combined carbon in metals

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
Fitterer, Jour. of Metals, Sept. 1967, pp. 92 96. *

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2601137A1 (fr) * 1986-07-04 1988-01-08 Centre Nat Rech Scient Procede et dispositif pour la mesure des pressions partielles d'oxygene dans les gaz
EP0358168A2 (de) * 1988-09-07 1990-03-14 Minoru Sasabe Verfahren, Vorrichtung und Probe für die Messung der Aktivität eines in geschmolzenem Metall gelösten Elements
EP0358168A3 (de) * 1988-09-07 1991-05-08 Minoru Sasabe Verfahren, Vorrichtung und Probe für die Messung der Aktivität eines in geschmolzenem Metall gelösten Elements
EP0450090A1 (de) * 1989-10-17 1991-10-09 Heraeus Electronite Co., Ltd. Verfahren und vorrichtung zur messung der sauerstoffaktivität in schlacke und schmelztiegel, die dafür benutzt werden
EP0450090A4 (en) * 1989-10-17 1992-06-24 Yamari Electronite Kabushikigaisha Method of and device for measuring oxygen activity in slag and consumable type crucible used for said device
US5342489A (en) * 1989-10-17 1994-08-30 Yamari Electronite Kabushikigaisha Method of measuring oxygen activities in slag
US20210116307A1 (en) * 2019-04-29 2021-04-22 Chu LIEN System for continuously detecting temperature of molten steel and detecting composition during converter steelmaking
US11808635B2 (en) * 2019-04-29 2023-11-07 Chu LIEN System for continuously detecting temperature and composition of molten steel during converter steelmaking
CN110735015A (zh) * 2019-09-26 2020-01-31 武汉华枫传感技术股份有限公司 一种转炉炼钢副枪自动测量方法和装置

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE1773027A1 (de) 1972-03-02
FR2004501A1 (fr) 1969-11-28
GB1211957A (en) 1970-11-11
FR2004501B1 (de) 1973-10-19
NL6903679A (de) 1969-09-24
LU58221A1 (de) 1969-07-11
BE730069A (de) 1969-09-01

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