US3658602A - Method for quenching steel rails in a fluidized powder medium - Google Patents
Method for quenching steel rails in a fluidized powder medium Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3658602A US3658602A US825043A US3658602DA US3658602A US 3658602 A US3658602 A US 3658602A US 825043 A US825043 A US 825043A US 3658602D A US3658602D A US 3658602DA US 3658602 A US3658602 A US 3658602A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- gas
- chromium
- steam
- medium
- rail
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract description 28
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title abstract description 28
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000604 Ferrochrome Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- VNNRSPGTAMTISX-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium nickel Chemical compound [Cr].[Ni] VNNRSPGTAMTISX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001021 Ferroalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000863 Ferronickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000519 Ferrosilicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- QRRWWGNBSQSBAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane;chromium Chemical compound [AlH3].[Cr] QRRWWGNBSQSBAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910018487 Ni—Cr Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- KCZFLPPCFOHPNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane;iron Chemical compound [AlH3].[Fe] KCZFLPPCFOHPNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- YOCUPQPZWBBYIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Cu] YOCUPQPZWBBYIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000788 chromium alloy Substances 0.000 claims 1
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 12
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 10
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 6
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 6
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 5
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 28
- 235000019589 hardness Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010431 corundum Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008094 contradictory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005243 fluidization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000906 Bronze Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001208 Crucible steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001309 Ferromolybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001145 Ferrotungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010974 bronze Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010962 carbon steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004320 controlled atmosphere Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper tin Chemical compound [Cu].[Sn] KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008246 gaseous mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008642 heat stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000803 paradoxical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/56—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering characterised by the quenching agents
Definitions
- the fluidized medium is formed by mixing a powder of chromium, iron, nickel, molybdenum or tungsten, or alloys of these metals, with a pure steam or a gas comprising essentially steam.
- powder media have insulating properties in the state of rest, and above all in the non-settled state after stopping the fluidization, namely low apparent heat conductivity, low transfer coefiicient at the interface between the solid steel part and the powder medium at rest. Consequently, the powder media are characterized by a very large difference between these two thermic properties between the fluidized state and the state of rest. Consequently, if the shape of the parts to be hardened is complicated, or if there are extensive regions on the surface where the tangent plane is but little inclined to the horizontal, the powder both a higher cooling rate and less quenching deformation of railway track rails. The problem is difiicult since these two properties are usually contradictory. Indeed, accelerating the cooling increases the temperature inequality in the rail and consequently the deformations.
- the invention provides a method of quenching steel railway track rails in a fluidized powder medium comprising placing the rail in a horizontal inverted position and quenching the rail in a fluidized medium consisting essentially of a powder of a substance selected from the group consisting of chromium, iron, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten and alloys of these metals, and a gas mainly consisting of steam.
- the experimental apparatus for containing the fluidized powder medium is cylindrical and has for effective dimensions diameter 600 mm, height of the powder bed 400 mm.
- the steel specimens are round bars having a diameter of 60 mm and a length of 300 mm.
- the specimens are of eutectoid carbon steel C 0.85%, Mn 0.3%, Si 0.3%.
- Two thermoelectric couples are placed in such manner that the hot weld is halfway from the end sections, one on the axis and the other near the surface.
- the specimens are quenched in a position with the axis vertical or horizontal. In the latter case, the surface couple is near the point having a vertical tangent plane.
- Each steel specimen is austenitized at 900 C, the period for bringing to the temperature in the muffle furnace being 45 minutes, and the period during which the temperature is maintained 30 minutes (totaltime 75 minutes).
- the specimen is thereafter quenched in the fluidized powder medium at 1 75 C and the temperatures are recorded as a function of time.
- the problem in this case is therefore to find a medium having intermediate properties so that there is at each instant of cooling equality between the mean temperature of the flange and that of the head of the rail so that the rail can be quenched without distorsion and that, after treatment, it be sufficiently straight not to require a straightening operation.
- the symbol t which designates these times in minutes, has added thereto the index 1 or 2 depending on whether the hardening is carried out respectively in the corundum-air medium or chromium-steam medium.
- the relative differences and gains have been calculated as a percentage.
- the results are given in the Tables I, ll, Ill and IV respectively which relate to specimens having a horizontal axis and a core couple, a horizontal axis and a surface couple, a vertical axis and a core couple and a vertical axis and a surface couple.
- round steel bars having the same dimensions as before but in two grades of alloy steels designated A and B were austenitized at 900 C for a period of 75 minutes of full heating, quenched vertically in the fluidized chromiumsteam powder medium at 170 C, maintained immersed for 4 minutes and then cooled in calm air. After cutting the median cross section with the grindstone, the hardnesses Te along a diameter were measured. These were expressed in Rockwell indices (Rc cone). The results are given in Table Vl.
- the same steels A and B when austenitized under the same conditions and then immersed in a corundum-air medium at 170 C, do not harden.
- the Rc hardness remains between 28 and 36 in the heart, 30 and 40 on the surface.
- Tests were also carried out on self-hardening steel so as not have the recales cence in the concerned range of temperatures. Specimens of the same size, with a couple in the heart and quenched in the vertical position, were tested. The austenitizations were effected at 900 C and, during the quenching, the temperature was recorded and the times required for reaching either 700 C or 500 C were noted. Air quenching, oil quenching, in both cases at room temperature and quenching in the chromium powder-steam medium at 140 C were compared. The results are given in Table V11.
- the invention not only improves the cooling capacity of the medium and, consequently, its steel quenching properties, but also avoids the unequal heat and the quenching deformations in the case of railway track rails treated in accordance with the teaching of US. Pat. No. 1,458,157 relating to the heat treatment of rails.
- the chromium-steam medium at l40 C cools as quickly as the corundum-air medium at room temperature.
- the temperature differential is smaller for the chromium-steam medium than for the corundum-air medium, irrespective of the temperature of these two media.
- the temperature differential is smaller for the corundum-air medium at 175 C than for the corundum-air medium at room temperature.
- the temperature differential remains very small, whether the medium be at 175C or 140 C.
- the fluidized chromium-steam powder medium has this double apparently paradoxical and contradictory property of resulting in a more rapid cooling of the immersed parts and avoiding deformations in the case of correctly oriented rails.
- the chromium can be replaced by one of the following metals iron, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten, or by alloys of the latter mixed together or with other elements in any proportion, and in particular stainless steels containing chromium, chromium-nickel or chromium-aluminum; iron alloys such as ferro-chromium, ferro-silicon, ferro-molybdenum, ferro-tungsten, ferro-nickel, ironsmall amount of hydrogen and carbonic gas, possibly also nitrogen and traces .of carbon men-oxide.
- a small amount of methane for example in the form of a natural gas or a coke works gas and if the methane is converted hot according to the desired reaction (from left to right):
- the temperature of the medium is higher than the boiling temperature of the water under the considered pressure. It is therefore higher than 100 C.
- the temperature is defined by the conditions required for the metallurgical treatment. This can be, for example, a temperature but slightly higher than the Ms temperature of the beginning of the martensitic transformation of the considered steel if it is desired to effect a martensitic hardening in stages with the minimum of deformations and residual stresses. This can be a slightly lower temperature if the critical quenching rate so requires. If it is intended to effect an isothermic bainitic transformation, this can be, for example, the temperature corresponding to the maximum rate of bainitic transformation, of the order of 420 C, which temperature is slightly variable with the steel compositions. A temperature between 420 C and 500 C can be employed if it is desired to obtain less hardening than in the preceding case.
- a higher temperature is of no interest owing to the lower rate of cooling and higher heating costs.
- the temperature must be chosen between and 500 C by conventional metallurgical considerations.
- Process for quenching steel heated railway track rail issuing from a mill comprising placing the rail in a horizontal inverted position with the rail head being lowermost and quenching the rail in a fluidized medium consisting essentially of a powder of a substance selected from the group consisting of chromium, iron, nickel, and alloys of said metals, and a gas consisting essentially of steam, the temperature of the fluidized medium being 100-500 C.
- alloys are stainless steels containing as alloys a substance selected from the group consisting of chromium, chromium-nickel and chromium-aluminum.
- ferro-alloys are selected from the group consisting of ferro-chromium, ferro-silicon, ferro-nickel, iron-aluminum.
- said alloys are selected from the group consisting of nickel-chromium and nickel-copper alloys.
- Process according to claim 1 comprising placing the rail in a horizontal inverted position and quenching the rail in a fluidized medium consisting of a metallic powder of chromium and a fluidizing gas consisting essentially of steam.
- Process according to claim 13 comprising placing the rail in a horizontal inverted position and quenching the rail in a fluidized medium consisting of a metallic powder of a ferrochromium alloy and a fluidizing gas consisting essentially of steam.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Metal Powder And Suspensions Thereof (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR182073 | 1968-12-30 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3658602A true US3658602A (en) | 1972-04-25 |
Family
ID=8659472
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US825043A Expired - Lifetime US3658602A (en) | 1968-12-30 | 1969-05-15 | Method for quenching steel rails in a fluidized powder medium |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3658602A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| BE (1) | BE730539A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| CA (1) | CA923799A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| CS (1) | CS167889B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| DE (1) | DE1947950B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| FR (1) | FR1600086A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| GB (1) | GB1216801A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| LU (1) | LU58644A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4170494A (en) * | 1976-06-07 | 1979-10-09 | Kobe Steel, Ltd. | Surface treatment for metal according to fluidized bed system |
| US4547228A (en) * | 1983-05-26 | 1985-10-15 | Procedyne Corp. | Surface treatment of metals |
| WO1986001541A1 (en) * | 1984-09-04 | 1986-03-13 | Fox Patrick L | Shallow case hardening process |
| US4671496A (en) * | 1983-05-26 | 1987-06-09 | Procedyne Corp. | Fluidized bed apparatus for treating metals |
| US4717433A (en) * | 1983-03-07 | 1988-01-05 | Rockwell International Corporation | Method of cooling a heated workpiece utilizing a fluidized bed |
| US5037491A (en) * | 1986-02-28 | 1991-08-06 | Fox Patrick L | Shallow case hardening and corrosion inhibition process |
| US5645653A (en) * | 1993-06-24 | 1997-07-08 | British Steel Plc | Rails |
| US20160348200A1 (en) * | 2013-12-10 | 2016-12-01 | Battelle Energy Alliance, Llc | Bainitic steel materials and methods of making such materials |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2447968A1 (fr) * | 1979-01-30 | 1980-08-29 | Celes Sa | Procede de trempe superficielle |
| DE3230531A1 (de) * | 1982-08-17 | 1984-02-23 | Ruhrgas Ag, 4300 Essen | Verfahren zum zwischenvergueten von werkstuecken |
| DE3734169A1 (de) * | 1987-10-09 | 1989-04-27 | Ewald Schwing | Verfahren zum warmbadhaerten von gegenstaenden aus legierten staehlen |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US854810A (en) * | 1906-08-03 | 1907-05-28 | Fred H Daniels | Method for the manufacture of wire rods. |
| US3197346A (en) * | 1953-11-27 | 1965-07-27 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Heat treatment of ferrous metals with fluidized particles |
| NL6714272A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * | 1966-10-24 | 1968-04-25 |
-
1968
- 1968-12-30 FR FR182073A patent/FR1600086A/fr not_active Expired
-
1969
- 1969-03-27 BE BE730539D patent/BE730539A/xx unknown
- 1969-05-08 GB GB23428/69A patent/GB1216801A/en not_active Expired
- 1969-05-14 LU LU58644D patent/LU58644A1/xx unknown
- 1969-05-14 CA CA051494A patent/CA923799A/en not_active Expired
- 1969-05-15 US US825043A patent/US3658602A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1969-09-23 DE DE19691947950 patent/DE1947950B2/de not_active Withdrawn
- 1969-11-20 CS CS7656A patent/CS167889B2/cs unknown
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US854810A (en) * | 1906-08-03 | 1907-05-28 | Fred H Daniels | Method for the manufacture of wire rods. |
| US3197346A (en) * | 1953-11-27 | 1965-07-27 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Heat treatment of ferrous metals with fluidized particles |
| NL6714272A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * | 1966-10-24 | 1968-04-25 |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| Jenkins, Controlled Atmospheres for The Heat Treatment of Metals, Chapman & Hall Ltd., London, 1946, pages 115 122 & 293 94 * |
| Metals Handbook, 1948 Ed., pages 615 618 * |
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4170494A (en) * | 1976-06-07 | 1979-10-09 | Kobe Steel, Ltd. | Surface treatment for metal according to fluidized bed system |
| US4717433A (en) * | 1983-03-07 | 1988-01-05 | Rockwell International Corporation | Method of cooling a heated workpiece utilizing a fluidized bed |
| US4547228A (en) * | 1983-05-26 | 1985-10-15 | Procedyne Corp. | Surface treatment of metals |
| US4671496A (en) * | 1983-05-26 | 1987-06-09 | Procedyne Corp. | Fluidized bed apparatus for treating metals |
| WO1986001541A1 (en) * | 1984-09-04 | 1986-03-13 | Fox Patrick L | Shallow case hardening process |
| US5037491A (en) * | 1986-02-28 | 1991-08-06 | Fox Patrick L | Shallow case hardening and corrosion inhibition process |
| US5645653A (en) * | 1993-06-24 | 1997-07-08 | British Steel Plc | Rails |
| US20160348200A1 (en) * | 2013-12-10 | 2016-12-01 | Battelle Energy Alliance, Llc | Bainitic steel materials and methods of making such materials |
| US9869000B2 (en) * | 2013-12-10 | 2018-01-16 | Battelle Energy Alliance, Llc | Methods of making bainitic steel materials |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE1947950B2 (de) | 1971-10-28 |
| GB1216801A (en) | 1970-12-23 |
| LU58644A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1969-08-26 |
| CS167889B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1976-05-28 |
| BE730539A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1969-09-01 |
| DE1947950A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1971-10-28 |
| FR1600086A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1970-07-20 |
| CA923799A (en) | 1973-04-03 |
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