US3653982A - Temper resistant chromium-containing titanium carbide tool steel - Google Patents

Temper resistant chromium-containing titanium carbide tool steel Download PDF

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US3653982A
US3653982A US886286A US3653982DA US3653982A US 3653982 A US3653982 A US 3653982A US 886286 A US886286 A US 886286A US 3653982D A US3653982D A US 3653982DA US 3653982 A US3653982 A US 3653982A
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percent
steel
chromium
composition
titanium carbide
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Arnold Louis Prill
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Chromalloy Gas Turbine Corp
Alloy Technology International Inc
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Chromalloy American Corp
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Assigned to CHROMALLOY GAS TURBINE CORPORATION, A DE. CORP. reassignment CHROMALLOY GAS TURBINE CORPORATION, A DE. CORP. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: CHROMALLOY AMERICAN CORPORATION
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C29/00—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides
    • C22C29/02—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on carbides or carbonitrides
    • C22C29/06—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on carbides or carbonitrides based on carbides, but not containing other metal compounds
    • C22C29/067—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on carbides or carbonitrides based on carbides, but not containing other metal compounds comprising a particular metallic binder
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/22—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with molybdenum or tungsten

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT A heat treatable, temper resistant, chromium-containing, carbidic tool steel having a total carbon content of at least about 6 percent by weight is provided comprising about 25 to 75 percent by volume of primary carbide grains of essentially titanium carbide distributed through a heat treatable steel matrix containing by weight about 6 to 12% chromium, about 0.6 to 1.2% carbon, about 0.5 to 5% molybdenum, O to 5% tungsten, the total tungsten and molybdenum content not exceeding about 5%, 0 to 2% vanadium, 0 to 3% nickel, 0 to 5% cobalt, 0 to 1.5% silicon, 0 to 2% manganese and the balance essentially iron, the ratio by weight of chromium to carbon in the steel matrix ranging from about 7:1 to 25:1, the steel matrix surrounding the primary carbide grains being characterized by a microstructure comprising an austenitic decomposition product.
  • This invention relates to a temper resistant, chromium-containing titanium carbide tool steel and bar stock made therefrom and, in particular, to a temper resistant tool steel composition having particular use in wear'resistant cold-heading dies, cold-blanking dies, impact-extrusion dies, heavy cold-forming dies and the like applications, including dies working at temperatures of up to about 1,000" F.
  • Titanium carbide tool steel compositions are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,828,202 (assigned to the same assignee) comprising broadly primary grains of essentially titanium carbide distributed through a heat treatable steel matrix.
  • the steel is preferably produced using powder metallurgy methods which comprise broadly mixing powdered titanium carbide (primary carbide grains) with powdered steel-forming ingredients, forming a compact by pressing the mixture in a mold and then subjecting the compact to liquid phase sintering under non-oxidizing conditions, such as in a vacuum.
  • the term primary carbide employed herein is meant to cover the titanium carbide grains per se added directly in making up the composition and which grains are substantially unaffected by heat treatment.
  • TiC titanium carbide tool steel composition
  • substantially the balance a steel matrix about 500 grams of TiC (of about 5 to 7 microns in size) are mixed with 1,000 grams of steel-forming ingredients in a mill half filled with stainless steel balls.
  • To the powder ingredients is added one gram of paraffin wax for each 100 grams of mix. The milling is conducted for about 40 hours, using hexane as a vehicle.
  • the mix is removed and dried and compacts of a desired shape pressed at about 15 t.s.i. and the compacts then subjected to liquid phase sintering in vacuum at a temperature of about 2,640 F. (1,450 C.) for about A hour at a vacuum corresponding to 20 microns of mercury or better.
  • the compacts are cooled and then annealed by heating to about l,650 F. (900 C.) for 2 hours followed by cooling at a rate of about 60 F. (15 C.) per hour to about 212 F. (100 C.) and thereafter furnace cooled to room temperature to produce an annealed microstructure containing spheroidite.
  • the annealed hardness is in the neighborhood of about 45 R, and the high carbon tool steel is capable of being machined and/or ground into any desired tool shape or machine part prior to hardenmg.
  • the hardening treatment comprises heating the machined piece to an austenitizing temperature of about 1,750 F. for about one-quarter hour followed by quenching in oil or water to produce a hardness in the neighborhood of about 70 R
  • a composition which has been found to enjoy particular commercial success is one containing about 45 percent by volume of titanium carbide distributed substantially uniformly through a steel matrix making up the balance, the steel containing by weight about 0.6 percent carbon, about 3 percent chromium, about 3 percent molybdenum and the balance substantially iron.
  • a disadvantage of the foregoing composition is that, when used as a die material under conditions in which heat is generated due to friction, or where the metal being worked upon is preheated, over-tempering tended to occur, leading to softening of the die steel.
  • a die steel of the foregoing type softens to a hardness in the range of about 62 R, to 65 R,, it loses much ofits resistance to wear, whereby the die must accordingly be replaced with a more dimensionally precise one.
  • One approach made to overcome the aforementioned difficulty was to provide a heat treatable carbidic tool steel capable of secondary hardening at elevated temperatures, e.g. 1,000 to 1,200 F., such that when the carbidic tool steel was hardened at such temperatures, it resisted tempering or softening at lower temperatures when employed, for example, as a blanking die.
  • a heat treatable carbidic tool steel capable of secondary hardening at elevated temperatures, e.g. 1,000 to 1,200 F., such that when the carbidic tool steel was hardened at such temperatures, it resisted tempering or softening at lower temperatures when employed, for example, as a blanking die.
  • One such material is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,053,706 (assigned to the same assignee) comprising primary carbide grains of a saturated solid solution of tungsten carbide and titanium carbide (WC-TiC) distributed through a steel matrix containing dissolved tungsten in equilibrium with the saturated solid solution of the primary carbide.
  • a titanium carbide tool steel composition in which the steel matrix is characterized by a relatively high chromium content and further characterized by a particular ratio of chromium to carbon in the steel matrix to assure a composition having a secondary hardening effect and which resists tempering at die-working temperatures.
  • Another object is to provide a temper resistant, chromiumcontaining, titanium carbide tool steel characterized by a high degree of resistance to wear, particularly when employed as a die under conditions in which heat is generated during working, where the die is preheated and/or where the workpiece is presented to the die at above ambient temperatures.
  • FIG. 1 depicts curves comparing the tempering hardness after 1 hour of heating at various tempering temperatures of the composition of the invention with compositions outside the invention;
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate the use of the composition as a die element in a die wiping operation
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the use of the composition as a gate insert in injection molds.
  • the invention provides a heat treatable, temper resistant, chromium-containing carbidic tool steel having a total carbon content of at least about 6 percent by weight and comprising about 25 to 75 percent by volume, and more preferably about 30 to 65 percent of primary carbide grains of essentially titanium carbide distributed through a heat treatable steel matrix making up the balance, the steel matrix con taining by weight about 6 to 12 percent (e.g., about 8 to 12 percent) chromium, about 0.6 to 1.2 percent carbon (for example, about 0.7 to 1 percent carbon), about 0.5 to 5 percent molybdenum (e.g., about 2 to 5 percent), 0 to about 5 percent tungsten, the total tungsten and molybdenum content not exceeding about 5 percent, 0 to about 2 percent vanadium, 0 to about 3 percent nickel, 0 to about 5 percent cobalt, 0 to about 1.5 percent silicon, 0 to about 2 percent manganese and the balance essentially iron.
  • 6 to 12 percent e.g., about 8 to 12
  • the ratio by weight of chromium to car bon in the steel matrix ranges from about 7:1 to 25:1 and, more advantageously, from about 9:1 to 18:1, the steel matrix being characterized by a microstructure comprising an austenitic decomposition produce, for example, any one of the structures pearlite (spheroidite), bainite and martensite.
  • compositions within the range defined are characterized by minimum retained austenite.
  • minimum retained austenite Preferably, by controlling the carbon content in the matrix within the range of about 0.7 to 1 percent by weight and, more advantageously, over 0.8 percent and nearer to 1 percent, gross austenite retention is substantially eliminated, although carbon contents within the range of 0.6 to 1.2 percent have been found adequate in achieving the broad objects of the invention.
  • Titanium carbide tool steel compositions with steel matrices of various chromium, molybdenum and carbon contents were produced in which the titanium carbide comprised about 50% by volume, with the steel matrix making up the balance.
  • titanium carbide comprised about 50% by volume, with the steel matrix making up the balance.
  • l,000 grams of titanium carbide of about to 7 microns average size are mixed in a steel ball mill (stainless steel balls) with 1,500 grams of steel-forming ingredients comprising carbonyl iron powder of 20 microns average size and various amounts of chromium, molybdenum and carbon, with or without vanadium to provide the compositions given in Table I set forth hereinafter.
  • any free carbon in the titanium carbide raw material is taken into account.
  • To the mix is added one gram of paraffin wax for each 100 grams of mix.
  • the milling is conducted for about 40 hours with the mill half full of steel balls of about one-halfinch in diameter, using hexane as the vehicle.
  • the mix is removed and vacuum dried.
  • a proportion of the mixed product is compressed in a die at about tons per square inch to the desired shape.
  • the shape is liquid phase sintered, that is, sintered above the melting point of the matrix composition, at a temperature of about l,435 C. for one-half hour in vacuum, e.g., a vacuum corresponding to microns of mercury or better.
  • the shape is cooled and then annealed by heating to 900 C. for 2 hours followed by cooling at a rate of about 15 C. per hour to about 100 C. to produce an annealed microstructure containing spheroidite, the annealed hardness of the compositions ranging from about 40 R, to 50 R
  • Examples of compositions produced within the range provided by the invention are as follows:
  • composition of the invention peaks to a relatively high hardness at A of about 69 to 70 R when subjected to secondary hardening for 1 hour at 1,000 E, the room temperature hardness prior to tempering being about 67 to 68 R Having once been secondary hardened to produce secondary carbides in the matrix, the alloy steel of the invention will resist softening at working temperatures below l,0O0 F.
  • the titanium carbide steel of alloy X a commercially successful steel composition having a matrix containing 3 percent Cr, 3 percent M0, 0.6 percent carbon and the balance essentially iron showed no secondary hardening effect whatever but, on the contrary, shows a substantial drop in hardness at temering temperatures above 600 F.
  • the carbide tool steel Y is a composition comprising approximately 50% by volume ofa saturated solid solution of primary carbide grains of WC-TiC (35 percent WC-15 percent TiC) distributed through a steel matrix making up the balance, the steel matrix being a high speed steel type comprising about 18 percent W, 5 percent Cr, 0.8 percent C and the balance essentially iron.
  • this entirely different composition shows secondary hardening but has the disadvantage of being difficult to make in large sections because of which the product produced tends to be porous which adversely affects its toughness.
  • the titanium carbide tool steel composition is similar in its ease of manufacture to composition X," except for its surprisingly good response to secondary hardening. Like X,” it can be produced in large sizes and, therefore, has particular applicability to the making of dies for the blanking, forming and trimming of metals, particularly where die temperature becomes a factor due to working friction, or as die inserts for gates in injection molds, where heat of the plastic being molded tends to adversely affect the metal employed at the gate-forming section of the mold.
  • compositions outside the invention containing about 50 percent by volume of the steel matrix.
  • the annealed hardness of the total composition was 43.6 R and the quenched hardness (2,000 F. oil) was 67.5 R while the hardness after tempering at 1,000 F. for 1 hour dropped to 64.9, thus indicating no secondary hardening response.
  • the chromium-containing, titanium carbide tool steel is particularly useful as a temper resistant die element, whether used for contacting metals during metal working (e.g., metal forming, deep drawing, blanking, etc.) or metal trimming operations, or for contacting hot plastic in injection molding operations.
  • metal working e.g., metal forming, deep drawing, blanking, etc.
  • metal trimming operations e.g., metal trimming operations
  • hot plastic in injection molding operations e.g., metal forming, deep drawing, blanking, etc.
  • the composition of the invention has shown particular use in die wiping applications where considerable heat is generated by friction on the die.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 An example of such an operation is shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, wherein die element is shown made of the composition of the invention comprising about 45 percent by volume of titanium carbide and about 55 percent ,by volume. of the chro'miurn-csntaining steel matrix, the steel containing by weight about 10 percent chromium, about 3 percent molybdenum, about 0.8 to 1 percent carbon and the balance essentially iron.
  • the die element 10 is employed in wiping down or forming the end of a stainless steel angle trim ll employed as trimming on automobile bodies, the trimming being supported or nested on a triangularly shaped anvil or die block 12 as shown by the end view of FIG. 3.
  • the angle 11 overhangs an end face 14 of the anvil (FIG.
  • the grooved wiping die 10 is brought down upon the overhanging portion so that its groove portion 10A which conforms in contour to the crosssectional profile of the angle deforms the overhang of the angle to produce a flat end face on the angle trim.
  • the angle 11 is held fast to the anvil by a pressure pad (not shown) which is represented by an arrow 15, and the die element 10 is carried by a force-applying shaft (not shown), the application of force being represented by arrow 16.
  • die element 10 is spaced a short distance from end face 14 of the anvil to allow sufficient room for metal deformation as the die moves downward to effect complete wiping and hence deformation of the overhang to close off the end of the angle trim. Excess metal resulting from the deformation is later trimmed off.
  • a die similar to FIGS. 2 and 3, which was subjected to secondary hardening to provide a hardness of 68 R deformed l,276 pieces of cold rolled steel angle with no sign of metal pick-up on the die face.
  • a die steel designated as SAE-Wl 10 showed metal pick-up after only 55 pieces; a die steel designated as SAE-DZ showed metal pickup after 25 pieces; while a die steel referred to as SAE-D7 showed metal pick-up after 208 pieces.
  • the die of the invention resisted tempering during the deforming operation, retained its hardness and avoided metal pick-up while deforming 1,276 pieces of cold rolled steel angle.
  • the composition of the invention has particular use as insert material at the gate portion of plastic injection molds.
  • a portion of an injection mold assembly 17 is shown in FIG. 4, the main portion of the mold comprising inserts 18 in the form of removable cavity-defining inserts into which cavity 19 plastic is injected via sprue 20, the plastic then flowing through gates defined by removable gate block inserts 21.
  • the plastic is generally injected at elevated temperatures and the gate block inserts should be made of temper resistant material and be resistant to erosion.
  • a plastic blended with asbestos which is injected at a temperature of about 500 to 600 F. can erode the gate insert material, unless it is able to retain its hardness under the foregoing temperature.
  • the composition of the invention finds use in such applications.
  • the invention provides a temper resistant die element for use in environments where there is a tendenc for the die to heat up due to frictional heat III the forming, b anking or trimming of metals or where the material contacting the die has sensible heat which is absorbed by the die element during operation.
  • other elements may be present in the steel matrix.
  • up to 5 percent by weight of cobalt and/or up to 2 percent vanadium may be added to the matrix to promote red hardness, and up to about 1.5 percent silicon or 2 percent manganese and/or up to about 3 percent nickel may be added to impart added toughness.
  • Tungsten which behaves similarly to molybdenum, may be added up to about 5 percent, the total tungsten and molybdenum content not exceeding about 5 percent.
  • the titanium carbide tool steel has advantages other than heat treatment. For example, final grinding on the tool steel composition unless carefully done, can produce overtempering of the working surfaces of the die tool being ground. This may lead to premature failure of the tool. However, tests have indicated that the composition of the invention is essentially insensitive or greatly less sensitive to final grinding damage, particularly when it is plunge ground. Moreover, vacuum heat treatment of fairly heavy sections of the novel composition (e.g., 2 inches by 2 inches cross section) is possible, provided the usual precautions are taken to avoid decarburization.
  • a hardened wear resistant element comprising a hardened chromium-containing titanium carbide tool steel containing about 25 to 75 percent by volume of primary carbide grains of essentially titanium carbide distributed through a hardened steel matrix consisting essentially by weight of about 8 to 12 percent chromium, about 0.6 to 1.2 percent carbon, about 0.5 to 5 percent molybdenum, 0 to 5 percent tungsten, the total molybdenum and tungsten content not exceeding about 5 percent, 0 to about 2 percent vanadium, 0 to about 3 percent nickel, O to about 5 percent cobalt, 0 to about 1.5 percent silicon, 0 to about 2 percent manganese and the balance essentially iron, the ratio by weight of chromium to carbon in the steel matrix ranging from over 7:! to 25:1, the steel matrix surrounding the primary carbide grains being characterized by a microstructure of essentially martensite and being further characterized such that when the hardened tool steel is tempered at 1,000 F., it exhibits improved response to secondary hardening
  • the wear resistant element of claim I wherein the carbon content of the composition of the wear resistant element ranges from about 0.7 to 1 percent, and wherein the chromium to carbon ratio in the steel matrix ranges from about 9:1 to 18:1.

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DE (1) DE2048151B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
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Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3819364A (en) * 1972-09-29 1974-06-25 Deutsche Edelstahlwerke Gmbh Welding hard metal composition
DE2411017A1 (de) * 1973-11-06 1975-05-07 Chromalloy American Corp Stahl-gebundene titancarbid-massen und deren herstellung sowie daraus gefertigte, gehaertete, verschleissfeste elemente
DE2415688A1 (de) * 1973-11-06 1975-05-15 Chromalloy American Corp Stahl-gebundene titancarbid-massen und deren herstellung sowie daraus gefertigte, gehaertete, verschleissfeste elemente
US3888662A (en) * 1973-02-09 1975-06-10 Kennametal Inc Method of centrifugally compacting granular material using a destructible mold
US3909310A (en) * 1973-08-24 1975-09-30 Ford Motor Co Apex seal design
US4023739A (en) * 1975-04-09 1977-05-17 Uddeholms Aktiebolag Lining element for pulp refiners
US4030946A (en) * 1976-04-13 1977-06-21 Carpenter Technology Corporation Eliminating prior particle boundary delineation
DE2903082A1 (de) * 1978-01-27 1979-08-09 Chromalloy American Corp Gesinterter titancarbid-werkzeugstahl
FR2415666A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1978-01-27 1979-08-24 Chromalloy American Corp
US4194910A (en) * 1978-06-23 1980-03-25 Chromalloy American Corporation Sintered P/M products containing pre-alloyed titanium carbide additives
US4704336A (en) * 1984-03-12 1987-11-03 General Electric Company Solid particle erosion resistant coating utilizing titanium carbide
US4853182A (en) * 1987-10-02 1989-08-01 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Method of making metal matrix composites reinforced with ceramic particulates
US5160690A (en) * 1991-11-15 1992-11-03 Xaloy Incorporated Process for using a high pressure injection molding cylinder
US5290507A (en) * 1991-02-19 1994-03-01 Runkle Joseph C Method for making tool steel with high thermal fatigue resistance
US5462573A (en) * 1987-10-10 1995-10-31 Brico Engineering Limited Valve seat inserts of sintered ferrous materials
US5574954A (en) * 1992-06-04 1996-11-12 Alloy Technology International, Inc. Erosion-resistant titanium carbide composites and processes for making them
US6037287A (en) * 1997-11-26 2000-03-14 Praxair S.T. Technology, Inc. Laser clad pot roll sleeves and bushings for galvanizing baths
US6793705B2 (en) 2001-10-24 2004-09-21 Keystone Investment Corporation Powder metal materials having high temperature wear and corrosion resistance
US20120107640A1 (en) * 2010-10-29 2012-05-03 Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd. Process for joining carbon steel part and silicon carbide ceramic part and composite articles made by same

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP3263726A1 (de) * 2016-06-29 2018-01-03 Deutsche Edelstahlwerke GmbH Fe-basiswerkstoff und verfahren zu seiner herstellung

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US2934430A (en) * 1959-02-04 1960-04-26 Allegheny Ludlum Steel High temperature bearing alloys
US2996376A (en) * 1961-04-06 1961-08-15 Crucible Steel Co America Low alloy steel having high hardness at elevated temperatures
US3163525A (en) * 1964-01-13 1964-12-29 Latrobe Steel Co Ferrous alloys and articles made therefrom
US3380861A (en) * 1964-05-06 1968-04-30 Deutsche Edelstahlwerke Ag Sintered steel-bonded carbide hard alloys
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Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3819364A (en) * 1972-09-29 1974-06-25 Deutsche Edelstahlwerke Gmbh Welding hard metal composition
US3888662A (en) * 1973-02-09 1975-06-10 Kennametal Inc Method of centrifugally compacting granular material using a destructible mold
US3909310A (en) * 1973-08-24 1975-09-30 Ford Motor Co Apex seal design
DE2411017A1 (de) * 1973-11-06 1975-05-07 Chromalloy American Corp Stahl-gebundene titancarbid-massen und deren herstellung sowie daraus gefertigte, gehaertete, verschleissfeste elemente
DE2415688A1 (de) * 1973-11-06 1975-05-15 Chromalloy American Corp Stahl-gebundene titancarbid-massen und deren herstellung sowie daraus gefertigte, gehaertete, verschleissfeste elemente
US3966423A (en) * 1973-11-06 1976-06-29 Mal M Kumar Grain refinement of titanium carbide tool steel
US3977837A (en) * 1973-11-06 1976-08-31 Chromalloy American Corporation Titanium carbide tool steel having improved properties
US4023739A (en) * 1975-04-09 1977-05-17 Uddeholms Aktiebolag Lining element for pulp refiners
US4030946A (en) * 1976-04-13 1977-06-21 Carpenter Technology Corporation Eliminating prior particle boundary delineation
FR2415666A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1978-01-27 1979-08-24 Chromalloy American Corp
DE2903082A1 (de) * 1978-01-27 1979-08-09 Chromalloy American Corp Gesinterter titancarbid-werkzeugstahl
US4174967A (en) * 1978-01-27 1979-11-20 Chromalloy American Corporation Titanium carbide tool steel composition for hot-work application
US4194910A (en) * 1978-06-23 1980-03-25 Chromalloy American Corporation Sintered P/M products containing pre-alloyed titanium carbide additives
US4704336A (en) * 1984-03-12 1987-11-03 General Electric Company Solid particle erosion resistant coating utilizing titanium carbide
US4853182A (en) * 1987-10-02 1989-08-01 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Method of making metal matrix composites reinforced with ceramic particulates
US5462573A (en) * 1987-10-10 1995-10-31 Brico Engineering Limited Valve seat inserts of sintered ferrous materials
US5290507A (en) * 1991-02-19 1994-03-01 Runkle Joseph C Method for making tool steel with high thermal fatigue resistance
US5160690A (en) * 1991-11-15 1992-11-03 Xaloy Incorporated Process for using a high pressure injection molding cylinder
US5574954A (en) * 1992-06-04 1996-11-12 Alloy Technology International, Inc. Erosion-resistant titanium carbide composites and processes for making them
US6037287A (en) * 1997-11-26 2000-03-14 Praxair S.T. Technology, Inc. Laser clad pot roll sleeves and bushings for galvanizing baths
US6793705B2 (en) 2001-10-24 2004-09-21 Keystone Investment Corporation Powder metal materials having high temperature wear and corrosion resistance
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JPS5036410B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1975-11-25
ES383805A1 (es) 1973-07-16
GB1282269A (en) 1972-07-19
FR2072889A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1971-09-24
CH527907A (fr) 1972-09-15
DE2048151A1 (de) 1971-07-22
SE374138B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1975-02-24
DE2048151B2 (de) 1972-03-23

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