US3651650A - Apparatus for making underground passages - Google Patents

Apparatus for making underground passages Download PDF

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Publication number
US3651650A
US3651650A US50729A US3651650DA US3651650A US 3651650 A US3651650 A US 3651650A US 50729 A US50729 A US 50729A US 3651650D A US3651650D A US 3651650DA US 3651650 A US3651650 A US 3651650A
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Prior art keywords
soil
tubular element
axially
pressure
transmitting members
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Expired - Lifetime
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US50729A
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English (en)
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Bruno Weiss
Richard Weiss
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
    • E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
    • E21D11/04—Lining with building materials
    • E21D11/08—Lining with building materials with preformed concrete slabs
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
    • E21D9/00—Tunnels or galleries, with or without linings; Methods or apparatus for making thereof; Layout of tunnels or galleries
    • E21D9/005—Tunnels or galleries, with or without linings; Methods or apparatus for making thereof; Layout of tunnels or galleries by forcing prefabricated elements through the ground, e.g. by pushing lining from an access pit

Definitions

  • At least one elongated tubular element is provided which is to be axially forced into the soil by the jacks and which has a circumferentially complete annular cross section.
  • a plurality of pressure-transmitting members are provided which are to be interposed between a trailing end of the tubular element and the hydraulic jacks. These pressure-transmitting members each have a circumferentially complete annular cross section corresponding to that of the tubular element and are composed essentially of high-strength reinforced centrifugal concrete provided with annular metallic reinforcing rings embedded at opposite axial ends of the respective pressure-transmitting member.
  • the present invention relates generally to an apparatus for making underground passages, and more particularly to an apparatus for pressing or forcing tubular members into the soil below ground.
  • lt is known to make underground passages, where the soil is loose enough and where geological conditions permit, by forcing tubular elements into the soil in axial alignment with one another until the desired passage length has been reached.
  • This approach is used for making underground liquid conduits, underground passages for wires, cables and the like, and generally underground passages for any desired purpose where this approach is feasible.
  • a shaft is driven from the ground level to the desired depth and an arrangement utilizing hydraulic jacks or piston and cylinder arrangements is mounted at the desired depth. From this shaft the tubular elements are then pressed into the circumferential wall of the shaft in the direction in which the conduit or passage is intended to lead.
  • the shaft may have a polygonal or circular cross section and is driven to the desired depth either by using largediameter tubular elements similar to or identical with those which subsequently are to be driven into the soil below ground for making the passage, or by using specially produced and configurated annular elements, These are placed vertically on the ground with the lower end of the lowest annular element being closed, and thereupon soil is removed from beneath until the lowest element descends into and is embedded in the ground. Now another element is placed atop the lowest element and more ground is removed until it also becomes embedded. This is continued until the shaft reaches the desired depth.
  • the annular or tubular elements of course prevent the collapse of the walls of the thus-produced shaft.
  • the sole thereof is cemented or otherwise prepared, and in the circumferential shaft wall so called concrete protective elements of tubular character are pressed into the soil at diametrally opposite sides of the shaft, with the elements being axially aligned and with their axes extending in the direction and, if necessary, at the inclination which the passage to be produced is to have.
  • the length of these protective tubular elements is usually about 1.5 to 2 meters and their cross section is such that the tubular elements which are to form the underground passage can be passed through them.
  • the tubular protective elements may remain in place even after the passage is completed and in effect constitute a connection at the ends of the passage where the latter joins with the shaft.
  • the shaft wall is previously provided or is subsequently to completion of the shaft provided with openings through which these tubular elements can be pushed into the soil.
  • tubular elements having a length of approximately 1.5 1.8 meters This amounts to about half the length at which such tubular elements are ordinarily produced. Normally they have a length of between 3 meters and 3.6 meters and a nominal diameter of between cm. and 3.5 meters and consist of reinforced centrifugal concrete.
  • tubular elements having only about half the standard length has the advantage that the working and access shaft which must first be sunk need have only a smaller cross-sectional area than would otherwise be required.
  • a pressing station is arranged in that protective tubular element which is located at the side of the shaft facing away from the direction in which the passage is to be driven.
  • Suitable reinforcements are provided against which the hydraulic jacks of the pressing station can bear, and it will be appreciated that a plurality of such hydraulic jacks are arranged in axial parallelism with one another.
  • the first tubular element is lowered from above and is provided at that one of its ends which in operation will be the leading endthat is the one that is to be driven first into the soilwith a cutting edge such as a beveled or inclined edge. It is arranged so as to extend in axial parallelism with the hydraulic jacks and to be pushed into the opposite one of the tubular protective elements. This is done and thereupon the hydraulic jacks proceed to push the first tubular element into the soil at the outer end of the protective tubular element.
  • the operating or working stroke of the hydraulic jacks is usually approximately 55 cm. and because of this the tubular element is driven into the ground in stepwise manner by interposing pressure-transmitting members between its trailing end and the hydraulic jacks. 1f the length of the tubular element itself is between 1.5 and 1.8 meters, at least four of these pressure-transmitting members are needed and according to the prior art they are of approximately U-shaped cross-sectional configuration with the open side of the cross section facing upwardly. The purpose is to permit removal of the soil which is moved rearwardly through the respective tubular element from the leading end thereof by means of a suitable carriage capable of advancing within the tubular element. The carriage is then lifted out once it reaches the access shaft. Of course, the upper open side must then provide sufficient clearance for permitting the removal of the carriage.
  • the pressure-transmitting members of substantially U-shaped cross section have the significant disadvantage that they exert an evidently unevently distributed force upon the trailing end of the tubular element which is being driven into the ground-or the respectively trailing element if more than one is driven simultaneously in axial alignment of the various tubular elements-because the trailing end of the tubular element which is contacted by the pressure-transmitting members is circumferentially complete whereas the pressuretransmitting members themselves are circumferentially incomplete.
  • the distribution of force is uneven and therefore can lead to damage of the trailing end of the respective tubular element in contact with the leading pressuretransmitting member.
  • a further and different prior art approach mounts the entire pressing station with the hydraulic jacks for movement along with the tubular elements as the latter are being driven into the soil.
  • suitable guide means must be provided and the entire large rather complicated and very expensive pressing station as well as the trailing end of the tubular element (or the trailing tubular element of a set of axial aligned tubular elements) must be mounted on rollers which move on guide rails which are provided on the sole of the working or access shaft.
  • a concomitant object of the present invention is to provide such an improved apparatus which is very simple and rather inexpensive in its construction and operation.
  • Still a further object of the invention is to provide such an apparatus which can be readily adapted to various different local circumstances and conditions.
  • An additional object of the invention is to provide such an apparatus which is reliable and simple in its operation.
  • Still a further object of the invention is to provide such an apparatus which is of relatively small dimensions and whose inexpensive and simple construction and operation permit a significant reduction in the expense of producing underground passages by driving tubular elements into the soil.
  • one feature of the invention resides in an apparatus for forcing tubular elements through soil so as to make underground passages.
  • This apparatus comprises, briefly stated in accordance with one embodiment, pressing means adapted to be arranged below ground level and including advancing means reciprocable towards and away from an exposed soil surface. At least one elongated tubular element is provided which is to be axially forced into the soil from said exposed soil surface, and which has a first predetermined circumferentially complete annular cross section.
  • a plurality of pressure-transmitting members is adapted to be interposed between a trailing end of the tubular element and the advancing means, and these pressure-transmitting members each have a second circumferentially complete annular cross section corresponding to the first cross section and are composed essentially of high-strength reinforced centrifugal concrete having annular metallic reinforcing portions embedded at opposite axial ends.
  • the annular reinforcing portions are preferably of steel and preferably embedded during centrifuging of the concrete.
  • the latter preferably incorporates synthetic resin material and must have a compression strength of at least 1,000 kg./cm.
  • the pressure-transmitting members can be produced not only much more quickly than heretofore but also at a fraction of the previous cost.
  • a cross section which is circumferentially complete, rather than interrupt it as in the case of the previously known U-shaped or analogous cross section the force transmitted to the trailing end of the tubular element in contact with the respective pressure-transmitting member is evenly distributed and the danger of damage to the trailing end of the tubular element is significantly reduced or completely eliminated.
  • the pressure-transmitting members in two axial lengths, firstly of a length which is slightly less than the length of the working stroke of the hydraulic jacks, and secondly of a length which is double or substantially double that of the first length.
  • the reason for this will be readily understood when one assumes, by way of example, that the hydraulic jacks have a working-stroke length of approximately 55 cm. and the tubular elements to be pressed into the soil have a length of approximately 1.8 meters. Given these dimensions, it is enough to use a total of three pressuretransmitting members, namely one having a length of approximately 45 cm. and two each having a length of approximately cm.
  • the present invention provides a pressing station which is so constructed that the soil to be removed can be lifted upwardly and out of the pressing station itself.
  • This has the further advantage that it makes it possible to arrange the pressing station itself within the confines of the access shaft rather than requiring that it be accommodated in that one of the protective tubular element which is embedded in the soil at the side of the shaft opposite that where the passage is being driven.
  • the latter is in form of a cylindrical casing provided in its circumferential wall with an opening which in operation will be upwardly directed, facing the upper open end of the shaft, with the wall being made of steel.
  • Steel rings are mounted on the wall at the inner side thereof and are provided with a plurality of axially parallel holding arrangements for the respective hydraulic jacks.
  • Advantageously two such steel rings are provided which are axially spaced with the holding arrangements in one ring always being axially aligned with the corresponding holding arrangement in the other ring.
  • the pressing station is to be used in an access shaft of relatively small cross-sectional area, then it may be necessary to lift the pressing station upwardly and out of the access shaft when a new tubular element is to be lowered into the latter for driving into the soil.
  • This is a simple matter, however, because a crane or similar lifting device must be present in any case to permit lowering of the tubular elements and this can be utilized for lifting the pressing station temporarily out of the shaft and subsequently re-introducing it.
  • An additional advantage of the pressing station according to the present invention is the fact that it makes it possible to drive passages in two diametrally opposite directions of a single access shaft. This is possible because utilizing the pressing station according to the present invention, the tubular element or elements already pressed in one direction into the soil can subsequently be used as a support upon which the hydraulic jacks of the pressing station bear for pressing a tubular element or tubular elements into the soil at the diametrally opposite side of the access shaft, and for this purpose it is simply necessary to turn the pressing station around through 180.
  • FIGURE is a somewhat diagrammatic fragmentary sectional elevation, with parts broken away, illustrating an apparatus according to the present invention in position for use in the ground.
  • reference numeral 5 identifies the lower portion of an access shaft which has been driven downwardly from the upper surface through the ground 5, with the sole 2 of the access shaft 1 being concreted.
  • a pair of concrete protective elements 4 and 4 are driven into the soil 5 at diametrally opposite locations of the shaft 1 at the desired height and axial orientation at which an underground passage 3 is to be produced.
  • the leading ends of the tubular elements 4 and 4 are provided with beveled or otherwise suitably configurated cutting edges 4a to facilitate their pressing into the soil.
  • the cross-sectional configuration of the tubular protective elements 4 is such that individual tubular elements 6 can be pushed through them without difficulty so as to be pressed into the soil. It is these tubular elements 6 which form the passage 3. While the drawing does not show this, the leading end of the leading tubular end 6 has arranged in front of it in the manner already known and conventional in this field, a steel cutting ring which has the same function as the cutting edges 4a on the elements 4 and 4'.
  • a pressing station 7 in form of a steel cylinder 8 which is mounted essentially horizontally and provided in its circumferential wall with an opening which is directed upwardly towards the upper open end of the shaft 1.
  • the cylinder 8 is provided with two circumferentially extending steel rings 9 which are axially spaced from one another and each of which is provided with a plurality of openings 9a which extend in axial parallelism with one another.
  • Each opening 9a in one ring is in axial alignment with a corresponding opening 9a in the other ring.
  • a requisite number of standard pressing jacks, such as standard hydraulic cylinders whose construction needs no detailed description, is introduced into the respectively aligned openings 9a of these rings 9.
  • jacks required will of course depend upon the force which they can exert as well as upon the force which is required in a given circumstance, and the jacks are identified with reference numeral 10. They may for instance have an operating or working stroke of 55 cm. or else more or less.
  • the trailing ends that is those which provide the support of the jacks, abut against a steel supporting ring 11 which in turn is supported against a tubular element 6 received in the tubular protective element 4, and in turn the thus received tubular element 6 abuts against the soil at the outer or remote end of the element 4'.
  • the rams of the jacks are identified with reference numeral l2 and in the illustrated embodiment press against a pressure-transmitting member 130 constructed in accordance with the present invention and having a circumferentially complete cross-sectional configuration corresponding to that of the tubular elements 6 which are to be pressed into the soil 5 to form the passage 3.
  • the member 13a has a length of approximately 45 cm.
  • two similar members 13b Arranged subsequent to the member 13a are two similar members 13b which are, however, both of double the axial length of the member 13a, that is they each have a length of approximately cm.
  • the members 13a and 13b consist of centrifugal concrete including synthetic resin material and having embedded therein a double-layer spiral steel reinforcement 14; their pressure resistance is at least 1,000 kg./cm. and they each are provided at their opposite axial ends with an embedded steel pressure ring 15.
  • the axial strength of the ring 15 is such, for instance approximately 50 mm., that the pressure of the rams 12 against the axial ends of the members 13 and 13b cannot cause any damage to these members.
  • the soil-filled carriage or carriages roll inside the tubular elements'6 on a sheet metal or other temporary flooring supported by the rings 9, and are moved rearwardly until they enter the cylinder 8 and are aligned with the opening 16 in the circumferential wall of the latter, whereupon they are lifted out of the opening 16 and the shaft 1 by suitable lifting device at or near ground level.
  • the station 7 can be turned through and tubular elements 6 can then be pressed into the soil 5 in axial alignment with the ones which have just been introduced, but in opposite axial direction.
  • the operation is the same as already described with the already introduced string of tubular elements 6 now serving as an abutment for the hydraulic jacks.
  • the invention resolves all of the problems which have been found disadvantageous in the prior art, and does so in a simple, inexpensiveand highly reliable manner.
  • the construction according to the present invention requires little space and can be adapted to various different requirements in a simple, speedy and efficient manner.
  • Apparatus for making underground passages comprising conduit means adapted to be driven into the soil so as to form an access shaft therein, said conduit means having a circumferential wall provided with a pair of diametrally opposite apertures of predetermined diameter; pressing means including a pressing station located in its entirety in said access shaft within the confines of said circumferential wall and underground at the level of said apertures, said pressing means comprising advancing means reciprocable towards and away from an underground soil surface exposed through one of said apertures; at least one elongated tubular element which is to be forced axially into the soil from said exposed soil surface, and having a circumferentially complete annular cross section and a smaller second diameter; and a plurality of pressuretransmitting members adapted to be interposed between a trailing end of said tubular element and said advancing means, said pressure-transmitting members each having a second circumferentially complete annular cross section corresponding to that of said tubular element, a third diameter corresponding to said second diameter, and being composed essentially of high-s
  • said pressing station comprising a cylindrical housing adapted to be normally positioned in at least substantially horizontal orientation and having in its circumferential wall a normally upwardly directed inlet and outlet opening communicating and substantially axially parallel to said conduit means.
  • centrifugal concrete has a resistance to compression of at least 1,000 kg./cm.
  • said advancing means has a working stroke of predetennined length; said pressure-transmitting members comprising a first member having a first axial length slightly smaller than said predetermined length, and a second member having a second axial length at least substantially equal to twice said first axial length.
  • said advancing means comprising fluid-operated cylinder and piston means.
  • said pressing means further comprising a plurality of axially spaced annular guide elements located at an inner side of said circumferential wall and extending circumferentially of said cylindrical housing, said guide elements being arranged with a plurality of axially oriented mounts for said cylinder and piston means with the mounts in the respective guide elements being aligned axially of said housing.
  • said cylinder and piston means comprising a plurality of cylinder and piston units each lodged in axially aligned mounts of the respective guide elements.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Lining And Supports For Tunnels (AREA)
  • Placing Or Removing Of Piles Or Sheet Piles, Or Accessories Thereof (AREA)
US50729A 1969-06-30 1970-06-29 Apparatus for making underground passages Expired - Lifetime US3651650A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19691933066 DE1933066B1 (de) 1969-06-30 1969-06-30 Vorrichtung zum Vorpressen von Rohren beim Herstellen unterirdischer Stollen und Kanaele

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US3651650A true US3651650A (en) 1972-03-28

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US50729A Expired - Lifetime US3651650A (en) 1969-06-30 1970-06-29 Apparatus for making underground passages

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US (1) US3651650A (de)
DE (1) DE1933066B1 (de)
FR (1) FR2051426A5 (de)
GB (1) GB1290058A (de)
NL (1) NL7009628A (de)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3708984A (en) * 1971-09-15 1973-01-09 Ameron Inc Tunnel liner jacking system and method
DE2912217A1 (de) * 1979-03-28 1980-10-09 Thyssen Industrie Verfahren zum herstellen einer wasserdichten, rohrfoermigen auskleidung fuer insbesondere in bergsenkungsgebieten bzw. in gebieten mit stoerungen in der erdrinde z.b in geschlossener bauweise- hergestellte tunnel und vorrichtung zum durchfuehren deses verfahrens
US4352594A (en) * 1980-08-25 1982-10-05 Koichi Uemura Method and apparatus for constructing underground structure
US4726711A (en) * 1985-04-01 1988-02-23 Shanda Tian Process and apparatus to form an underground passage or space

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2499147B1 (fr) * 1980-08-29 1986-01-17 Uemura Koichi Procede et dispositif de construction d'une structure souterraine par avancement de corps cylindriques
DE19738298C1 (de) 1997-09-02 1999-04-08 Poly Clip System Gmbh & Co Kg Verfahren zum Einrichten einer Verschließmaschine und Vorrichtung zum Verschließen von Verschlußklammern
EP1757522B1 (de) 2005-08-26 2009-05-06 Tipper Tie Alpina AG Verfahren und Clipvorrichtung zum Verschliessen wurstförmiger Verpackungen

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1948733A (en) * 1932-07-18 1934-02-27 Massey Concrete Products Corp Apparatus for installing and guiding pipe or the like
US1948707A (en) * 1932-10-24 1934-02-27 Massey Concrete Products Corp Apparatus and method for installing pipe
US2325565A (en) * 1941-01-10 1943-07-27 Cons Edison Co New York Inc Installation of underground ducts
US2967401A (en) * 1955-03-16 1961-01-10 American Marietta Co Apparatus for jacking tunnels
US3005314A (en) * 1958-01-10 1961-10-24 Wesley B Cunningham Method and apparatus for forming tunnels or other underground conduit installations
US3234743A (en) * 1963-05-23 1966-02-15 Nathan Levine System of forming tunnels

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1948733A (en) * 1932-07-18 1934-02-27 Massey Concrete Products Corp Apparatus for installing and guiding pipe or the like
US1948707A (en) * 1932-10-24 1934-02-27 Massey Concrete Products Corp Apparatus and method for installing pipe
US2325565A (en) * 1941-01-10 1943-07-27 Cons Edison Co New York Inc Installation of underground ducts
US2967401A (en) * 1955-03-16 1961-01-10 American Marietta Co Apparatus for jacking tunnels
US3005314A (en) * 1958-01-10 1961-10-24 Wesley B Cunningham Method and apparatus for forming tunnels or other underground conduit installations
US3234743A (en) * 1963-05-23 1966-02-15 Nathan Levine System of forming tunnels

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3708984A (en) * 1971-09-15 1973-01-09 Ameron Inc Tunnel liner jacking system and method
DE2912217A1 (de) * 1979-03-28 1980-10-09 Thyssen Industrie Verfahren zum herstellen einer wasserdichten, rohrfoermigen auskleidung fuer insbesondere in bergsenkungsgebieten bzw. in gebieten mit stoerungen in der erdrinde z.b in geschlossener bauweise- hergestellte tunnel und vorrichtung zum durchfuehren deses verfahrens
US4352594A (en) * 1980-08-25 1982-10-05 Koichi Uemura Method and apparatus for constructing underground structure
US4726711A (en) * 1985-04-01 1988-02-23 Shanda Tian Process and apparatus to form an underground passage or space

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE1933066B1 (de) 1970-12-10
NL7009628A (de) 1971-01-04
GB1290058A (de) 1972-09-20
FR2051426A5 (de) 1971-04-02

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