US3645233A - Apparatus for successively applying a plurality of coatings to a substrate - Google Patents

Apparatus for successively applying a plurality of coatings to a substrate Download PDF

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Publication number
US3645233A
US3645233A US18276A US3645233DA US3645233A US 3645233 A US3645233 A US 3645233A US 18276 A US18276 A US 18276A US 3645233D A US3645233D A US 3645233DA US 3645233 A US3645233 A US 3645233A
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United States
Prior art keywords
substrate
coatings
coating
stripe
plastic material
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Expired - Lifetime
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US18276A
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English (en)
Inventor
Ralph Ephraim Mishler
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Globe Union Inc
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Globe Union Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C17/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing resistors
    • H01C17/06—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing resistors adapted for coating resistive material on a base
    • H01C17/065—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing resistors adapted for coating resistive material on a base by thick film techniques, e.g. serigraphy
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D1/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials
    • B05D1/26—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials performed by applying the liquid or other fluent material from an outlet device in contact with, or almost in contact with, the surface
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D1/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials
    • B05D1/40—Distributing applied liquids or other fluent materials by members moving relatively to surface
    • B05D1/42—Distributing applied liquids or other fluent materials by members moving relatively to surface by non-rotary members
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D5/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures
    • B05D5/06—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures to obtain multicolour or other optical effects
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D3/00—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials
    • B05D3/02—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by baking
    • B05D3/0254—After-treatment
    • B05D3/0263—After-treatment with IR heaters

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT An apparatus for successively applying to the surface of a dielectric substrate, a plurality of parallel microthin coatings with the adjacent edges forming a fine edge overlap, each coating formed from a flowable viscous plastic material having dispersed therethrough particles that exhibit discrete electrical properties so that the adjacent coatings forming the thin line overlapped junction between them have uniform and improved electrical characteristics across the junction between the different plastic materials.
  • This invention relates to an apparatus for coating a substrate from which resistor-type elements, such as linear and nonlinear resistors can be formed for use as components in sophisticated electronic circuitry where the uniformity of quality of the resistor elements is of paramount importance to their function and ability to remain operative over extended periods of time.
  • Such resistor elements require a plurality of coatings of material having different conductive properties by forming on the surface of a substrate, such as a dielectrical substance, a plurality of coatings that are parallel to each other with adjacent coatings in a thin or fine edge-to-edge overlap relationship so that there is a fine edge junction between adjacent coatings. It is important that the resistor elements have a particular edge-to-edge relationship between coatings with the relationship being one of a fine edge overlap in the form of a reversed taper so that there is a distinct line of demarcation on the surface of the coating between the two types of adjacent materials. Such a junction produces parallel strip coatings which exhibit a smooth transition in the change of electrical characteristics from one coating to its adjacent coating.
  • the coating of two or more conductor-type materials having different electrical properties in overlapped edge-to-edge relationship is particularly difiicult where the coatings are microthin and are applied to a thin phenolic resin substrate by striping where adjacent coatings must be deposited so as to have a fine edge junction between the edges of adjacent coatings.
  • striping a substrate with two parallel coatings of a flowable plastic material, one having silver particles therein and the other having carbon particles therein, in an edge junction relationship and curing the plastic coatings forms a basic resistor element having two zones with difierent electrical characteristics from which quality resistor elements can be made.
  • the prior art has employed both the spray and doctor blade techniques for coating many types of articles.
  • Such coated articles do not have a sharp junction between coatings; for example, the spray coating of a substrate with two or more parallel strips of sprayable plastic material, each having different electrical properties, produces an edge junction between coatings of a relatively wide band of intermingling of the plastics from each plastic material due to the overspraying of one coating onto the other.
  • This intermingling of the different materials in the case of resistor elements would produce a zone between coatings exhibiting poor electrical properties across the wide band junction of the coatings, thus resulting in a resistor element that exhibits poor electrical resolution when an electric contact element is passed from the surface of one coating to its adjacent coating.
  • doctor blade spreading known to the coating art still does not produce a consistent edge abutment of a plurality of adjacent coatings without a relatively wide zone of intermingling of the material of one coating into the other.
  • the art teaches many forms of doctor blade spreading of flowable plastic materials on substrates, it does not teach means for obtaining accurate edge overlap contact between two or more adjacent coatings simultaneously applied so that there is a fine edge junction between the materials of the adjacent coats.
  • the substrate passes under a second applicator head having a second dispensing compartment therein containing a second body of flowable plastic material having particles dispersed therein that exhibit discrete electrical characteristics, where a second stripe coating is continuously deposited side by side of the first coating and of a thickness substantially equal to the thickness of the first coatings.
  • the apparatus may have as many alternate applicator heads and heating means for heating a deposited coating before entry under the next applicator head as are desired.
  • the coating apparatus of this invention may provide for suitable roller means such as nip rolls to advance the substrate through its coating operation.
  • suitable edge guide means may be employed to assure that the substrate is in registry with the successive dispensing compartments so that the laydown of the stripes are in a fine reversed tapered edge overlap.
  • each compartment is positioned over the surface of the substrate upon which the coating is applied so that the substrate can move under it with the forward wall raised at a distance equal to the thickness of the plastic material to be coated. This allows for a doctor blade means in the forward wall in each applicator head to doctor the surface of the coatings to the desired thickness as the coatings exit from under a compartment.
  • a second roller means may be positioned downstream of the first applicator head so as to assure continuous movement of said substrate through the apparatus, particularly where continuous end-to-end abutted pieces of substrate are fed through the apparatus.
  • the second roller means continues the travel of the substrate when it has passed through the feed rollers until it is out of contact with the flowable plastic material in the last dispensing compartment and is ready to be removed from the apparatus.
  • the second roller means may be vertical in operation, such as an edge contact roller or rollers so that the last stripe of uncured flowable plastic coated on the substrate is not disturbed by roller action.
  • the vertical roller means may assist in maintaining one edge of the substrate against a guide means to assure registry of the surface of the substrate with stripe coating being applied.
  • the applicator head may be held by registering and positioning supports that assure alignment of each of the dispensing compartments with the substrate moving under them so that each stripe is deposited with adjacent edges in a fine line overlap.
  • FIG. 2 is a plan view of the apparatus shown in FIG. 1 illustrating the position of successively arranged dispensing compartments in the applicator heads in an offset position to apply two stripe coatings with a fine edge overlap;
  • FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional view on the line 3-3 of FIG. 1 showing details of the leaf spring construction for contacting the underside of the substrate when passing under apparatus heads;
  • FIG. 4 is a view in perspective of an applicator head showing it arranged in registry with a piece of substrate passing under the compartments therein;
  • FIG. 5 is an exploded view in perspective showing the component parts of one of the applicator heads and its micrometer adjusting means for raising and lowering the doctor blade;
  • a vertically disposed edge roll 46 for contacting the edge of the substrate as it is passed along guide track 14 to convey the substrate from the apparatus.
  • the roll 46 has a soft surface 48 thereon, such as a rubber coating.
  • the vertical roll 46 has a drive shaft 50 which is operatively connected to a bevel gear arrangement 52 which is in turn operatively connected to a second shaft 54 that is coupled at one end to a drive motor 56 and at the other end to a second drive pulley 58.
  • a drive belt 60 operatively connects feed roll drive pulley 44 with drive pulley 58 so that operation of motor 56 turns feed roll 32 and it contacting roll 30, which is biased thereon, and vertical edge roll 146 at a speed that maintains the passage of the substrate through the apparatus at a constant speed.
  • a spring biased roller means 61 Positioned opposite from vertical roll 46 is a spring biased roller means 61 that contacts the edge of the substrate and maintains one of its adjacent parallel edges in contact with roll 46 and one of the raised guide and retaining 26 and an edge of the guide cover plate 24.
  • a set of heating lamps 62 Positioned over the guide track 14 in section 23 is a set of heating lamps 62 connected to electrical wiring 64 which is in turn connected to a source of electrical power 66 for providing the necessary heat to effect a partial curing of the surface of the plastic in the stripe coating immediately after the depositing of the first coating and before it passes under the next applicator head.
  • applicator heads 70 and 71 Located between guide sections 22 and 23 and removal section 24 are spaced applicator heads 70 and 71, each maintained in a fixed position with relation to guide track 14 by a set of registering and of holding brackets 72, for dispensing successively two coatings of a flowable plastic material onto the surface of the substrate 12 (see FIGS. 2 and 4).
  • the applicator heads 70 and 71 each has a block-shaped body portion 74 with a milled out dispensing compartment, 76 formed in head 70, and 77 in head 71, and a rectangular slot 78 in the bottom thereof of a size and shape that permits the strip of substrate 12 to pass under the dispensing compartment.
  • the top of the body portion 74 extends forward to form an integral lip or edge 80 that defines therein a U-shaped elongated slot 82 that terminates at the top of front face 84.
  • a screw receiving hole 85 On each side of elongated slot 82 is a screw receiving hole 85.
  • the bottoms of compartments 76 and 77 are shaped so as to provide a rectangular opening that is smaller in width than the width of the major portion of the compartment, but of the width of the coating to be applied to the substrate.
  • Each compartment has outer sidewalls 86 and 88 and backwall 89. Outer sidewalls 86 and 88, respectively of each of compartments 76 and 77 at the bottom portion thereof angle towards each other to form a sharply tapered edge 90 and 92, respectively.
  • dowel pins 100 and 102 Positioned in the front face 84 and spaced from each side of outer walls 86 and 88 are dowel pins 100 and 102, respectively, and two threaded screw retaining holes 104 and 106, two other threaded screw retaining holes, not shown, are positioned above holes 104 and 106.
  • a rectangular holding block 108 defining two bolt holes 110 on one side of the front face of block 108 and two bolt holes 112 on the other side are positioned to mate with threaded screw holes 104 and 106 when bolts 113 are assembled. in like manner there are two holes, not shown, in back of block 108 adapted to receive dowel pins 100 and 102 when the holding block is assembled to the front face 84 of body portion 74 of one of the applicator heads.
  • the top surface of holding block 108 has a centralized wide slot 114 therein with a U-shaped slotted groove 115 extending from the front face of the block inwardly.
  • On each side of the slotted grove 115 are vertically positioned biasing pins 116 and outboard of each side of wide slot 114 are threaded holes 117 which are in registry with screw receiving holes 85 positioned in edge 80 of body portion 74.
  • doctor blade 118 Between holding block 108 and front face 84 is positioned a doctor blade 118.
  • the doctor blade is of an L-shaped configuration having a downwardly projecting portion 119 and a horizontally projecting top portion 120 at right angles to each other.
  • the outer edge of top portion 120 has a second U- shaped slot 122 defined therein while the bottom edge of the downwardly projecting portion 119 has a tapered edge 124.
  • the downwardly projecting portion 119 also forms the front wall for closing the compartment 76 or 77 when abutted thereto with the tapered edge 124 presenting a sharp edge along the bottom thereof where it meets with front face 84 when the top portion 120 is positioned in wide slot 114 of the holding block 108.
  • the horizontal projecting top portion 120 of the doctor blade is positioned in wide slot 114 with the U-shaped slots 82 and 122 in registry with slotted groove 115 with bottom surface of the top portion 120 resting on biasing pins 115 when holding block 108 is assembled to front face 84 with the doctor blade 118 therebetween.
  • Bolt retaining holes 134 are defined hear each end of the micrometer holding bar 126 in register with holes 85 and threaded holes 117 in holding block 108.
  • the micrometer holding bar, the doctor blade, and the holding block are united to the body portion to complete the assembly of the applicator head 70 or 71.
  • the assembled applicator head is removably retained in a fixed position with respect to track 14 in registering and holding brackets 72 with a set screw 139 assuring that the applicator head 70 is secured therein.
  • the doctor blade 118 is adjusted by bringing bolts 113 to a semitight position so that the doctor blade 118 can be slideably moved up or down between holding block 108 and the front face 84 by the tuming of barrel 128.
  • the micrometer barrel 128 is adjusted in each applicator head 70 and 71 so that the doctor blade 118 is positioned at the desired height above the surface of the substrate passing under each compartment 76 and 77.
  • the screws 113 are tightened to place the doctor blades in each applicator head in a fixed position.
  • the motor 56 is energized, and nip feed roll 32, drive roll 30, and edge feed roll 46 are then in continuous operation.
  • the pieces of dielectric substrate to be coated are continuously fed flatwise on the track 14 of feed section 17 with each piece being pushed longitudinally of the bed with the forward edge of each piece in engagement with the rearward edge of the next preceding piece while the feed rolls 30 and 32 continuously advance the pieces one by one into coating guide section 18, being held in a predetermined position by spring biased roller mechanism 61.
  • the top surface of the pieces of substrate, after passing through the coating guide section 18, passes under applicator head 70 where the top surface of the substrate receives a first stripe coating of plastic material, (designated A in FIG.
  • the registering and holding plates 72 are so arranged with respect to the guide track that a multiple number of different applicator heads may be used depending upon the width of the stripe coatings desired. Also, any number of applicator heads may be used depending on the number of different stripings desired with of course heating means being applied to the stripe coating to semicure it before the next parallel coating is applied.
  • the apparatus of this invention can produce a variety of thicknesses by adjustment of the doctor blade on each applicator head. Substrates of as little as mils in thickness may be used and suitable multiple stripings have been found to be produced when the thicknesses of the stripings are from about 0.5 to about 10 mils. It has been found that plastic materials having viscosities of from about 1,000 to 50,000 cps. at 10 rpm. on a Brookfield viscosimeter with an advancement of the substrate of speeds of from about 20 to about 60 feet per minute produce excellent strip coatings having a fine line reverse taper between adjacent coatings.
  • the reversed tapered overlap between adjacent edges of said parallel stripe coatings produces a transition zone extending lengthwise on the top surface of the substrate with distinct lines of demarcation at the end of the taper portion to provide substantially linear edges, one on the surface of adjacent parallel stripe coatings and the other on the bottom of the stripe coating that is in contact with the top surface of the substrate.
  • the reversed taper with its sharp lines of demarcation provides a transitional zone for effecting smooth change from the electrical characteristics of one stripe coating to the coating adjacent to it.
  • the alignment of the parallel edges of the substrate with the compartment outer walls that form the overlapped edge of the adjacent stripe coating particularly is effective when the registry of the edges of the outer wall is from substantial alignment to about 0.005 inch in overlap position.
  • Such an alignment of the compartment in the one applicator head with another or the positioning of the compartment with respect to the parallel edges of the substrate so that reverse feed of the substrate after one coat has been applied produces the aforesaid positional alignment of the stripe coatings with the desired reversed interfacial tapered overlap.
  • An apparatus for depositing successively a plurality of parallel microthin stripe coatings on the surface of a dielectric substrate with adjacent edges of the coatings having a thin edge overlap comprising: roller means for continuously advancing at a constant rate said dielectric substrate, in operational contact with said dielectric substrate before and after said coatings are applied, under a plurality of successively spaced compartments positioned in relationship to each other so as to produce a thin edge overlap between coatings, each compartment adapted to hold a body of gravity flowable plastic material containing conductive particles dispersed therethrough having discrete electrical characteristics, said compartments having sidewalls having inwardly and downwardly bevelled edges at the line of contact of deposited plastic material so that there are formed sharply defined outer edges on the stripe coating as it passes out of contact with said body of flowable plastic material; a discharge opening in the bottom of each said compartment for supplying a quantity of said flowable plastic material in contact with the surface of said advancing substrate to effect a depositing in succession of a plurality of stripe coatings thereon; heating
  • doctor blade edge means includes micrometer biasing means adapted to adjust its height in relationship with the top surface of the substrate for providing said microthin coating.
  • said means for advancing said dielectric substrate is a pair of horizontally placed advancing rolls having their axis of rotation normal to the axis of said substrate and positioned for feeding the forward ends of rectangular-shaped pieces of substrate having parallel edges in succession under said compartments and an edge contacting roll that removes said substrate from under the last of said successively spaced compartments when the rearward end of said substrate has passed through said advancing rolls.
  • each of said plurality of compartments are removably held in a registering and holding means thereby permitting a variety of different groupings of compartments to be used capable of coating a plurality of different widths of stripe coatings with different compartment groupings.
  • An apparatus for depositing successively two microthin stripe coatings having positioned parallel to each other a reversed interfacial tapered overlap between adjacent coatings on the surface of a thin flat dielectric substrate having parallel edges comprising: guide track means for supporting and guiding a flat elongated dielectric substrate along its parallel edges; nip roller means for continuously advancing at a constant rate said dielectric substrate; two successively spaced applicator means each having a compartment therein, each compartment adapted to hold a body of gravity flowable plastic material containing conductive particles dispersed therethrough having discrete electrical characteristics and dispense a succession of parallel stripe coatings containing such particles, said compartments each having outer sidewalls, a rearward wall, and a forward wall; each sidewall having inwardly and downwardly bevelled edges at the line of contact of deposited plastic material so that there are formed sharply defined outer edges on the stripe coating as it passes out of contact with said body of flowable plastic material; means for registering and guiding the surface of said substrate into contact with said

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Coating Apparatus (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Apparatuses And Processes For Manufacturing Resistors (AREA)
  • Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
US18276A 1970-03-10 1970-03-10 Apparatus for successively applying a plurality of coatings to a substrate Expired - Lifetime US3645233A (en)

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US1827670A 1970-03-10 1970-03-10

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US3645233A true US3645233A (en) 1972-02-29

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US (1) US3645233A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS503511B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA934147A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CH (1) CH535479A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
ES (1) ES387769A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2081824B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1343027A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL7102902A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6802904B2 (en) * 2000-10-16 2004-10-12 Nordson Corporation Device for two-dimensional application of free-flowing adhesive to strip material
US20100178433A1 (en) * 2009-01-14 2010-07-15 Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc. Method and apparatus for applying bonding adhesive

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1510465A (en) * 1919-07-31 1924-10-07 Crooksdittmar Company Machine for finishing flooring
US2216594A (en) * 1938-06-23 1940-10-01 Ditto Inc Duplicating device and a method of producing it
US2441454A (en) * 1944-04-11 1948-05-11 Goss Printing Press Co Ltd Newspaper striping device
US2565036A (en) * 1949-09-29 1951-08-21 Amco Dev Company Wood filling and finishing apparatus
US2573952A (en) * 1948-07-29 1951-11-06 Thomas O Bretherton Apparatus for depositing strips of adhesive upon a base material
US2695005A (en) * 1953-01-05 1954-11-23 Tobey Color Card Company Apparatus for applying color coatings to sheet material
US2878779A (en) * 1954-09-03 1959-03-24 Agfa Ag Strip coating apparatus

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL98685C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1900-01-01
US2757099A (en) * 1950-12-21 1956-07-31 Audio Devices Inc Production of magnetic sound tape

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1510465A (en) * 1919-07-31 1924-10-07 Crooksdittmar Company Machine for finishing flooring
US2216594A (en) * 1938-06-23 1940-10-01 Ditto Inc Duplicating device and a method of producing it
US2441454A (en) * 1944-04-11 1948-05-11 Goss Printing Press Co Ltd Newspaper striping device
US2573952A (en) * 1948-07-29 1951-11-06 Thomas O Bretherton Apparatus for depositing strips of adhesive upon a base material
US2565036A (en) * 1949-09-29 1951-08-21 Amco Dev Company Wood filling and finishing apparatus
US2695005A (en) * 1953-01-05 1954-11-23 Tobey Color Card Company Apparatus for applying color coatings to sheet material
US2878779A (en) * 1954-09-03 1959-03-24 Agfa Ag Strip coating apparatus

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6802904B2 (en) * 2000-10-16 2004-10-12 Nordson Corporation Device for two-dimensional application of free-flowing adhesive to strip material
US20100178433A1 (en) * 2009-01-14 2010-07-15 Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc. Method and apparatus for applying bonding adhesive

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES387769A1 (es) 1973-05-16
JPS503511B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1975-02-05
GB1343027A (en) 1974-01-10
CH535479A (de) 1973-03-31
NL7102902A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1971-09-14
FR2081824B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1975-01-17
FR2081824A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1971-12-10
CA934147A (en) 1973-09-25
DE2107080A1 (de) 1971-09-23
DE2107080B2 (de) 1975-12-18

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