US3640077A - Shield tunneling method - Google Patents

Shield tunneling method Download PDF

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Publication number
US3640077A
US3640077A US21032A US3640077DA US3640077A US 3640077 A US3640077 A US 3640077A US 21032 A US21032 A US 21032A US 3640077D A US3640077D A US 3640077DA US 3640077 A US3640077 A US 3640077A
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United States
Prior art keywords
shield
tunnel
support
frame
poles
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Expired - Lifetime
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US21032A
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English (en)
Inventor
Frank George Watson
David Burnet Sugden
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JAMES S ROBBINS AND ASSOCIATES Inc
Robbins & Assoc James S
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Robbins & Assoc James S
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
    • E21D9/00—Tunnels or galleries, with or without linings; Methods or apparatus for making thereof; Layout of tunnels or galleries
    • E21D9/04—Driving tunnels or galleries through loose materials; Apparatus therefor not otherwise provided for

Definitions

  • a tunnel set or the like is anchored in the tunnel rearwardly of the frame.
  • the fulcrum member(s) is initially positioned forwardly on its support. Elongated support poles are inserted from below the shield upwardly and forwardly through the slots. The forward portions of the poles extend into or under ground ahead of the shield. Intermediate portions of the poles rest on the fulcrum member(s). The rear portions of the poles underlie the tunnel set.
  • the fulcrum member(s) is tied to the tunnel set so that it is axially fixed during forward movement of the frame.
  • This invention relates to a method for tunneling through friable ground (e.g., sedimentary or soft igneous rock, decomposed rock, clay and other formations which are not entirely self-supporting), and to lining a tunnel. More particularly, it relates to an advanceable ground support system comprising a movable shield for providing ground support between the tunnel face, and the lined portion of the tunnel, and to a system of poles for providing some support forwardly of the shield.
  • friable ground e.g., sedimentary or soft igneous rock, decomposed rock, clay and other formations which are not entirely self-supporting
  • an advanceable ground support system comprising a movable shield for providing ground support between the tunnel face, and the lined portion of the tunnel, and to a system of poles for providing some support forwardly of the shield.
  • tunneling machines e.g., rotary head boring machines
  • the ground requires support forwardly of the machine, and known tunneling machines cannot accommodate placement of a support pole system.
  • the machine constitutes an obstruction prohibiting the placement of the poles at a flat enough angle and close enough to the tunnel diameter.
  • the present invention relates to the provision of a tunneling machine or shield designed to permit proper placement and proper support of a system of elongated support poles without any sacrifice in machine operation or shield use, whichever the case may be.
  • the invention also relates to a technique of installing the elongated support members during machine or shield use. I 1
  • elongated ground support poles is used herein to describe both spiling" (poles driven forwardly into somewhat cohesive ground) and forepoles (poles placed below noncohesive friable ground, and normally requiring the use of packing to fill up voids existing between adjacent poles and between the poles and the ground material).
  • poles ismeant to describe any type of elongated member (e.g.,-pipe, l-beams).
  • Frame includes the frame portion of a mechanical excavating machine and also the frame of a shield in which workmen are protected while they mine the face with various types of mining implements.
  • FIG. 1 is a fragmentary longitudinal vertical sectional view of the tunnel boring machine and a system of forepoles
  • FIG. 2 is a fragmentary top isometric view of the machine, showing its segmented roof shield, parts of a resilient support for the shield which is anchored on a forward portion of the machine frame, and a slidable arch type forepole under support member carried by a frame portion of the machine; and
  • FIG. 3 is a view of a full shield to which the segmented roof shield is rigidly attached.
  • the invention is shown in connection with a tunnel boring machine of the general type disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 3,232,670, granted Feb. 1, 1966, to Richard J. Robbins and Douglas F. Winberg. Certain basic parts of this machine will now be described.
  • a rotary cutterhead is joumaled for rotation forwardly of a cutterhead support 12, constituting a frame portion of the machine, by a large diameter bearing.
  • the bearing includes an inner race 14 fixed to the cutterhead and an outer race 16 fixed to the cutterhead support 12.
  • the inner race 14 is an integral part of a large diameter ring gear 18 having radially inwardly projecting teeth.
  • Motor driven pinions (not shown) mesh with the gear 18 and serve to drive the cutterhead in its rotary motion.
  • Wall engaging shoes 20 are provided on the sides and at the lower portion of the machine immediately rearwardly of the cutterhead 10. These shoes are adjustable radially and slide in the tunnel as the machine advances.
  • a number of freely and independently rotatable hardened steel disc cutters 22 are mounted in a pattern on the front face of the cutterhead 10.
  • the cutterhead also includes gage cutters 24 at locations around its periphery, and a tricone-type center cutter 26.
  • gage cutters 24 at locations around its periphery
  • a tricone-type center cutter 26 are mounted in a pattern on the front face of the cutterhead 10.
  • the cutterhead also includes gage cutters 24 at locations around its periphery, and a tricone-type center cutter 26.
  • Each cutting wheel 22 crushes the rock to form a V-shaped groove in the tunnel face 30.
  • Each following cutter is appropriately placed so that it forms another groove in the face 30 which is radially close to the first groove.
  • the ground material between the grooves breaks off and tends to drop.
  • a main conveyor e.g., a train including a locomotive and muck cars riding on rails
  • the apparatus used for moving the machine forwardly in the tunnel may be of the general type shown by US. Pat. No. 3,061,287, granted Oct. 30, 1962 to James S. Robbins, or disclosed by US. Pat. No. 3,295,892, granted Jam. 3, 1967 to Douglas F. Winberg and John Galgoozy.
  • the conveyor 36 is supported by a main beam 38 forming a part of the main frame of the machine.
  • the main beam 38 is interconnected between the cutterhead support 12 and the advancement structure (not shown) which trails the cutterhead assembly in the tunnel.
  • An access door 40 may be located in the center region of the cutterhead 10, to cover a passageway provided for gaining access to the front of the cutterhead 10. This access is needed by workmen who need to service or replace the cutters 22, and also by workmen who must pack. the support pole system, which is hereinafter described in detail. Additional access for workmen leading to the regions requiring packing" may be provided through an upper portion of the cutterhead (e.g., through a bucket 32).
  • the illustrated embodiment includes an arcuate short shield," designated 42. It may comprise an arcuate beam 44 and a separate, axially short, panel 46 which leads the beam 44.
  • a plurality of axially elongated shield members or teams 48 are connected at their forward ends to the panel 46, and are supported by the beam 44, and they project axially rearwardly from these short shield components at least as far back as the forwardmost permanent or temporary tunnel set 50, or an equivalent support means for the trailing portion of the shield members 48.
  • the shield beams 48 are circumferentially spaced apart and define between themselves a plurality of axially elongated slots 52. As will hereinafter be explained in greater detail, the slots 52 are provided primarily for accommodating elongated ground support poles or members 54.
  • each assembly 56 comprises a support post 58 which is rigidly connected at its base to the cutterhead support 12.
  • An elongated support arm 60 of slight dihedral form is pivotally attached at a location between its ends to the upper end of the post 58 by a transverse pivot pin 62.
  • a pair of pin mounting cars 64 depends downwardly from the beam 44 at each support assembly location. The forward end portion of the arm 60 is located between the cars 64 and is pivotally connected to the ears 64 by a transverse pivot pin 66.
  • Either a fluid linear motor 68, or a resilient mounting is interconnected between the rear end portion of the support arm 60 and the cutterhead support 12. Both mountings would permit radial in and out movement of the overhead shield structure 42-48.
  • a plurality of blocks or castellations 70 project radially outwardly from the beam 44 into the slots 52.
  • the members 70 are narrower than the slots 52 and do not project upwardly from beam 44 beyond the upper surfaces of the members 48.
  • the machine can be backed up to some extent without movement of the shield structure 46, 48.
  • the members 70 move out of engagement with the member 46 and are free to travel rearwardly through the slots 52. This capability is important because it permits the machine to be backed up a short distance (e.g., for the purpose of repairing or replacing cutters) without appreciably disturbing the overhead support at the face region.
  • the slotted form of the shield assembly 46, 48 provides a shield which will adequately support the ground immediately over the machine, and which is more resilient and for this reason less likely to bind when hard rock is encountered than a solid sheet shield, or a wide panel segmented shield.
  • a disadvantage of tunneling shields of the type having a continuous or large area shield above the machine is that if only a portion of the shield binds v.on or is frictionally retained by some hard material, the machine or shield as a whole is generally held against movement. The chances of binding are materially reduced with the shield of the illustrated embodiment. If one of the relatively narrow beams 48 contact some very hard material, it usually merely bends so that the shield as a whole is not held. i
  • slotted shield A further advantage of the slotted shield is that the presence of the slots make it possible to inspect the material immediately over the machine, and to even drill upwardly directed inspection holes if that is necessary or desirable.
  • slots an even more important advantage is provided by such slots and their arrangement with respect to other equipment, soon to be described. They make possible the use of forepoling or spiling," or a combination of both, something that heretofore has not been practical in a shield or machine mined tunnel.
  • a plurality of circumferentially spaced, axially elongated beams 72 are inset radially inwardly from the shield members 48 and the slots 52. Such beams 72 are secured to the machine frame by means not shown. These beams 72 are shown to support a sliding arcuate beam 74. The arcuate beam 74 lies on, and slides along, the upper surfaces of the beams 72. The beams 72, 74 altogether constitute under supports for intermediate portions of the support poles 54.
  • the arcuate beam or fulcrum member 74 is initially located relatively close behind the beam 44. This is done when such location is forwardly of the last installed tunnel set 50 a distance substantially equal to the distance between adjacent tunnel sets in the tunnel.
  • a plurality of cables or rods 76 are interconnected between the arcuate, slidable beam 74 and the fixed tunnel set 50 (FIG. 2).
  • Next support poles 54 are installed through at least some of the slots 52. Each support pole 54 is located over the beam 74 and under the upper portion of the forward tunnel set 50.
  • a plurality of blocks 78, or pieces of other solid material are packed into the vertical spaces between the new set of support poles 54 and the immediately preceding set of installed forepoles, and into the cavities existing between the forward portion of the new forepoles 54 and the unsupported ground material 80 above such forward portions.
  • An unpacked cavity 82 is shown in FIG. 1.
  • the access through the cutterhead is normally necessary to allow personnel forwardly of the cutterhead for packing the cavities 82. This access may be provided by the passageway closed by door 40, or by some other access passageway designed in the cutterhead 10.
  • the tunneling machine is again advanced forwardly in the tunnel.
  • the cutterhead 10 is revolving and is cutting additional material from the tunnel face 30.
  • the tie cables 76 maintain the arcuate beam 74 in a fixed position axially with respect to the forwardmost tunnel set 50. Hence, the support of the last installed set of forepoles 54 is not disturbed.
  • the shield beams 48 merely slide over, and the lower support beams 72 merely slide under, the arcuate beam 74.
  • a new forward tunnel set 50 is assembled, a new sliding beam 74 is installed, and the procedure is repeated.
  • an upper segment (e.g., a segment of a length about equal to one-third the circumference of the tunnel) may be used as the under support beam 74.
  • the lower tunnel set segments 84 (FIG. 1) are brought into place and are assembled to the beam 74, to complete a new tunnel set.
  • the rear portions 73 of the beams 72 are removable so that they can be removed to provide clearance space for installing a new beam 74. This may be simply done by welding end plates onto the ends of the beam parts and then bolting the parts together through these plates. In FIG. 2 the bolts are designated 75.
  • the various components of the advanceable overhead ground support system described above can each take several different forms.
  • the beams 44, 46 may be fixed together, or replaced by a single unitary member, or the short shield portion of the system may be the upper leading portion of a continuous ring or full shield, such as the soon to be described shield shown by FIG. 3.
  • the beam 44 and the slotted shield 46, 48 could be circumferentially divided into a plurality of independently movable sections.
  • the shield beams or fingers 48 defining the slots 52 could be relatively deep, relatively stiff beam members (e.g., I-beams) instead of being relatively thin and flexible. Or, a combination of flexible and rigid beams could be used.
  • These supports could be designed for sliding (e.g., a solid block) or rolling (a roller) movement, or a combination of both (e.g., a transverse slidable pin supporting a rotatable roller which engages the under surface of a support pole 54).
  • the support beams 72 may be either rigidly fixed to the cutterhead frame or may be resiliently supported on the cutterhead frame. Also, such beams 72 may be replaced by a cylindrical segment which is also either rigid or resiliently mounted onto the cutterhead frame.
  • FIG. 3 of the drawing shows what may be termed a full shield 86.
  • the short shield is an axially short upper forward portion 88 of the shields outer skin.
  • the axially elongated beams 90 are again shown to be relatively thin and flexible members. In this form they are fixed to the short shield 88.
  • the axial beams 72 are replaced by a continuous support member 92 which is a segment of a cylinder that is smaller in diameter than the outer diameter of the shield.
  • This cylindrical segment 92 is an integral part of the shield structure 86.
  • the support poles 54 are located within the axial slots 94 and the arcuate under support beam 74 or its equivalent is slidably supported on the upper surface of the cylindrical segment 92.
  • the shield 86 is shown to include slotted portions at each side, forming fingers 96 at the sides which are somewhat resilient. This facilitates movement of the shield along an arcuate path.
  • the shield 86 is also shown to include a pedestal 98 onto which a cutterhead support may be secured.
  • a movable base frame structure is located in the tunnel immediately rearwardly of the tunnel face. it is designed to transmit loadings on it to the floor and/or side walls of the tunnel, and is sufficiently strong to resist being crushed or deformed by such loads.
  • This base frame may be either the frame of a tunneling machine or the frame portions of a tunneling shield (e.g., a cutterhead support), or some other frame assembly movable within a tunnel.
  • a short shield is located in an upper leading position in the tunnel and is carried by the base frame.
  • a plurality of spaced-apart, side-byside beams extend rearwardly from the short shield to the last erected tunnel set or an equivalent support structure rearwardly of the movable base frame. These beams are supported at their front ends by the short shield and at their rear ends by the tunnel set or the equivalent structure.
  • the tunnel sets are expanded so as to closely fit the girth of the tunnel, and are packed" where necessary, so that they transmit loads on them to the floor and sidewalls of the tunnel.
  • the axial support beams 74 or their equivalent e.g., the cylindrical segment type support 92
  • the slidable under support beam '74 or its equivalent transmits loads on it through the beam 72 to the movable base frame.
  • the forepoles 54 rest at a point intermediate their lengths on the under support 74, which acts as a fulcrum.
  • the rear portion of the poles 54 underlie the assembled tunnel set 50.
  • the forward portions of the poles 54 are loaded by the ground 80 through the packing materials 78.
  • a method of tunneling through friable ground comprising: locating a longitudinally slotted roof shield contiguously below the tunnel roof; supporting said slotted roof shield on a frame; moving said frame and slotted roof shield forwardly together in the tunnel while mining the tunnel face; installing ground support poles from below said shield, forwardly and upwardly through said slots into a supporting position for ground forwardly of the shield; firmly anchoring the rear portions of the poles for supporting the poles in cantilever fashion; then advancing the frame and slotted shield while doing further mining; and then installing further support poles through said slots, as before.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Excavating Of Shafts Or Tunnels (AREA)
US21032A 1969-03-26 1970-03-19 Shield tunneling method Expired - Lifetime US3640077A (en)

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AU5261269 1969-03-26
AUPA052870 1970-03-05

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US22205A Expired - Lifetime US3600899A (en) 1969-03-26 1970-03-24 Shield tunneling apparatus

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JP (1) JPS5250458B1 (is")
CA (1) CA920829A (is")
CH (1) CH519630A (is")
ES (2) ES378541A1 (is")
GB (1) GB1250305A (is")
SE (1) SE366360B (is")

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3989302A (en) * 1975-07-25 1976-11-02 Dresser Industries, Inc. Continuous roof support system for tunnel boring
US4073153A (en) * 1975-10-21 1978-02-14 Gewerkschaft Eisenhutte Westfalia Drive shields for tunnelling
US4834580A (en) * 1986-11-19 1989-05-30 Atlas Copco Aktiebolag Method and device for driving a tunnel
US5104262A (en) * 1989-06-30 1992-04-14 Atlas Copco Construction And Mining Technique Ab Tunnel boring machine
US5152638A (en) * 1990-05-11 1992-10-06 Trevi S.P.A. Process and apparatus for excavating tunnels
US6382732B1 (en) * 1999-12-15 2002-05-07 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. Cutter head, tunnel excavating machine, and cutter replacing method
US6468000B2 (en) * 1999-03-03 2002-10-22 C & M Mcnally Engineering Corp. Method and apparatus for feeding a tunnel roof support system from the roof shield of a TBM
US20040116429A1 (en) * 2001-03-15 2004-06-17 Thomas Grote 5-Phenylpyrimidines, methods and intermediate products for the production thereof and use of the same for controlling pathogenic fungi
WO2010003213A1 (en) * 2008-07-07 2010-01-14 Mcnally Michael P Modification to a tbm structure to provide roof support installation

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS53166257U (is") * 1977-06-02 1978-12-26
RU2138643C1 (ru) * 1998-04-17 1999-09-27 Институт горного дела СО РАН Способ сооружения тоннеля в сыпучих породах и устройство для его реализации
GB0221171D0 (en) * 2002-09-13 2002-10-23 Mbt Holding Ag Method
RU2537711C1 (ru) * 2013-06-28 2015-01-10 Олег Иванович Лобов Способ сооружения тоннелей в структурно-неустойчивых грунтах с карстовыми явлениями и/или суффозионными процессами
US12209498B2 (en) * 2019-02-21 2025-01-28 TopEng Inc. System and method for simultaneous excavation and segment erection of TBM by thrust shell
CN111468932B (zh) * 2020-04-16 2022-02-11 中南大学 适用于盾构的换刀机器人执行机构
CN114508359B (zh) * 2022-01-14 2025-04-25 中铁工程装备集团有限公司 一种全断面硬岩隧道掘进机

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US867520A (en) * 1907-02-04 1907-10-01 David Maxwell Apparatus for tunneling.
CH377300A (de) * 1958-04-24 1964-05-15 Bochumer Eisen Heintzmann Hilfsausbau für Streckenvortriebe, insbesondere im untertägigen Grubenbetrieb
CH377758A (de) * 1958-07-15 1964-05-31 Bochumer Eisen Heintzmann Hilfsausbau für Streckenvortriebe, insbesondere im Bergbau untertage
US3280572A (en) * 1964-03-12 1966-10-25 Patricia L Hatton Tunnelling method and apparatus
US3407609A (en) * 1966-04-26 1968-10-29 Kosogorin Patricia Lorna Tunnelling method and apparatus
US3413811A (en) * 1965-02-17 1968-12-03 Pasquale Giovanni Giacobino Method and apparatus for tunneling

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US620102A (en) * 1899-02-28 Tunneling device

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US867520A (en) * 1907-02-04 1907-10-01 David Maxwell Apparatus for tunneling.
CH377300A (de) * 1958-04-24 1964-05-15 Bochumer Eisen Heintzmann Hilfsausbau für Streckenvortriebe, insbesondere im untertägigen Grubenbetrieb
CH377758A (de) * 1958-07-15 1964-05-31 Bochumer Eisen Heintzmann Hilfsausbau für Streckenvortriebe, insbesondere im Bergbau untertage
US3280572A (en) * 1964-03-12 1966-10-25 Patricia L Hatton Tunnelling method and apparatus
US3413811A (en) * 1965-02-17 1968-12-03 Pasquale Giovanni Giacobino Method and apparatus for tunneling
US3407609A (en) * 1966-04-26 1968-10-29 Kosogorin Patricia Lorna Tunnelling method and apparatus

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3989302A (en) * 1975-07-25 1976-11-02 Dresser Industries, Inc. Continuous roof support system for tunnel boring
US4073153A (en) * 1975-10-21 1978-02-14 Gewerkschaft Eisenhutte Westfalia Drive shields for tunnelling
US4834580A (en) * 1986-11-19 1989-05-30 Atlas Copco Aktiebolag Method and device for driving a tunnel
US5104262A (en) * 1989-06-30 1992-04-14 Atlas Copco Construction And Mining Technique Ab Tunnel boring machine
US5152638A (en) * 1990-05-11 1992-10-06 Trevi S.P.A. Process and apparatus for excavating tunnels
US6468000B2 (en) * 1999-03-03 2002-10-22 C & M Mcnally Engineering Corp. Method and apparatus for feeding a tunnel roof support system from the roof shield of a TBM
US6382732B1 (en) * 1999-12-15 2002-05-07 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. Cutter head, tunnel excavating machine, and cutter replacing method
US20040116429A1 (en) * 2001-03-15 2004-06-17 Thomas Grote 5-Phenylpyrimidines, methods and intermediate products for the production thereof and use of the same for controlling pathogenic fungi
WO2010003213A1 (en) * 2008-07-07 2010-01-14 Mcnally Michael P Modification to a tbm structure to provide roof support installation

Also Published As

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DE2014230A1 (de) 1970-10-01
US3600899A (en) 1971-08-24
CA920829A (en) 1973-02-13
CH519630A (de) 1972-02-29
GB1250305A (is") 1971-10-20
ES378541A1 (es) 1972-06-16
ES380093A1 (es) 1972-08-16
JPS5250458B1 (is") 1977-12-24
SE366360B (is") 1974-04-22

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