US3634148A - Method for producing nonoriented silicon electrical sheet steel - Google Patents
Method for producing nonoriented silicon electrical sheet steel Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3634148A US3634148A US799069A US3634148DA US3634148A US 3634148 A US3634148 A US 3634148A US 799069 A US799069 A US 799069A US 3634148D A US3634148D A US 3634148DA US 3634148 A US3634148 A US 3634148A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- percent
- sheet steel
- silicon
- sheet
- carbon
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 87
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 87
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 82
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 78
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 8
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract description 76
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 36
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000005097 cold rolling Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 230000033458 reproduction Effects 0.000 description 12
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 9
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 6
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910000519 Ferrosilicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000001680 brushing effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- XWHPIFXRKKHEKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron silicon Chemical compound [Si].[Fe] XWHPIFXRKKHEKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 3
- XFRVVPUIAFSTFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Tridecanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCO XFRVVPUIAFSTFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001209 Low-carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- -1 oxygen and nitrogen Chemical compound 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940087291 tridecyl alcohol Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229910000976 Electrical steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001021 Ferroalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007767 bonding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005056 compaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011863 silicon-based powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000005482 strain hardening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C10/00—Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces
- C23C10/28—Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces using solids, e.g. powders, pastes
- C23C10/30—Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces using solids, e.g. powders, pastes using a layer of powder or paste on the surface
Definitions
- the process includes preparing low carbon sheet steel by conventional methods of melting, pouring and rolling, coating the surfaces of the sheet steel with a layer of silicon-containing powder, compacting the powder onto the sheet and heat treating the composite thus formed in a protective environment to cause a solid-state diffusion of silicon into the sheet steel.
- the core losses of electrical sheet steel thus prepared are equivalent to or better than electrical sheet steel of the same silicon content and gage prepared by additions of silicon to the steel while it is in a molten state.
- Modern technology for manufacturing sheet steel for electrical applications consists of careful selection of raw materials to be charged into the melting furnace, melting the charge with utmost care to prepare a molten bath as low in carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur and other impurities, such as oxygen and nitrogen, as technically and economically possible, and adding silicon-containing alloys to the molten bath to obtain a desired final silicon content.
- Sheet steel of up to about 2.00 percent silicon content may be processed without undue difficulty, however, steels having above 2.00 percent silicon content are brittle and difficult to work, requiring heavy mill equipment, low drafts per pass and frequent annealing steps.
- the primary object of this invention is to provide a process whereby the silicon content of sheet steel may be increased by a solid-state diffusion of silicon therein to produce a sheet steel which may be used in electrical apparatus.
- the invention comprises solid-state diffusion of silicon from a silicon-containing powder compacted on the surfaces of a conventionally melted and rolled low carbon sheet steel to produce an electrical sheet steel in which the core losses are equivalent or better than silicon electrical sheet steel of the same silicon content and gage and conventionally prepared.
- FIGS. are reproductions of photomicrographs of cross sections of sheet steel of the invention at 100 magnifications.
- FIG. 1 is a reproduction of a photomicrograph of a cross section of a sheet steel in the as-diffused condition showing silicon diffusion through 90 percent of the sheet.
- FIG. 2 is a reproduction of a photomicrograph of a cross section of the sheet steel of FIg. I after it has been cold reduced and annealed.
- FIG. 3 is a reproduction of a photomicrograph of a cross section of a sheet steel in the as-diffused condition showing silicon diffused uniformly through the thickness of the sheet.
- FIG. 4 is a reproduction of a photomicrograph of a cross section of the sheet steel of FIG. 3 after it has been cold reduced and annealed.
- FIG. 5 is a reproduction of a photomicrograph of a cross section of a sheet steel in the as-diffused condition showing silicon diffused uniformly through the thickness of the sheet.
- FIG. 6 is a reproduction of a photomicrograph of a cross section of the sheet steel of FIG. 5 after it has been cold reduced and annealed.
- a low carbon steel is refined in a conventional manner, for example in an electric furnace, basic oxygen furnace or basic open-hearth furnace, and is rolled to a desired gage and annealed if desired.
- the steel may contain a maximum of about 0.10 percent carbon, a maximum of about l.00 percent manganese and a maximum of about 2.00 percent silicon, the remainder substantially iron and incidental impurities such as phosphorus, sulfur, aluminum, and dissolved gases, for example, nitrogen and oxygen. It is preferred to use a steel containing:
- Both sides of the sheet are now coated with a layer of silicon-containing powder.
- a convenient way of applying the powder is to first coat both sides of the sheet with a thin film of liquid, such as tridecyl alcohol.
- the liquid should have such viscosity, volatility and tackiness characteristics as to render it suitable as a temporary bonding agent for the subsequent applied powder.
- a silicon-containing powder such as substantially pure silicon, a mixture of substantially pure iron and silicon powder or ferro-silicon alloy powder is then applied to the sheet.
- the silicon in the powder must be in a form which will permit it to be diffused into the sheet steel.
- the powder is compacted onto the sheet by rolling. A roll pressure sufficient to cause an elongation of about 1 percent to about 5 percent in the sheet will produce satisfactory compaction.
- the powder may have a silicon content of about l5 percent to about I00 percent, not more than 0.40 percent carbon, and the balance iron.
- a dual solid-state diffusion occurs.
- the silicon in the powder diffuses into the sheet steel and iron diffuses from the sheet steel to the powder.
- Carbon may diffuse in either direction depending upon the carbon content of the constituents of the composite. Since the final product should have a carbon content not greater than 0.03 percent, the carbon content of the powder should be such that either carbon will diffuse from the sheet to the powder or the diffusion of carbon into the sheet will be a minimum. It has been found that if the sheet contains about 0.04 percent to 0.10 percent carbon, the powder may contain not more than 0.20 percent carbon.
- sheet containing less than 0.04 percent carbon may be coated with a powder containing not more than 0.40 percent carbon.
- the particle size of the powder is not critical, the powder should be of a size which will allow an amount to be compacted on the sheet steel to obtain the sufficient weight per area to thereby attain the desired diffusion of the silicon therein.
- the powder may have a particle size of -60, +325 mesh Tyler Sieve Size to achieve efficient diffusion of silicon into the sheet steel.
- the composite thus formed is subjected to a diffusion treatment in a protective environment at a temperature and for a time sufficient to cause a solid-state diffusion of silicon from the powder into the sheet throughout at least 50 percent of the thickness of the sheet and to cause carbon diffusion from the sheet to the powder if the sheet contains more than 0.03 percent carbon and to keep carbon diffusion at a minimum into the sheet if the carbon is near or at the desired 0.03 percent.
- the composite may be annealed in flat sheet form or in coil form. If in coil form, either a tight coil or an open coil may be used. A nonoxidizing, reducing or neutral furnace atmosphere may be used. Dry hydrogen and NH gas are each satisfactory as a furnace atmosphere for open coil annealing.
- NH gas is preferred because it prevents sticking, which may occur when hydrogen is used.
- NH gas may be defined as a mixture of gaseous nitrogen and hydrogen, for example, 96 percent nitrogen and 4 percent hydrogen or 82 percent nitrogen and 18 percent hydrogen.
- a diffusion temperature of at least l,600 F. is required, with a preferred range being l,700 to 1,900 F. Actually, there is no upper limit for diffusion temperature other than that which may be dictated by practical considerations.
- the time may satisfactorily be 120 hours at l,600 F. but at higher temperatures the satisfactory time required will be lowered in an inverse manner. Variations in the composition and amount of the powder, the diffusion temperature and the time at temperature result in variations in the silicon content of the sheet and the extent to which the silicon is diffused throughout the thickness of the sheet.
- a brittle outer layer of iron-silicon intermetallic compounds may be formed on the surface of the sheet.
- the brittle outer layer may easily be removed by wire brushing and/or by flexing the sheet.
- the solid-state diffusion treatment above described results in the formation of coarse ferritic columnar grains in the sheet steel. Grains ranging in size from 30 grains per square inch to grains per square inch when viewed at 100 magnifications according to ASTM E-l 12 may be formed.
- the as-diffused sheet steel of the invention may be cold rolled to any desired gage and annealed to obtain improved core loss properties and permeability.
- a conventional nonoriented silicon electrical sheet steel is a steel in which the silicon content is obtained by additions to the molten bath, hot rolled from ingot form to an intermediate gage followed by conventional processing steps.
- the process of the invention may have several variations.
- the sheet steel may be treated by a tight coil or an open coil diffusion treatment.
- the sheet steel may be decarburized prior to diffusion treatment or may be decarburized during the diffusion treatment step.
- the steel was hot rolled to an intermediate gage, cold-rolled to a thickness of 0.024 inch (24 gage) and annealed.
- Several flat sheets were processed according to the invention.
- a thin layer of tridecyl alcohol was applied to both surfaces of each sheet. They were coated on both sides with a ferrosilicon powder having a chemical composition of:
- FIG. 1 is a reproduction of a photomicrograph showing the cross section of the product in its as-diffused condition.
- the sheets had a carbon content of 0.004 percent, a bulk silicon content of 0.79 percent.
- EXAMPLE 2 As another example of the invention, a 6,000 lb. coil of sheet steel having a thickness of 0.024 inch (24 gage and containing:
- FIG. 3 is a reproduction of a photomicrograph showing the cross section of the product.
- the sheets had a carbon content of 0.03 percent, a silicon content of 3.20 percent diffused throughout the entire thickness of the sheets and a grain size of 9/10 grains per square inch at 100 magnifications.
- the core losses of the sheets of the invention are compared to the typical and maximum specified core losses of fully processed M22 grade electrical sheet steel of the same gage and typically containing 3.20 percent silicon in table 4 below:
- FIG. 4 is a reproduction of photomicrograph showing the cross section of the product. The grain size was found to be 25 grains per square inch when viewed at 100 magnifications.
- the core losses of the sheets of the invention are compared to the typical and maximum specified core losses of 29 gage, M-22 grade electrical sheet steel and typically containing 3.20 percent silicon in table 5 below:
- FIG. 5 is a reproduction of a photomicrograph showing the cross section of the product. After diffusion, the sheets contained 0.005 percent carbon and 1.7 percent silicon diffused throughout the entire thickness of the sheets. The sheets had a grain size of 10 to 15 grains per square inch at 100 magnifications.
- the core losses of the asdiffused sheets of the invention are compared to the typical and maximum specified core losses of 24 gage, M43 gage electrical sheet steel of the same gage and typically having a silicon content of 1.5 percent in table 6 below:
- FIG. 6 is a reproduction of a photomicrograph of a cross section of the cold-rolled and annealed product. The grain size was found to be 15 grains per square inch when viewed at I magnifications.
- the core losses of the sheets of the invention are compared to the typical and maximum specified core losses of 29 gage M-43 grade electrical sheet steel in table 7 below:
- a process for manufacturing electrical sheet steel comprising:
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Soft Magnetic Materials (AREA)
- Manufacturing Of Steel Electrode Plates (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US79906969A | 1969-02-13 | 1969-02-13 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3634148A true US3634148A (en) | 1972-01-11 |
Family
ID=25174967
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US799069A Expired - Lifetime US3634148A (en) | 1969-02-13 | 1969-02-13 | Method for producing nonoriented silicon electrical sheet steel |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3634148A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| BE (1) | BE745826A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| DE (1) | DE2006274A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| FR (1) | FR2034757A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| GB (1) | GB1297025A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4073668A (en) * | 1976-09-15 | 1978-02-14 | Bethlehem Steel Corporation | Method of producing silicon steel strip |
| US4324598A (en) * | 1979-12-07 | 1982-04-13 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Finish annealing process for grain-oriented electrical steel strip or sheet |
| US4832762A (en) * | 1984-09-28 | 1989-05-23 | Nippon Kokan Kabushiki Kaisha | Method for producing thin steel sheet of high magnetic permeability |
| WO2004044251A1 (en) * | 2002-11-11 | 2004-05-27 | Posco | Coating composition, and method for manufacturing high silicon electrical steel sheet using thereof |
| US20150136729A1 (en) * | 2008-01-31 | 2015-05-21 | Brother Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Method for producing piezoelectric actuator and method for producing liquid transport apparatus |
Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SU158914A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * | ||||
| GB191219461A (en) * | 1912-08-24 | 1913-08-21 | Giulio Sirovich | Improvements in or relating to the Cementation of Metals. |
| US2109485A (en) * | 1936-06-23 | 1938-03-01 | Globe Steel Tubes Co | Impregnation of metals with silicon |
| DE1122972B (de) * | 1954-10-20 | 1962-02-01 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren zur Beseitigung der Versproedung der fuer den Aufbau des Eisenkoerpers elektrischer Maschinen und Apparate zu verwendenden Eisen-Silizium-Bleche |
| US3224909A (en) * | 1961-11-29 | 1965-12-21 | Licentia Gmbh | Siliconizing of electrical sheet steel by diffusion |
| US3340054A (en) * | 1963-07-24 | 1967-09-05 | Bethlehem Steel Corp | Formation of chromium-containing coatings on steel strip |
| GB1083290A (en) * | 1964-12-18 | 1967-09-13 | Licentia Gmbh | Method of improving the magnetic properties of silicon steel electrical sheets |
| US3423253A (en) * | 1968-02-23 | 1969-01-21 | Allegheny Ludlum Steel | Method of increasing the silicon content of wrought grain oriented silicon steel |
-
1969
- 1969-02-13 US US799069A patent/US3634148A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1970
- 1970-02-04 GB GB1297025D patent/GB1297025A/en not_active Expired
- 1970-02-11 BE BE745826D patent/BE745826A/xx unknown
- 1970-02-12 DE DE19702006274 patent/DE2006274A1/de active Pending
- 1970-02-13 FR FR7005203A patent/FR2034757A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SU158914A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * | ||||
| GB191219461A (en) * | 1912-08-24 | 1913-08-21 | Giulio Sirovich | Improvements in or relating to the Cementation of Metals. |
| US2109485A (en) * | 1936-06-23 | 1938-03-01 | Globe Steel Tubes Co | Impregnation of metals with silicon |
| DE1122972B (de) * | 1954-10-20 | 1962-02-01 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren zur Beseitigung der Versproedung der fuer den Aufbau des Eisenkoerpers elektrischer Maschinen und Apparate zu verwendenden Eisen-Silizium-Bleche |
| US3224909A (en) * | 1961-11-29 | 1965-12-21 | Licentia Gmbh | Siliconizing of electrical sheet steel by diffusion |
| US3340054A (en) * | 1963-07-24 | 1967-09-05 | Bethlehem Steel Corp | Formation of chromium-containing coatings on steel strip |
| GB1083290A (en) * | 1964-12-18 | 1967-09-13 | Licentia Gmbh | Method of improving the magnetic properties of silicon steel electrical sheets |
| US3423253A (en) * | 1968-02-23 | 1969-01-21 | Allegheny Ludlum Steel | Method of increasing the silicon content of wrought grain oriented silicon steel |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| Gorbunov, N. S., Diffuse Coatings on Iron and Steel, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, 1958, pages 94 100. * |
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4073668A (en) * | 1976-09-15 | 1978-02-14 | Bethlehem Steel Corporation | Method of producing silicon steel strip |
| US4324598A (en) * | 1979-12-07 | 1982-04-13 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Finish annealing process for grain-oriented electrical steel strip or sheet |
| US4832762A (en) * | 1984-09-28 | 1989-05-23 | Nippon Kokan Kabushiki Kaisha | Method for producing thin steel sheet of high magnetic permeability |
| WO2004044251A1 (en) * | 2002-11-11 | 2004-05-27 | Posco | Coating composition, and method for manufacturing high silicon electrical steel sheet using thereof |
| US20050217762A1 (en) * | 2002-11-11 | 2005-10-06 | Kyu-Seung Choi | Coating composition, and method for manufacturing high silicon electrical steel sheet using thereof |
| US7435304B2 (en) | 2002-11-11 | 2008-10-14 | Posco | Coating composition, and method for manufacturing high silicon electrical steel sheet using thereof |
| US20150136729A1 (en) * | 2008-01-31 | 2015-05-21 | Brother Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Method for producing piezoelectric actuator and method for producing liquid transport apparatus |
| US9623656B2 (en) * | 2008-01-31 | 2017-04-18 | Brother Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Method for producing piezoelectric actuator and method for producing liquid transport apparatus |
| US11571897B2 (en) | 2008-01-31 | 2023-02-07 | Brother Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Method for producing piezoelectric actuator and method for producing liquid transport apparatus |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE2006274A1 (de) | 1970-08-20 |
| FR2034757A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1970-12-18 |
| GB1297025A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1972-11-22 |
| BE745826A (fr) | 1970-08-11 |
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