US3608617A - Art of making precision castings - Google Patents

Art of making precision castings Download PDF

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US3608617A
US3608617A US794462*A US3608617DA US3608617A US 3608617 A US3608617 A US 3608617A US 3608617D A US3608617D A US 3608617DA US 3608617 A US3608617 A US 3608617A
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flask
molten metal
heat
pouring
lower portion
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US794462*A
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Clarence J Burke
Milton O Grosjean
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Garrett Corp
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Garrett Corp
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D27/00—Treating the metal in the mould while it is molten or ductile ; Pressure or vacuum casting
    • B22D27/15—Treating the metal in the mould while it is molten or ductile ; Pressure or vacuum casting by using vacuum
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
    • B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
    • B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
    • B22C9/08—Features with respect to supply of molten metal, e.g. ingates, circular gates, skim gates

Definitions

  • Seidner and .lohn N. Hazelwood ABSTRACT A method for casting in a founding ask in which molten metal is continuously poured below thc surface of the previously added molten metal through a heated funnel which extends to the lower portion of the t1ask and meters the t1ow of molten metal into the flask. Heat is removed through the lower portion ofthe flask while heat is prevented from escaping through the upper portion.
  • the exterior of the upper portion of the flask may be evacuated during the pouring of the molten metal.
  • the present invention relates to the art of making metallic castings and, more particularly, to precision metallic castings having improved strength, ductility, and heat resistance.
  • metallic castings are considered to be weaker than forgings because the forgings process makes the metal denser than in a casting.
  • microscopic voids have been commonly found in castings and when the metal is forged the voids are squeezed and fused together. The microscopic voids in previous castings are believed to be formed during the cooling process.
  • an object of this invention is to produce a casting having the density of a forging.
  • Another object of this invention is to provide an improved method for making castings.
  • Another object of this invention is to produce a precision casting having improved strength and ductility by preventing the formation of any shrinkage voids while the casting is solidifying.
  • the present invention provides a casting mold having a cope and a drag.
  • the drag is made of metal and has a substantially flat surface which functions as a heat sink.
  • the cope is made of a refractory insulating material having a relatively poor thermal conductivity rate.
  • Means are provided to ensure that when the flask is being filled the molten metal flows down through the sprue and directly to the drag and below the surface of the liquid. The molten metal is poured continuously without interruption until the flask is filled. This procedure ensures that the upper portion of the flask is last to solidify so that no slag or oxides are trapped within the metal casting but rise into the sprue.
  • the pressure exterior of the flask is made lower than the pressure in the interior, causing air to pass through the cope walls which are inherently porous to air.
  • the drag portion of the mold is a heat sink, the molten metal solidifies when it contacts the drag. This rapid chilling of the metal is believed to form a boundary surface between the molten metal and the solidified metal which surface is continuous and moves relatively unifonnly away from the drag leaving no voids, especially of microscopic sizes, in the casting in back of the boundary surface.
  • the cope being an insulator, maintains the metal in the liquid state long enough to fill any voids formed by the metal shrinking away from the cope walls to provide a precision, dense casting having relatively high strength and ductility.
  • FIG. 2 is a sectional elevation of the founding flask ready to be filled with molten metal to make the item shown in FIG. 1.
  • the item I0 is, for example, a compressor wheel of a supercharger which is to operate at very high rotating speeds.
  • the item l0 has a base 11 forming the hub with a plurality of blades l2 protruding therefrom.
  • the item 10 may have any form or shape provided, as will be explained hereinafter, that the molten metal can be poured in one step into a founding flask, for example, as shown in FIG. 2 and the metal can flow into and fill all the voids within the flask as the casting solidifies.
  • the flask has a drag 16 and a cope 17.
  • the drag is made of, for example, mild steel and includes an upper section I8 and a lower section 19 welded together forming a passageway 2l therebetween.
  • the lower section 19 has an inlet pipe 24 welded to the center thereof so that a suitable coolant, such as water, enters the passageway 2l.
  • Suitable baffles 22 cause the coolant to circulate around the drag I6 and exit through an outlet pipe 25.
  • the upper section I8 has an upper surface 26 having a slight contour as required by the item l0.
  • the cope I7 is made of a refractory material which has a relatively poor heat conductivity rate to ensure that practically all of the heat in the molten metal is conducted out through the drag 18, for reasons that will be explained.
  • the item l0 is made of, for example, aluminum
  • the cope 17 is made of plaster of paris having a thermal conductivity rate at least times less than the drag.
  • lf a metal, that has a higher melting temperature than aluminum, is used
  • the cope should be made of refractory material which can withstand the temperature.
  • the thickness of the thermal conductivity rate of the cope is chosen so that very little heat passes through the walls thereof.
  • the cope 17 has an internal contour 17a which is the female counterpart of the external contour of item l0.
  • the cope is preferably expendable, i.e., the cope is broken to remove the casting.
  • the cope I7 fits within a depressed portion 28 formed in the upper section 18 of the drag I6 so that the cope and drag are readily aligned.
  • a sprue 29 is formed in the cope so that metal may be poured within the cavity of the flask.
  • a funnel 3l made of, for example, a material such as mild steel which does not melt when contacted by the molten aluminum, is used when the molten metal is poured.
  • the steel funnel 31 first, has been heated to a temperature to prevent cooling of the casting metal. Then, the hot funnel 3l is inserted through the sprue 29 until the funnel contacts the drag 16.
  • the funnel 3l includes a suitable strainer 32 for straining out any oxides that may be floating in thc liquid metal and includes a notch 33 for metering the molten metal out of the funnel to ensure that the funnel is continuously filled with molten metal, i.e., there is no interruption in the flow.
  • An interruption in the flow of molten metal through the funnel would form a discontinuity in the casting because the metal within the mold hardens so rapidly that the following flow of metal could fall on solid metal forming hidden cracks.
  • the inflowing molten metal mixes with the molten metal already within the flask to form a continuous dense casting.
  • any oxides that may be formed flow towards the sprue and rise to the top thereof.
  • the funnel is removed.
  • the drag 16 conducts heat away from the bottom of the mold while the cope 17 prevents heat from escaping therethrough.
  • the portion of metal against the drag 16 solidifies first and when that portion solidifies it conducts heat from and solidifies the adjacent molten metal forming a continuous surface or interface between the molten and solid state. Since the heat has to pass through the item l0 while it is being cast, the sprue is the last portion to solidify.
  • the external contour of item 10 preferably is limited such that at any horizontal plane above the drag 16 the cross section of item l0 is continuous to allow the molten metal to flow throughout and harden in the flask, as described.
  • the exterior pressure of the cope 17 is made lower than the interior. This result is achieved by placing a cover seal 36 over the drag 16, as shown, and a vacuum is drawn through a pipe 37. A quick seal is formed between the cope I7 and the periphery of a hole 38 in cover 36 and between the cover 36 and the drag.
  • the cope 17, being inherently porous to air, allows the air in the flask to pass out through the walls of the cope so that the flask will fill completely with metal.
  • a method for producing castings using a founding flask comprising: l
  • a method for producing castings using a founding flask comprising:
  • said method comprising:

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)

Abstract

A method for casting in a founding flask in which molten metal is continuously poured below the surface of the previously added molten metal through a heated funnel which extends to the lower portion of the flask and meters the flow of molten metal into the flask. Heat is removed through the lower portion of the flask while heat is prevented from escaping through the upper portion. The exterior of the upper portion of the flask may be evacuated during the pouring of the molten metal.

Description

imite tates Watt Inventors Clarence ,11. Burke Rolling lHlills Estates; Milton 0. Grosjean, Los Angeles, both ot Calii.
Appl. No. 794,462
Filed g Nov. 29, 1968 ,A
Division of Ser. No. 551,256, May 19, 1966,
Pat. No. 3,435,885
Patented Sept. 28, 1971 Assignee The Garrett Corporation Los Angeles, Calif.
ART 0F MAKING PRECISIIGN CASTKNGS 3 Claims, 2 Drawing Figs.
US. Cl 1164/1126,
lnt. Cl 132241 7/10, B22d 27/04 Field of Search 164/126,
[H1 amaai? Primary Examiner-.1. Spencer Overholscr Y Assistant Examiner-V. K. Rising Attorneys-Edward B. Johnson, Albert J. Miller, Orville R.
Seidner and .lohn N. Hazelwood ABSTRACT: A method for casting in a founding ask in which molten metal is continuously poured below thc surface of the previously added molten metal through a heated funnel which extends to the lower portion of the t1ask and meters the t1ow of molten metal into the flask. Heat is removed through the lower portion ofthe flask while heat is prevented from escaping through the upper portion. The exterior of the upper portion of the flask may be evacuated during the pouring of the molten metal.
ART F MAKING PRECISION CASTINGS This is a division of application Ser. No. 551,256 filed May I9, |966 now U.S. Pat. No. 3,435,885, issued Apr. l, 1969.
The present invention relates to the art of making metallic castings and, more particularly, to precision metallic castings having improved strength, ductility, and heat resistance.
ln general, metallic castings are considered to be weaker than forgings because the forgings process makes the metal denser than in a casting. Up to now microscopic voids have been commonly found in castings and when the metal is forged the voids are squeezed and fused together. The microscopic voids in previous castings are believed to be formed during the cooling process.
Therefore, an object of this invention is to produce a casting having the density of a forging.
Another object of this invention is to provide an improved method for making castings.
Another object of this invention is to produce a precision casting having improved strength and ductility by preventing the formation of any shrinkage voids while the casting is solidifying.
Briefly, the present invention provides a casting mold having a cope and a drag. The drag is made of metal and has a substantially flat surface which functions as a heat sink. The cope is made of a refractory insulating material having a relatively poor thermal conductivity rate. Means are provided to ensure that when the flask is being filled the molten metal flows down through the sprue and directly to the drag and below the surface of the liquid. The molten metal is poured continuously without interruption until the flask is filled. This procedure ensures that the upper portion of the flask is last to solidify so that no slag or oxides are trapped within the metal casting but rise into the sprue. To ensure that no air pockets are formed within the flask, the pressure exterior of the flask is made lower than the pressure in the interior, causing air to pass through the cope walls which are inherently porous to air. Since the drag portion of the mold is a heat sink, the molten metal solidifies when it contacts the drag. This rapid chilling of the metal is believed to form a boundary surface between the molten metal and the solidified metal which surface is continuous and moves relatively unifonnly away from the drag leaving no voids, especially of microscopic sizes, in the casting in back of the boundary surface. Although the metal solidifies, and inherently shrinks, the cope, being an insulator, maintains the metal in the liquid state long enough to fill any voids formed by the metal shrinking away from the cope walls to provide a precision, dense casting having relatively high strength and ductility.
These and other objects, features, and advantages will become more apparent from the following description of a preferred embodiment of the invention selected for purposes of illustration and shown in the accompanying drawing in which:
FIG. 1 is a pictorial view of a typical item that was cast using the teachings of this invention; and
FIG. 2 is a sectional elevation of the founding flask ready to be filled with molten metal to make the item shown in FIG. 1.
Referring to the drawings and to FIG. 1 in particular, there is shown a typical item that is east using the teachings of the present invention. The item I0 is, for example, a compressor wheel of a supercharger which is to operate at very high rotating speeds. The item l0 has a base 11 forming the hub with a plurality of blades l2 protruding therefrom. The item 10 may have any form or shape provided, as will be explained hereinafter, that the molten metal can be poured in one step into a founding flask, for example, as shown in FIG. 2 and the metal can flow into and fill all the voids within the flask as the casting solidifies.
Referring to FIG. 2, the assembled founding flask is shown. The flask has a drag 16 and a cope 17. The drag is made of, for example, mild steel and includes an upper section I8 and a lower section 19 welded together forming a passageway 2l therebetween. The lower section 19 has an inlet pipe 24 welded to the center thereof so that a suitable coolant, such as water, enters the passageway 2l. Suitable baffles 22 cause the coolant to circulate around the drag I6 and exit through an outlet pipe 25. The upper section I8 has an upper surface 26 having a slight contour as required by the item l0.
The cope I7 is made of a refractory material which has a relatively poor heat conductivity rate to ensure that practically all of the heat in the molten metal is conducted out through the drag 18, for reasons that will be explained. Sincc in this embodiment the item l0 is made of, for example, aluminum, the cope 17 is made of plaster of paris having a thermal conductivity rate at least times less than the drag. lf a metal, that has a higher melting temperature than aluminum, is used, the cope should be made of refractory material which can withstand the temperature. The thickness of the thermal conductivity rate of the cope is chosen so that very little heat passes through the walls thereof. The cope 17 has an internal contour 17a which is the female counterpart of the external contour of item l0. In addition, the cope is preferably expendable, i.e., the cope is broken to remove the casting. The cope I7 fits within a depressed portion 28 formed in the upper section 18 of the drag I6 so that the cope and drag are readily aligned. A sprue 29 is formed in the cope so that metal may be poured within the cavity of the flask.
ln order that sound, dense, strong castings are produced, the molten metal should be poured through the sprue 29 without contacting the walls of the cope I7 and poured under the surface of the molten metal within the flask. This ensures that no oxides are trapped within the solid castings. Therefore, a funnel 3l, made of, for example, a material such as mild steel which does not melt when contacted by the molten aluminum, is used when the molten metal is poured. The steel funnel 31, first, has been heated to a temperature to prevent cooling of the casting metal. Then, the hot funnel 3l is inserted through the sprue 29 until the funnel contacts the drag 16. In addition, the funnel 3l includes a suitable strainer 32 for straining out any oxides that may be floating in thc liquid metal and includes a notch 33 for metering the molten metal out of the funnel to ensure that the funnel is continuously filled with molten metal, i.e., there is no interruption in the flow. An interruption in the flow of molten metal through the funnel would form a discontinuity in the casting because the metal within the mold hardens so rapidly that the following flow of metal could fall on solid metal forming hidden cracks. However, when the molten metal is poured continuously, and the bottom of the funnel 3l is kept below the surface of the liquid, the inflowing molten metal mixes with the molten metal already within the flask to form a continuous dense casting. Any oxides that may be formed flow towards the sprue and rise to the top thereof. When the flask is filled the funnel is removed. The drag 16 conducts heat away from the bottom of the mold while the cope 17 prevents heat from escaping therethrough. Thus, the portion of metal against the drag 16 solidifies first and when that portion solidifies it conducts heat from and solidifies the adjacent molten metal forming a continuous surface or interface between the molten and solid state. Since the heat has to pass through the item l0 while it is being cast, the sprue is the last portion to solidify. In order that the sprue may be the last portion to solidify, the external contour of item 10 preferably is limited such that at any horizontal plane above the drag 16 the cross section of item l0 is continuous to allow the molten metal to flow throughout and harden in the flask, as described.
To further ensure that no voids are left in the flask at the time item 10 is cast, the exterior pressure of the cope 17 is made lower than the interior. This result is achieved by placing a cover seal 36 over the drag 16, as shown, and a vacuum is drawn through a pipe 37. A quick seal is formed between the cope I7 and the periphery of a hole 38 in cover 36 and between the cover 36 and the drag. The cope 17, being inherently porous to air, allows the air in the flask to pass out through the walls of the cope so that the flask will fill completely with metal.
With the present disclosure in view, modifications ofthe invention will appear to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the invention is not limited to the exact details of the illustrated preferred embodiment but includes all such modifications and variations coming within the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
What is claimed is:
l. A method for producing castings using a founding flask, said method comprising: l
pouring molten metal into said flask through a heated funnel which extends to the lower portion of said flask so that the molten metal is added below the surface of any previously poured molten metal;
metering the flow of molten metal through the bottom of the heated funnel to control the flow of molten metal into the flask;
continuously removing heat from said flask through the lower portion thereof during the pouring of molten metal into said flask; and
simultaneously preventing heat from escaping through the upper portion of said flask during the pouring of molten metal into said flask by providing an evacuated area above a heat-insulating cope at the upper portion of said flask.
2. A method for producing castings using a founding flask, said method comprising:
pouring molten metal into said flask through a heated funnel which extends to the lower portion of said flask so that the molten metal is added below the surface of any previously poured molten metal;
metering the flow of molten metal through the bottom of the heated funnel to control the flow of molten metal into the flask;
removing heat from said flask through the lower portion thereof;
preventing heat from escaping through the upper portion of said flask; and
forming a lower pressure exterior of the upper portion of said flask than in the interior of said flask to facilitate the escape of air from inside the flask during the pouring of molten metal.
3. A method for producing castings using a founding flask,
said method comprising:
providing a heat-insulating cope at the upper portion of said flask;
providing a heat-conducting drag at the lower portion of said flask;
pouring molten metal into said flask through a heated funnel which extends to the lower portion of said flask so that the molten metal is added below the surface of any previously poured molten metal;
metering the flow of molten metal through the bottom of the heated funnel to control the flow of molten metal into the flask;
passing a coolant through passageways in the heat-conducting drag to remove heat from the lower portion of said flask; and
evacuating the area around the outside of the upper portion of said flask to facilitate the escape of gases from the interior of said flask during the pouring of molten metal.

Claims (3)

1. A method for producing castings using a founding flask, said method comprising: pouring molten metal into said flask through a heated funnel which extends to the lower portion of said flask so that the molten metal is added below the surface of any previously poured molten metal; metering the flow of molten metal through the bottom of the heated funnel to control the flow of molten metal into the flask; continuously removing heat from said flask through the lower portion thereof during the pouring of molten metal into said flask; and simultaneously preventing heat from escaping through the upper portion of said flask during the pouring of molten metal into said flask by providing an evacuated area above a heatinsulating cope at the upper portion of said flask.
2. A method for producing castings using a founding flask, said method comprising: pouring molten metal into said flask through a heated funnel which extends to the lower portion of said flask so that the molten metal is added below the surface of any previously poured molten metal; metering the flow of molten metal through the bottom of the heated funnel to control the flow of molten metal into the flask; removing heat from said flask through the lower portion thereof; preventing heat from escaping through the upper portion of said flask; and forming a lower pressure exterior of the upper portion of said flask than in the interior of said flask to facilitate the escape of air from inside the flask during the pouring of molten metal.
3. A method for producing castings using a founding flask, said method comprising: providing a heat-insulating cope at the upper portion of said flask; providing a heat-conducting drag at the lower portion of said flask; pouring molten metal into said flask through a heated funnel which extends to the lower portion of said flask so that the molten metal is added below the surface of any previously poured molten metal; metering the flow of molten metal through the bottom of the heated funnel to control the flow of molten metal into the flask; passing a coolant through passageways in the heat-conducting drag to remove heat from the lower portion of said flask; and evacuating the area around the outside of the upper portion of said flask to facilitate the escape of gases from the interior of said flask during the pouring of molten metal.
US794462*A 1966-05-19 1968-11-29 Art of making precision castings Expired - Lifetime US3608617A (en)

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Cited By (8)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4200140A (en) * 1977-11-07 1980-04-29 Ardal Og Sunndal Verk A.S. Method for teem-welding metals
US4632171A (en) * 1984-09-26 1986-12-30 General Motors Corporation Counter-gravity casting mold
US4858672A (en) * 1988-05-25 1989-08-22 General Motors Corporation Countergravity casting apparatus and method
US4982777A (en) * 1988-08-22 1991-01-08 Metal Casting Technology Inc. Countergravity casting method and apparatus
US5174356A (en) * 1991-07-19 1992-12-29 General Motors Corporation Casting apparatus
US8622113B1 (en) * 2012-09-16 2014-01-07 Charles B. Rau, III Apparatus and method for controlled optimized rapid directional solidification of mold shaped metal castings
CN109093100A (en) * 2018-08-09 2018-12-28 陈爱兰 One kind being used for cast aluminium alloy gold hub unit
US20220127748A1 (en) * 2020-02-20 2022-04-28 Globalwafers Co., Ltd. Methods for forming a unitized crucible assembly

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US5503214A (en) * 1994-04-04 1996-04-02 Cmi International, Inc. Mold and method for casting a disk brake rotor

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GB149479A (en) * 1919-06-02 1920-08-19 Robert Irwin Henderson Method and means for producing cast ingots
US2536692A (en) * 1945-07-20 1951-01-02 Raymond J Miller Temperature control mold
US2663059A (en) * 1945-07-20 1953-12-22 Raymond J Miller Centrifugal mold and core
US2782476A (en) * 1952-10-16 1957-02-26 Joseph B Brennan Apparatus for casting air foils and the like
GB834909A (en) * 1955-10-28 1960-05-11 Demag Ag Method of casting steel and cast iron and mould for carrying out the method
US3204303A (en) * 1963-06-20 1965-09-07 Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc Precision investment casting

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US1727565A (en) * 1928-03-09 1929-09-10 Wilcox Rich Corp Chill plate for use in molding tappet heads
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US901361A (en) * 1907-08-02 1908-10-20 George O Eaton Molding process.
US917257A (en) * 1908-06-06 1909-04-06 Thomas Critchlow Process of and apparatus for casting metal.
GB149479A (en) * 1919-06-02 1920-08-19 Robert Irwin Henderson Method and means for producing cast ingots
US2536692A (en) * 1945-07-20 1951-01-02 Raymond J Miller Temperature control mold
US2663059A (en) * 1945-07-20 1953-12-22 Raymond J Miller Centrifugal mold and core
US2782476A (en) * 1952-10-16 1957-02-26 Joseph B Brennan Apparatus for casting air foils and the like
GB834909A (en) * 1955-10-28 1960-05-11 Demag Ag Method of casting steel and cast iron and mould for carrying out the method
US3204303A (en) * 1963-06-20 1965-09-07 Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc Precision investment casting

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4200140A (en) * 1977-11-07 1980-04-29 Ardal Og Sunndal Verk A.S. Method for teem-welding metals
US4632171A (en) * 1984-09-26 1986-12-30 General Motors Corporation Counter-gravity casting mold
US4858672A (en) * 1988-05-25 1989-08-22 General Motors Corporation Countergravity casting apparatus and method
US4982777A (en) * 1988-08-22 1991-01-08 Metal Casting Technology Inc. Countergravity casting method and apparatus
US5174356A (en) * 1991-07-19 1992-12-29 General Motors Corporation Casting apparatus
US8622113B1 (en) * 2012-09-16 2014-01-07 Charles B. Rau, III Apparatus and method for controlled optimized rapid directional solidification of mold shaped metal castings
CN109093100A (en) * 2018-08-09 2018-12-28 陈爱兰 One kind being used for cast aluminium alloy gold hub unit
US20220127748A1 (en) * 2020-02-20 2022-04-28 Globalwafers Co., Ltd. Methods for forming a unitized crucible assembly
US20220228292A1 (en) * 2020-02-20 2022-07-21 Globalwafers Co., Ltd. Crucible molds
US12071705B2 (en) * 2020-02-20 2024-08-27 Globalwafers Co., Ltd. Crucible molds
US12084787B2 (en) 2020-02-20 2024-09-10 Globalwafers Co., Ltd. Methods for forming a unitized crucible assembly
US12084786B2 (en) * 2020-02-20 2024-09-10 Globalwafers Co., Ltd. Methods for forming a unitized crucible assembly

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