US3607183A - Method and apparatus for drawing sheet glass - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for drawing sheet glass Download PDF

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US3607183A
US3607183A US540696A US3607183DA US3607183A US 3607183 A US3607183 A US 3607183A US 540696 A US540696 A US 540696A US 3607183D A US3607183D A US 3607183DA US 3607183 A US3607183 A US 3607183A
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sheet
multiplicity
line
adjacent
draw
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Jean Francois Flori
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Compagnie de Saint Gobain SA
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Compagnie de Saint Gobain SA
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B15/00—Drawing glass upwardly from the melt
    • C03B15/02—Drawing glass sheets

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the fabrication of sheets of thermoplastic materials by drawing and, in particular is concerned with the production of glass in sheet form by vertical drawing fr' .1 a bath of molten glass.
  • the molten glass as it is drawn from the bath by the machine is rapidly cooled by heat exchange means disposed at each side of the incipient ribbon. Such cooling is necessary in order to bring the glass to a physical state such that it may be gripped without damage, between the rolls of the drawing apparatus.
  • the glass is annealed by gradually lowering its temperature at a controlled rate. This annealing is necessary in order to avoid the development of excessive internal stresses within the glass.
  • Control and regulation of temperature and rate of cooling is necessary at every stage of production, in order to obtain properly annealed sheets of good quality and uniform desired thickness.
  • Defects due to variations in thickness of the sheet are caused largely be variations in temperature of the glass at the moment of formation of the ribbon, that is, at the location where molten glass at the foot of the ribbon, curves upwardly with decreasing thickness to form an incipient ribbon.
  • each face thereof in order to avoid warping of the ribbon longitudinally as well as transversely during its formation as it moves in and along the drawing shaft, it is necessary that the temperature of each face thereof be substantially uniform at all points in each respective line extending transversely of the sheet, and that the temperature of each face of the sheet along corresponding or directly opposite lines, be the same. Also the temperature gradient between successive transverse lines should be smooth and even.
  • metal screens called pads, of appropriate dimensions and disposed at judiciously selected locations, in order to cool the ribbon during drawing.
  • This arrangement while it enables the attenuation or reduction to a certain extent, of the aforesaid undesired heterogeneity of temperature, nevertheless has disadvantages.
  • the emplacement of these screens must be effected manually after opening of access doors in the walls of the drawing apparatus. Since the interior of the drawing shaft is at a pressure below atmospheric, opening of such doors creates a rush of cooler air into the shaft and creates undesired and undesirable temperature variations therein.
  • these screens or pads become encrusted or coated with oxidations, deposits of dust, sulfates, etc., which create variations in rates of heat exchange between the screens and the glass.
  • the action of the screens is not uniform or continuous over the areas of the glass to be cooled, and their utilization is not sufficiently flexible to effect precise and continuous control of thickness because in order to change or modify their action it is necessary to change them or to vary their locations or positions of adjustment.
  • the present invention has for its chief objectthe provision of an improved method and apparatus for the fabrication of sheets of thermoplastic materials, especially glass, by drawing means which eliminate drawbacks of prior art procedures and apparatuses, and enable precise and accurate regulation and control of the cooling of the material with the resulting production of a ribbon of uniform desired thickness, of excellent quality, and devoid of defects.
  • Yet another object is to provide an apparatus as aforesaid, by which changes in temperatures to effect the desired uniformity, may be manually or automatically controlled in a relatively simple and effective way.
  • a still further object is to provide a method and apparatus for the production of sheet material, particularly glass, which by reason of the superior product produced, of uniform thickness, reduces losses and costs per unit length of material.
  • a plurality of surface elements located in side-by-side relation and positioned transversely to the direction in which the glass is drawn. These elements are able to effect heat exchange with the glass by radiation so that it is thus possible to control the cooling or rate of heat exchange at each location along the surface of the incipient sheet, by individually and independently controlling the temperature of each of these elements.
  • the surface temperature of each of the aforesaid elements is kept at a value such that the ratio is greater than 0.3 that of the surface of the glass at the area of exchange.
  • the cooling means comprises individual juxtaposed elements.
  • the cooling means comprises a common cover'with areas or spots along the length thereof which may be individually kept, each at a selected temperature different from the others, in order to enable a. desired rate of heat exchange at each area. Since there is an exchange of heat by conduction along the wall or cover from one area to the next adjacent areas, deleterious effects on the cooling of the glass otherwise caused by abrupt variations in temperature between any one area and the next contiguous areas, are avoided.
  • the cooling elements may be tubes disposed one after the other through each of which there is impelled a coolant having a sufficiently high boiling point.
  • coolants should have a high thermal capacity and, in particular, may be one of the organic substantially nonflammable liquids presently used in industry for heat exchange purposes. It is also possible to use gas, in particular, air.
  • the cooling elements are so formed that there is a temperature gradient between the external and internal wall surfaces thereof.
  • a coolant having a relatively low boiling point such as water, for example, may be used.
  • the cooling element at least that portion thereof adjacent the glass, is of a material having a relatively low heat conductivity, such as various cements or plastic material which maintains sufficient strength and solidity at temperatures around 350 C.
  • Teflon One such material is known by the trade name of Teflon.
  • the thickness of the wall formed by the material selected is so chosen that the desired temperature gradient will be established and maintained.
  • the cooling element may also be made of metal forming double walls which form between them a dead air space to effect the desired reduced rate of heat transmission. Or the space between the walls may be filled with a material such as powder of relatively low heat conductivity.
  • a series of tubes are juxtaposed in parallel relation and spaced in the direction transversely of the direction of drawing of the glass. These tubes are cooled upon the side opposite to that facing the glass, by a chilled fluid.
  • the dimensions of these tubes, the thickness of their walls, and the material of which they are made, are so selected that when no fluid is circulating through them, the heat exchange by conduction between the two walls, through the partition, results in a temperature of the external wall slightly higher than the desired operating temperature.
  • the temperature of the external walls of the tubes may be regulated with great precision by the circulation of coolant through the interior of the double walls, about the partition.
  • This coolant may, for example, be air having a temperature such that its circulation will, by convection, lower the temperature of the external walls to the desired value.
  • the drawing shows several nonlimiting examples of apparatuses by which the method may be carried into practice.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a curve of relative heat exchange rates by radiation
  • FIG. 2 illustrates schematically in transverse vertical section, a glass-drawing machine of the Pennvernon-type, equipped with means for carrying the inventive method into practice;
  • FIG. 3 is a longitudinal sectional detail view showing a portion of a cooling tube, the internal arrangement of partitions and means for feeding coolant to, and exhausting the same from, the tube;
  • FIG. 4 is a section take in a plane identified by line 4-4, FIG. 3;
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic vertical section transversely of the sheet, showing a modification
  • FIG. 6 is a vertical longitudinal section to an enlarged scale, of the heat exchange element used in the modification of FIG. 5, with outer tube omitted for greater clarity of illustration;
  • FIG. 6a is a transverse section with outer tube present, and taken in a plane identified by line 6a6a, FIG. 6;
  • FIG. 7 is a detail plan view looking from below, showing the staggered or offset relation between the effective cooling sections of two contiguous pipes of the construction depicted upon FIG. 6;
  • FIG. 8 is an elevational view of a third modification of heat exchange element in which there are formed aligned individual heat exchange units in side-by-side transversely aligned relation;
  • FIG. 9 is a sectional view taken in a plane identified by line 9--9, FIG. 8, looking in the direction of the arrows;
  • FIG. 10 is a transverse sectional detail view showing still another form which the cooling element may have;
  • FIG. II is an elevational view looking from right to left, FIG. 10;
  • FIG. 12 is a perspective view showing details of construction of the assembled apparatus.
  • FIG. 13 is a schematic view showing a form of apparatus for automatically controlling the flow of coolant through the several discrete cooling chambers.
  • FIG. 1 shows a curve representing the variations in heat exchange by radiation, between two spaced surfaces at the respective temperatures of t and T.
  • the cooling elements be maintained at temperatures which will be greater than 0.3 that of the glass. For instance, when the temperature I of the cooling surface is kept below 0.3 that of the glass, a substantial change in t does not materially alter the rate of heat transmission per unit area, by radiation from glass to cooling surface. On the other hand, when t is maintained at a value such that the ratio is above 0.3, slight changes in 2 result in correspondingly large changes in rate of heat transmission.
  • FIG. 2 l have depicted schematically a glass-drawing machine of the so-called Pennvernon-type.
  • this is by way of example only; and it will be well understood by those skilled in the art, that the method and apparatus are easily adapted for use with other types of glass-drawing machines such as the Fourcault, Colburn, and others.
  • the ribbon of glass 1 is drawn vertically from the surface of the bath of molten glass 2.
  • the usual drawing bar or boat 3, submerged in the bath, assists in causing the incipient ribbon to form into a foot 4 which, as the glass moves upwardly, thins into sheet form for passage between pairs of vertically spaced drawing rolls 5 located in tower or shaft 6.
  • the incipient sheet moves upwardly at 4 from the surface of the bath, it passes between coolers 7, as is well known in the art.
  • the temperature of the glass at the location where the ribbon is formed should be uniform from point to point along lines in the surface of the glass normal to the plane of FIG. 2. In the prior art this uniformity is not attainable in practice, so that the temperature of the glass at successive points along any given line, as aforesaid, varies from point to point where the foot 4 gradually contracts in thickness to form ribbon 1. This lack of uniformity of temperature causes a like variation in viscosity of the glass, with the result that the thickness of the drawn sheet or ribbon correspondingly varies from place to place.
  • auxiliary cooling means which upon FIG. 2 are identified as a pair of tubes 8 each located below and suspended by suitable means from a respective one of conventional coolers 7.
  • FIGS. 3 and 41 show in vertical longitudinal and transverse section and to an enlarged scale, the construction of one of these tubes 8.
  • Each tube which, as shown upon FIG. 2, is located closely adjacent the foot of the incipient ribbon, is divided into lower and upper chambers 10 and 11, by a wall 9 secured in and extending horizontally and diametrically of the tube.
  • Lower chamber 10 in turn, is divided into compartments such as 12, by semicircular partitions 13 fixed at spaced intervals in and along the chamber.
  • Wall 9 is apertured as indicated at so that there is at least one opening for the exhaust of cooling fluid from its compartment. In the model shown there are two of these openings symmetrically located upon opposite sides of a coolant supply pipe 14.
  • each pipe 14 descends vertically from one of the coolers 7, passes in sealed relation through a respective on of a number of holes in the top of conduit 8, and another hole in wall 9, and has its lower end terminating centrally within a respective one of the compartments.
  • cooling fluid or gas such as air
  • each tube 14 enters its respective compartment 12 where heat exchange by radiation takes place between the molten glass 2 and the exterior walls of each compartment 12.
  • the fluid then passes through aperture 15 and is exhausted from upper chamber 11 and recirculated to means whereby it is recooled.
  • FIGS. 5 through 7 show a second form which the auxiliary cooling means may have.
  • ribbon 1 bath of molten glass 2, drawing boat 3, foot 4, and coolers 7, are as previously described in connection with FIG. 2.
  • a metal tube which extends horizontally over the surface of the molten glass and at one side of the cooler 7. While in FIG. 5 only one tube 44 is shown, it will be understood that a second and identically constructed auxiliary cooler is allochirally disposed adjacent the right-hand cooler 7, as viewed in this figure.
  • a group or bundle of small pipes 40 is disposed within tube 44 in spaced parallel relation as shown upon FIG. 6a.
  • Heat insulating material 41 may fill the interstices between pipes 40, within tube 44.
  • Each pipe 40 includes a U-shaped depending bend whose sides pass downwardly through a respective pair of apertures in the lower wall of tube 44.
  • one of these bends is indicated at 40a and from this it is noted that the bight portion of the bend is parallel with and closely adjacent the surface of the molten glass. See also FIG. 5.
  • each tube has but one bend.
  • the bights of all bends lie in a common plane parallel with the surface of the glass, but are offset with about a 50 percent overlap in this plane and in a direction parallel with ribbon 1.
  • the arrangement of bights of the tubes is well shown upon FIG. 7 from which it is seen that these form two rows 42 and 43 closely spaced and parallel with the surface of the molten glass.
  • Each row comprises a series of bights in contiguous endto-end aligned relation.
  • valves 46, FIG. 6, one in each pipe, exteriorly of the melting tank 47 the amount or rate of flow of coolant passing through each of the pipes may be varied to ef feet a precise control of the surfaces of the glass near the foot
  • Each bight of the tubes may have its upper surface covered with shield of heat insulation such as indicated at 45. This directs the cooling effect downwardly and promotes efficient is divided into discrete chambers 16, by partitions 48.
  • each chamber may be separately and individually supplied with coolant by a respective one of a plurality of inlet pipes 17.
  • each inlet pipe has a valve 18 located exteriorly of the cooler. Fluid is exhausted from each chamber through a respective one of a plurality of pipes 19.
  • FIG. 9 shows that compartments 16 are positioned in contiguous side-by-side relation to form a row extending completely across the ribbon, at a location closely adjacent the location where it moves upwardly.
  • the coolant may be air; and by manipulation of valves 18 the amount of fluid impelled through each chamber 16 is varied to effect a precise and exact control of temperature at the surfaces of the glass.
  • the ribbon of glass is thus formed by rapidly lowering its temperature from about l000 C. adjacent foot 4, to its solidification temperature which, in general, is about 800 C.
  • the conditions of cooling determine the thickness of the sheet produced.
  • coolers 7 in order to compensate for variations in thickness it is also desirable to regulate the temperature of coolers 7, at least over the lower parts 7a thereof, effective upon zone a" of the glass. Since the upper part of the coolers act solely to rapidly lower the temperature of the glass to, say, about 500 C., so that the glass is not damaged by passage between the drawing rolls of the machine, it is not essential as a rule, to closely regulate the temperature in this zone, transversely of the sheet. However, it is advantageous to maintain the temperature of the cooler sufficiently high to avoid deposits or encrustations which would otherwise form thereon.
  • the separation of the lower portion of the cooler into discrete temperature zones may be effected by any of the means previously described.
  • This separation may be effected in a particularly efficient and commercially satisfactory way, by continuous conduits defined by double walls at the base of the cooler, and impelling through each a current of fluid whose temperature can be controlled individually for each conduit.
  • Such control is readily effected by means of pipes 19, each having a valve 20 therein and each leading to a respective one of the chambers. As shown upon FIG. 2, these pipes may be connected with a single heat exchanger 21 and which may also serve as the supply of fluid for the upper portion or chamber of coolers 7.
  • the glass After the glass has been formed into a ribbon, it moves into the drawing shaft 6 where it is annealed. It is important, at the moment that each increment of length of the ribbon moves into the shaft, that it be of uniform temperature transversely of the sheet and that both surfaces thereof be at the same tem perature. If such conditions do not exist, the ribbon tends to warp or distort and this may cause breakage of the glass when it enters between drawing rolls 5.
  • auxiliary coolers 22 are disposed upon and adjacent respective surfaces of the ribbon at the location where it enters the shaft. These auxiliary coolers may be formed like coolers 8 previously described in connection with FIGS. 3 and 4. However, other embodiments such as those depicted upon FIGS. 10 and l 1 may be used with equally satisfactory results.
  • each cooler 22 is shown as rectangular in transverse vertical section. The interior thereof is divided into, chambers 48,49 by a vertical partition 23 extending transversely in and along the cooler. Chamber 48 is, in
  • each of these compartments is individually supplied with coolant through a common conduit 26 having branches 27 each leading to a respective one of compartments 25.
  • a control valve 28 is included in each branch 27.
  • the coolers 22 are disposed, one on each side of the ribbon and are so regulated that when the sheet passes into the drawing shaft, the temperature of each increment of length, forming a narrow strip transversely across the sheet, is the same throughout the length of the strip, and both faces of the strip are at the same temperature.
  • auxiliary coolers 22 At the location where it enters the drawing chamber or shaft, the glass is at a temperature of about 500 C.
  • auxiliary coolers 22 will thus have a temperature of the order of 150 to 200 C.
  • the surface temperature of these coolers it is desirable that the surface temperature of these coolers be somewhat above the optimum value, say 350 C., in order to prevent the formation of deposits or encrustations upon the surfaces thereof.
  • auxiliary coolers identified at 29, FIG. 2 are located within shaft 6, as shown, in order to regulate the rate of cooling of the ribbon as it passes upwardly therealong, and thus assure proper annealing. Otherwise variations in such rate will occur because of convection currents within the shaft.
  • FIG. 12 shows a variation of the cooling means, and which is used to assure regulation of temperature of each point of the surface of the glass at the moment of its formation, the location where it enters the drawing shaft, and/or within the shaft.
  • These cooling means comprise a first U-shaped chamber 31 disposed perpendicularly to the surface of the glass, and a second U-shaped chamber 32 fitting within and in contact with the first.
  • the exterior chamber is supplied with a fluid such as air, through a header 33 and pipe 51 having valve 34 therein.
  • the second or interior chamber 32 is supplied with coolant such as water, through a header 35 and branch pipe 52 which may also have a valve therein, not shown. Fluid is withdrawn from chambers 31 and 32 through pipes 53 and 54, respectively.
  • each group of chambers 31 may be supplied from header 33 and each group 32 from header 35.
  • the entire assembly is supported by a beam 36 supported at its ends and extending horizontally and transversely across the apparatus.
  • FIG. 2 shows that header 33 is supplied with air from a blower 36.
  • Exhaust pipes 53, FIG. 12 connect with a header 55, FIG. 2, by which air is returned to a cooler or heat exchanger, not shown, and thence returned to the blower for recirculation.
  • Automatic control of the temperature of the several chambers to maintain the uniformity of temperature as previously described may be effected by an apparatus such as the one shown upon FIG. 13 operating on the principle of X-ray absorption or optical interference.
  • 1 represents to a greatly enlarged scale, a portion of a ribbon of glass being drawn upwardly out of the plane of the figure.
  • a track 56 is fixed horizontally, parallel with and extending across ribbon 1.
  • the track mounts, for guided translation along it, an assembly generally identified at 57, comprising means 58 for detecting changes in thickness, from a predetermined desired value, of the ribbon at each location scanned.
  • the thickness of the sheet is tested or explored at each location. Testing every few hours is sufficient because in practice, the thickness varies very little from hour to hour. Measurements may be taken every cm., or less if necessary.
  • L/IO electrical indications every few hours L being the width of the sheet in centimeters.
  • a pressure-responsive device 60 consists of a closed casing divided into two discrete chambers by a bellows or diaphragm 61. One of these chambers is connected as at 62 with a source of pressure corresponding, to a predetermined scale, with the desired thickness of the glass. The other chamber is connected as by conduit 63, with the aforesaid recording transmitter.
  • the diaphragm or bellows 61 is flexed to close one or the other of two circuits 64 or 65 and which reversely control a servomotor.
  • a servomotor for each respective valve such as 18, 20, 28, 34, etc.
  • the servomotor When the servomotor is energized by deflection of the diaphragm, to operate in one direction, its valve such as 18', is closed to decrease the rate of flow of coolant to the corresponding compartment.
  • its valve is opened to increase the rate of flow of coolant to that chamber.
  • the pressure responsive device is connected sequentially with each servomotor.
  • the resulting pressure differential effective upon diaphragm 61, closes a corresponding to one of the aforesaid circuits which operates the valve such as 18' controlling flow of coolant to the corresponding chamber such as 16, to decrease the rate of flow sufficiently to increase the temperature at that point or location and thus decrease the thickness thereat to normal or desired value.
  • valves 18', inlet pipes 17 and cooling compartments 16 may be the same as depicted upon FIGS. 8 and 9, it being understood that the same type of automatic control as just described, is equally adaptable to the species of FIGS. 3, 4; 5, 6, etc., and also that, as in FIG. 9, the cooling compartments are in a row extending continuously along and adjacent the line of draw, with each segment of commutator bar 68 in registration with and extending over the same distance, parallel with the track 56, as its corresponding compartment 16.
  • line of draw has the usual meaning in the art, such as, referring to FIG. 2, a line defined by the intersection of the plane of ribbon l, with a plane lying in the surface of the bath of molten glass 2.
  • the method of drawing sheet glass in a fixed vertical direction from a molten bath comprising, establishing a first plurality of fluid chambers in contiguous, side-by-side relation along a first line parallel with the incipient sheet at one side thereof, normal to said direction, and extending completely and without hiatus across the sheet, for direct heat exchange with and adjacent the incipient sheet, supplying cooling fluid for the incipient sheet to each said chamber, and individually controlling the flow of fluid to each said chamber, to thereby maintain constant the surface temperature of the sheet adjacent said first line.
  • the step which comprises equalizing the temperature of the glass, in a region where the glass is still plastic, by separately and individually cooling discrete areas of the incipient sheet, said areas extending continuously and without hiatus adjacent and along a line in and transversely of the incipient sheet and parallel with, adjacent and essentially coextensive with said line of draw.
  • first cooler means comprising a continuous, uninterrupted first surface extending parallel to and adjacent the line of draw of the ribbon, first partition means connected with said first surface and forming therewith a first multiplicity of closed, discrete, heat exchange compartments extending in side-by-side relation adjacent and along the line of draw and adjacent to the incipient ribbon being drawn upwardly from the tank, said compartments forming a first row parallel with said line of draw and normal to said direction, first conduit means for supplying and exhausting cooling fluid independently to and from each said compartment, for direct heat exchange contact with the corresponding portion of said first surface, and for direct heat exchange with and adjacent the incipient ribbon being drawn upwardly from the bath of molten glass in said tank, and means operable to selectively and independently control the flow of cooling fluid into and from each said compartment of said first multiplicity.
  • second cooler means comprising a continuous, uninterrupted second surface extending parallel to and adjacent the line of draw of the ribbon, and on the side thereof opposite to said first surface, second partition means connected with said second surface and forming therewith a second multiplicity of closed, discrete, heat exchange compartments extending in side-by-side relation along said line of draw, said second multiplicity of compartments conjointly forming a second row parallel with said line of draw and normal to said direction, second conduit means for supplying and exhausting cooling fluid independently to and from each said compartment of said second multiplicity, for direct heat exchange contact with the corresponding portion of said second surface, and means operable to selectively and independently control the flow of cooling fluid into and from each compartment of said second multiplicity.
  • said surface of said first cooler means comprising a main pipe, a wall in said main pipe extending thereacross and longitudinally therealong, to form with the walls of said main pipe, first and second discrete chambers, said first partition means'comprising partitions in and spaced along said second chamber, anddividing the same into said first multiplicity of discrete compartments, said wall having a multiplicity of apertures each opening into a respective one of said compartments, said first conduit means comprising a multiplicity of cooling fluid supply pipes each in communication with a respective one of said apertures.
  • said first cooler means comprising a closed essentially parallelepipedal casing having its longitudinal axis adjacent and parallel with said line of draw, said casing comprising a bottom wall essentially parallel with the surface of molten glass in said tank, and a vertical sidewall parallel with the plane of the ribbon being drawn, an auxiliary partition in said casing generally parallel with and spaced above said bottom wall and dividing the interior of said casing into lower and upper chambers, said first partition means comprising a multiplicity of spaced partitions in said lower chamber and, in conjunction with the corresponding portions of said bottom and vertical sidewalls, dividing said lower chamber into sequential discrete compartments in side-byside contiguous relation, to define a row parallel with and adjacent said line of draw, said first conduit means comprising a multiplicity of first supply pipes each opening into a respective one of said compartments, a multiplicity of first exhaust pipes each leading from a respective one of said compartments, a second supply pipe and a second exhaust pipe, each opening into said upper chamber, coolant supply means feeding
  • said first cooler means comprising a coolant tube extending parallel with the line of draw, a multiplicity of pipes mounted within said tube, in parallel relation therein, each said pipe including a U-shaped bend, the sides of each bend extending through a respective pair of apertures in said tube, to position the bight thereof exteriorly of the tube, all said bights being essentially coplanar in a plane parallel with the surface of the molten glass in said tank, each said bight being longitudinally offset from and in overlapping side-by-side relation with the next adjacent bight, transversely of the ribbon, all said bights conjointly forming a row extending parallel with and adjacent the line of draw, and substantially coextensive with the width of the ribbon, said flow control means comprising a multiplicity of valves, each in a respective one of said pipes.
  • said first cooler means comprising a first multiplicity of discrete U-shaped chambers, means mounting said chambers in side-by-side contiguous relation, each in a respective one of a multiplicity of parallel planes normal to the line of draw, to form a row extending parallel with and adjacent said line of draw and essentially coextensive therewith, said first conduit means comprising a first header and a multiplicity of first pipes each connecting said first header with a respective one of said chambers, a multiplicity of valves each in a respective one of said first pipes, and means for exhausting fluid from each chamber of said first multiplicity.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Re-Forming, After-Treatment, Cutting And Transporting Of Glass Products (AREA)
  • Extrusion Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Shaping By String And By Release Of Stress In Plastics And The Like (AREA)
US540696A 1965-04-12 1966-04-06 Method and apparatus for drawing sheet glass Expired - Lifetime US3607183A (en)

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FR12829A FR1447205A (fr) 1965-04-12 1965-04-12 Perfectionnements à la fabrication de feuilles en matières thermoplastiques, telles que verre, par étirage

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BE (1) BE679163A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BR (1) BR6678658D0 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE1596363A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DK (1) DK111040B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
ES (1) ES325281A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR1447205A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1137161A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
LU (1) LU50880A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
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US6758064B1 (en) * 1999-07-22 2004-07-06 Nh Techno Glass Corporation Production method and device for sheet glass, and liquid crystal device
US20050102001A1 (en) * 2003-11-06 2005-05-12 Maile Keith R. Dual-use sensor for rate responsive pacing and heart sound monitoring
US7207193B2 (en) * 2003-12-08 2007-04-24 Corning Incorporated Method of fabricating low-warp flat glass
US20110126591A1 (en) * 2009-11-30 2011-06-02 Paul Gregory Chalk Method and Apparatus for Pressure Control of Glass-Making Thickness-Control Zone
CN102351405A (zh) * 2010-05-13 2012-02-15 康宁股份有限公司 生产玻璃板的方法
US20120318020A1 (en) * 2011-06-17 2012-12-20 Robert Delia Apparatus and methods for producing a glass ribbon
US20210355016A1 (en) * 2020-05-13 2021-11-18 Corning Incorporated Glass molding apparatus including adjustable cooling nozzles and methods of using the same
US11565962B2 (en) * 2015-05-01 2023-01-31 Corning Incorporated Method and apparatus for controlling thickness of glass sheet

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BE757057A (fr) * 1969-10-06 1971-04-05 Corning Glass Works Procede et appareil de controle d'epaisseur d'une feuille de verre nouvellement etiree

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US2519457A (en) * 1944-06-24 1950-08-22 Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co Method of and apparatus for drawing sheet glass
US2655765A (en) * 1947-11-06 1953-10-20 Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co Method and apparatus for forming sheet glass
US2828948A (en) * 1954-07-06 1958-04-01 Jr Smiley M Caldwell Heat exchange unit
US3223502A (en) * 1961-08-22 1965-12-14 Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co Method and apparatus for drawing glass sheet

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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US6758064B1 (en) * 1999-07-22 2004-07-06 Nh Techno Glass Corporation Production method and device for sheet glass, and liquid crystal device
US20050102001A1 (en) * 2003-11-06 2005-05-12 Maile Keith R. Dual-use sensor for rate responsive pacing and heart sound monitoring
US7207193B2 (en) * 2003-12-08 2007-04-24 Corning Incorporated Method of fabricating low-warp flat glass
US9296635B2 (en) 2009-11-30 2016-03-29 Corning Incorporated Method and apparatus for pressure control of glass-making thickness-control zone
US8707737B2 (en) 2009-11-30 2014-04-29 Corning Incorporated Method and apparatus for pressure control of glass-making thickness-control zone
US20110126591A1 (en) * 2009-11-30 2011-06-02 Paul Gregory Chalk Method and Apparatus for Pressure Control of Glass-Making Thickness-Control Zone
CN102351405A (zh) * 2010-05-13 2012-02-15 康宁股份有限公司 生产玻璃板的方法
CN102351405B (zh) * 2010-05-13 2014-07-02 康宁股份有限公司 生产玻璃板的方法
US20120318020A1 (en) * 2011-06-17 2012-12-20 Robert Delia Apparatus and methods for producing a glass ribbon
CN103608307A (zh) * 2011-06-17 2014-02-26 康宁股份有限公司 制备玻璃带的设备和方法
CN103608307B (zh) * 2011-06-17 2016-06-29 康宁股份有限公司 制备玻璃带的设备和方法
US11565962B2 (en) * 2015-05-01 2023-01-31 Corning Incorporated Method and apparatus for controlling thickness of glass sheet
US20210355016A1 (en) * 2020-05-13 2021-11-18 Corning Incorporated Glass molding apparatus including adjustable cooling nozzles and methods of using the same

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GB1137161A (en) 1968-12-18
BR6678658D0 (pt) 1973-01-23
NL6604101A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1966-10-13
BE679163A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1966-10-06
DK111040B (da) 1968-05-13
DE1596363A1 (de) 1970-05-06
ES325281A1 (es) 1967-02-16
FR1447205A (fr) 1966-07-29
LU50880A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1966-10-12
NO119246B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1970-04-20

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