Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
  • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
  • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
  • G01N33/66—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving blood sugars, e.g. galactose
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
  • Y10T436/14—Heterocyclic carbon compound [i.e., O, S, N, Se, Te, as only ring hetero atom]
  • Y10T436/142222—Hetero-O [e.g., ascorbic acid, etc.]
  • Y10T436/143333—Saccharide [e.g., DNA, etc.]
  • Y10T436/144444—Glucose

Definitions

• the color reagent is modified to include at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid, e.g. glycolic acid and little or no glacial acetic acid, there being no sacrifice in the reaction rate or in the yield of the resultant colored compound.
• hydroxycarboxylic acid e.g. glycolic acid and little or no glacial acetic acid
• glucose is reacted with appropriate enzymes, for example glucose oxidase, and then a determination is made of the products formed by the enzymatic reaction.
• appropriate enzymes for example glucose oxidase
• the indicator reaction is deleteriously sensitive to other chemicals, for example, to reducing agents, such as ascorbic acid. Therefore, the glucose content, for example, in urine, cannot be accurately determined by the glucose oxidase method.
• this enzymatic method just like other enzymatic processes, exhibits the disadvantage that the enzymes have only a limited shelf life.
• Still another conventional method for determining glucose is by reaction with aniline, p-aminosalicylic acid, pbromoaniline or diphenylamine in glacial acetic acid or also in other acids. This reaction was employed for making individual separate sugars visible on paperand thin-layer-chromatograms (see, in this connection, for example, J. chrom. 24, 117, (1966) and Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest, 20, 216 [1967].
• aldohexoses e.g. glucose and galactose
• aldopentoses e.g., xylose
• ketoses e.g.
• a principal object of this invention is to provide an improved method and reagents for the determination of aldoses, especially glucose, galactose, or xylose.
• the color reagent contains a hydroxy acid, e.g. mono-, diand/or tricarboxylic acids substituted by one or more hydroxyl groups.
• the color reagent may also contain an nonodiferous content of glacial acetic acid and/or an intermediate solvent (Hereinafter referred to as solubilizer).
• the invention provides a color reagent for the determination of aldoses, particularly of glucose or galactose or xylose in body fluids, said color reagent comprising:
• a hydroxy acid e.g. mono-, diand/or tricarboxylic acids having hydroxyl groups.
• the color agent can optionally include water, thiourea, glacial acetic acid and/or a solubilizer.
• the color reagent of this invention is added to the sample to be tested, the mixture is heated, and by photometric means, the absorbance of the resultant green colored solution is measured.
• a main advantage of the novel color reagent of this invention is that the previously employed obnoxious glacial acetic acid is not required, but if used, it is employed only in a low concentration. Thus, when using the color reagent, there is very little or no irritation caused by the odor. Furthermore, of equal importance is the fact that excellent reaction rates and yields are obtained.
• the novel color reagent also permits the test to be adapted to a wide range of conditions, since by adjusting the concentrations of the various components of the color reagent, the rates of color formation and the sensitivity of the test are readily controllable. Accordingly, the color reaction can be made substantially more sensitive, and/or the resultant color more stable than prior conventional processes.
• the advantages including the ready formation of the specific color (green with glucose), by the use of the color reagent of this invention are totally unexpected because, for example, halo-fatty acids, thioacids, nonhydroxylated dicarboxylic acids, or inorganic acids are not nearly as effective as the hydroxycarboxylic acids included in the color reagent of the present invention.
• organic or inorganic solvents, without the acid addition cannot be successfully employed for the reaction, either, since no measurable color yields can be obtained therewith.
• the color reagent of the present invention wherein a special group of acids is employed, optionally in combination with a solubilizer, produces remarkably excellent analytical results, with the process being easily adaptable to various test objectives.
• any aromatic amine can be employed which is substituted in the o-position but not in the 0'-position.
• the general structural formula of the amines preferably used in the reagent according to the present invention is as follows:
• dashed line represents the remainder of an aromatic ring, preferably a carbocyclic ring of or 6 carbon atoms;
• R is in particular lower alkyl containing l-4 carbon atoms, as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl or butyl.
• the unfulfilled valence bonds i.e. the positions metaand parato the arninocarbon, are satisfied by either hydrogen or any other moiety which does not interfere with the reaction of an aldose, especially glucose, and the aromatic amine to form a colored compound.
• the amines can be substituted in the 3- and/or 4- and/or 5-position, preferably by alkyl residues of up to 4 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, or butyl, the 0-position being also preferably substituted by one of such alkyl residues.
• alkyl residues of up to 4 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, or butyl, the 0-position being also preferably substituted by one of such alkyl residues.
• the aromatic amines, used in the agents according to the present invention are unsubstituted in the 0'- position; particularly preferred amines are the o-substituted, ounsubstituted anilines.
• aromatic amines substituted only in the 0-position e.g., o-toluidine, 2 -ethyl-, 2-n-propyl-, 2- isopropyl-, Z-n-butyl, Z-isobutylor 2-tert. butyl-aniline, and also disubstituted amines such as aniline substituted in the 2,3- or 2,4- or 2,5-position by lower alkyl, especially methyl or ethyl, such as 2,3-dimethylaniline, 2,4-dimethylaniline, 2,5- dimethylaniline, 2,3-diethylaniline, 2,4-diethylaniline, 2,5- diethylaniline.
• aromatic amines can be readily separated from any interfering autoxidation products, which are always present in larger or smaller proportions, by means of distillation.
• o-toluidine is especially preferred.
• the concentration of the amine has a bearing on the color yield and the stability of the thus-formed dyestuff, so that, by varying the concentration, a reagent can be prepared which is adapted to the specific requirements.
• aldohexoses form a maximum at 620 nanometers (green color) and can be specifically measured at this wavelength, whereas aldopentoses form a maximum at 480 nanometers (reddish brown coloring).
• aromatic amine is important to the obtaining of the colored compound, such aromatic amines are derived from the prior art. Conversely, the essential novelty of this invention is directed to the use ofa hydroxylic acid in conjunction with the amine.
• the preferred group comprises short-chained acids, especially of 2-6 carbon atoms, with l-5 hydroxy groups and l-3 carboxy groups and containing only carbon, oxygen and hydrogen atoms.
• Hydroxycarboxylic acids of 2-4 carbon atoms, containing l-2 hydroxy groups and 1-2 carboxy groups are preferred in particular.
• Suitable hydroxycarbolic acids include, but are not limited to those which are readily derivable from natural substances, for example hydroxycarboxylic acids derived from sugars, especially hexoses and pentoses, e.g. gluconic acid and mannonic acid.
• the preferred hydroxycarboxylic acids of this invention are especially the monohydroxymonocarboxylic acids, particularly those of 2-4 carbon atoms, such as glycolic acid and/or lactic acid.
• dicarboxylic acids useable in this invention, they contain preferably 3-6, especially 4-6, carbon atoms and 1-4 hydroxy groups. Particularly suitable, in this connection, are malic acid and/or tartaric acid. It is also possible to employ the various stereoisomers of these acids, such as d-malic acid, l-malic acid, d-tartaric acid, ltartaric acid and/or mesotartaric acid.
• tricarboxylic acids containing hydroxyl groups such as citric acid
• they increase the viscosity of the reagent solution markedly, so that it is preferred in most instances to use hydroxy monoor dicarboxylic acids.
• citric acid is preferred.
• the concentration in which the total acids are added depends, inter alia, on the solubility of the acids.
• readily soluble acids e.g. lactic acid
• the color reagent of this invention may also contain glacial acetic acid as part of the acid.
• the glacial acetic acid will not be used at all in the color reagent of this invention, or, if so, only in a low concentration, eg 10 percent or optionally up to ZOpercent, but not more than 30 parts by weight per parts of color reagent in order to avoid annoyance by the odor.
• Glacial acetic acid in a low concentration in the reagent may be useful for lowering the viscosity of the mixture and preventing an undesired crystallization of solid components therein contained.
• the color reagent of the invention may also contain a solubilizer, especially in the form of organic solvents containing hydroxyl groups and which are miscible with water.
• a solubilizer especially in the form of organic solvents containing hydroxyl groups and which are miscible with water.
• Preferred, in this connection are monohydric alcohols or polyhydric alcohols having a boiling point above 90 C., especially diols. Suitable are, for example, lower alcohols and, in particular, lower diols of up to 4 carbon atoms and having a boiling point of 90 C. or thereabove.
• diols of 2-3 carbon atoms such as ethylene glycol, 1,2- propylene glycol or 1,3-propylene glycol, or alcohols of 3-4 carbon atoms, such as n-propanol, isopropanol or butanol.
• Such solubilizers include monoalkyl glycol ethers, particularly lower glycols etherified in each case with a lower alkyl residue, such as methyl, ethyl, or also butyl glycol ether.
• the particularly preferred glycol ethers are derived from ethylene or 1,2-propylene glycol, or from 1,3-propylene glycol, such as, for example, ethylene glycol monomethyl (or ethyl or butyl) ether; 1,2-propylene glycol monomethyl (or ethyl or butyl) ether; or 1,3-propylene glycol monomethyl (or ethyl or butyl) ether.
• mixtures of the above-mentioned compounds can likewise be employed as the solubilizer.
• solubilizer When employing ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, there is the advantage that the color is formed extraordinarily quickly. On the other hand, unesterified ethylene glycol exhibits the advantage that the color is extremely stable in the solution.
• the function of the solubilizer is to lower the viscosity of the reagent, to prevent an undesired crystallization of the solid components therein, to diminish the blank values and to create favorable reaction rates and color yields.
• water in addition to the solubilizer, consisting generally of hydroxyl-group-containing organic solvents-or in some cases, e.g. when using lactic acid, in place of this solubilizer, water can be employed in the color reagent of this invention.
• the solubilizer consisting generally of hydroxyl-group-containing organic solvents-or in some cases, e.g. when using lactic acid, in place of this solubilizer
• water can be employed in the color reagent of this invention.
• Wat ,r content in the reagent By varying the Wat ,r content in the reagent, the speed of color formation and the sensitivity of the reagent can be widely adapted to the particular requirements.
• the use of water is advantageous espe cially to prevent the formation of inner esters from the hydroxycarboxylic acids, or of organic solvents.
• the colored compound formed from the amine and the aldose is somewhat more stable in the presence of water.
• organic solvents can be included in the reagent, as long as they do not interfere with the color formation and the absorbance measurement step.
• methanol e.g. up to 15 percent by weight, preferably about 5 percent by weight
• suitable solvents which can be added in small amounts are, for example, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, and glycolic acid esters, e.g. methyl glycolate, such solvents also functioning to lower the viscosity.
• lS-SO Solubilizers preferably organic solvents containing hydroxyl groups. having boiling points of 90 -85, C
• the components can be added in any desired sequence.
• the hydroxyl-group-containing carboxylic acids are dissolved in the solubilizer employed, the latter generally comprising a hydroxyl-group containing organic solvent (having preferably a boiling point of C. or higher), optionally together with water and/or thiourea, and then the aromatic osubstituted amine is added thereto.
• the individual components of the reagent should be employed in the pure form in order to keep the blank values during the measurement low.
• the color reagent is utilized for the determination of aldoses, especially of glucose, galactose or xylose, in body fluids, in a conventional manner.
• Body fluids which can be tested are, in particular, blood, plasma, serum, liquor or urine.
• the sample to be examined must first be deproteinized with an agent customarily employed for this purpose, particularly trichloroacetic acid, perchloric acid or uranyl acetatev
• the precipitated protein is suitably filtered off or removed by centrifuging before determining the aldose content.
• serum, plasma or liquor and urine the deproteinizing step can be omitted, if desired.
• an aliquot of the solution which was preferably deproteinized, is mixed with a measured quantity ofa solution of the agent according to the present invention, and is then heated in a conventional manner for a certain period of time to a fixed temperature for example about C.
• the periods of time employed range, if the water content is low, between about 4 and 10 minutes, or, if the water content is higher or the temperature is lower; up to about 60 minutes.
• the exact optimum heating period will be determined in each case for the respective composition of the reagent and the reaction temperature.
• the time is selected so that at the respective reaction temperature, at least 98 percent of the maximum color yield is obtained. ln urgent cases, however, it is also possible to operate with briefer periods, since standard and test samples are always treated in the same manner, and since the result reflects only the ratio of the absorbances.
• the absorbance of the solution is measured, at a suitable wavelength, against a blank sample.
• a suitable wavelength for example, when using o-toluidine, the measurement is preferably conducted in a range of 540-700 nanometers, for example at a maximum of about 620 nanometers.
• the content of aldose e.g. glucose
• the reaction can be conducted in a conventional manner, for example manually, in test tubes or with the aid of an automatic analyzer, for example analogously to the process described in Clinica Chimica Acta 1 l, 88 (1965).
• any glucose present is previously selectively oxidized by means of glucose oxidase. Then, the galactose content is measured at 620 nanometers in the same manner as in the glucose determination process.
• EXAMPLE 1 The Determination of Glucose a. Composition of the Color Reagent 10 ml. of o-toluidine or 2-ethylaniline or 2-n-(or iso-) propylaniline or 2-n-(or isoor tert.) butylaniline 35 ml. oflactic acid (85 percent) 50 ml. of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether 3 ml. of water b. Conducting a Glucose Determination in the Blood 0.05 ml. of blood and 0.5 ml. of 3 percent trichloroacetic acid are mixed and centrifuged. Subsequently, 0.2 ml.
• the thus-obtained protein-free product is mixed with 2 ml. of the reagent described in a, and the solution is heated for 10 minutes in a boiling water bath. After cooling, the absorbance of the solution is measured at 578 nanometers against a blank value. The calculation is conducted by comparing the obtained result with that of a standard sample.
• EXAMPLE 2 The Determination of Glucose :1. Composition of Color Reagent 6 ml. of o-toluidine or 2,3dimethylaniline or 2,3-
• diethylaniline 30 ml. of lactic acid or a mixture of 20 ml. of lactic acid and 10 ml. ofcitric acid 60 ml. of glycol 13 ml. of water 0.1 g. ofthiourea b.
• Conducting a Glucose Determination in the Serum 0.02 ml. of serum is mixed with 2 ml. of the reagent described under (a), and heated for 20 minutes to 90 C. After cooling, the absorbance is measured at 623 nanometers against a blank value.
• the glucose content is read off from a calibration curve obtained in a corresponding manner with solutions having a known glucose content.
• EXAMPLE 3 The Determination of Xylose a. Composition of the Color Reagent 0.6 ml. of o-toluidine or 2,4-dimethyl- (or diethyl-) aniline 1.2 g. of malic acid 1.2 g. of glycolic acid 6 ml. of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether 0.5 ml. of methanol 0.5 ml. ofwater 10 mg. of thiourea b. Conducting a Xylose Determination (Static Test) 0.1 ml. of urine is mixed with 1 ml. of phosphate buffer (pl-l 7.0, 0.1 M) and-for destroying the glucose contained in the sample-with 0.5 mg.
• Static Test 0.1 ml. of urine is mixed with 1 ml. of phosphate buffer (pl-l 7.0, 0.1 M) and-for destroying the glucose contained in the sample-with 0.5 mg.
• glucose oxidase (30 international units/mg). The solution is allowed to stand for 30 minutes at room temperature, and then 0.2 ml. of this solution is mixed with 2 ml. of the -toluidine reagent described above under (a). The mixture is heated for 6 minutes in a boiling water bath, or for 30 minutes to 80 C. After cooling, the absorbance is measured at 480 nanometers in a 1 cm. cuvette against a blank value. The content is determined by comparing with the measured value against a standard sample.
• EXAMPLE 4 The Determination of Galactose (Static Test) a. Composition ofthe Color Reagent The components set forth in example 3(a) are employed for the reagent.
• EXAMPLE 5 Glucose Determination a. Composition of the Color Reagent 0.60 ml. ofo-toluidine or 2,5-dimethyl-(or -diethyl-)aniline l g. of malic acid 1 g. of glycolic acid 6.4 ml. of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether 0.5 ml. of methanol 0.05 ml. of water 0.01 g. of thiourea b. Conducting a Glucose Determination in Urine 0.2 ml. of a urine specimen from a diabetic, diluted by l 10, is heated with 2 ml. of the reagent described under (a) for 5 minutes to 100 C. After cooling, the absorbance is measured at 632 nanometers against a blank value, and therefrom the glucose content is calculated by comparison with a standard sample.
• 3.2 ml. of n- (or iso-) propanol/ 3.2 ml. of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether is employed in the reagent defined under (a), instead of 6.4 ml. of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether.
• the glucose determination by means of the modified reagent is conducted in the same manner as set forth under (b).
• EXAMPLE 6 The Determination of Glucose a. Composition of the Color Reagent 0.6 ml. of o-toluidine 1 g. of malic acid 1.5 g. of lactic acid percent 6 ml. of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether 10 mg. of thiourea b. Conducting Glucose Determination in Whole Blood 0.1 ml. of the specimen is mixed with 1 ml. ofa solution of 5 g. of trichloroacetic acid in ml. of water. The mixture is centrifuged and 0.2 ml. of the thus-obtained protein-free product is mixed with 2 ml.
• the mixture is heated for 6-8 minutes in a boiling water bath. After cooling, the absorbance is measured at 578 nanometers against a blank value. The calculation is con ducted with the aid of a calibration curve, or by comparison with the measured values of a standard sample.
• EXAMPLE 7 The Determination of Glucose, Galactose or Xylose Composition of the Reagent 1 ml. of o-toluidine 2 ml. of glacial acetic acid 1 g. of malic or tartaric acid 5 ml. of ethylene glycol monoethyl ether 1 ml. of water 10 mg. of thiourea The determination is conducted analogously to example 4.
• a color reagent suitable for the determination of aldoses comprising:
• an aromatic amine of the formula wherein R is lower alkyl, and the hydrogen on the carbons metaand parato the N11 substituted carbon may be substituted by a moiety which is noninterferring to the aldose-aromatic amine color reaction;
• a hydroxy acid selected from the group consisting of hydroxy mono dior tricarboxylic acids and mixtures thereof, and
• a color reagent as defined by claim 1, wherein said hydroxy acid comprises a member selected from the group consisting of glycolic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid and citric acid.
• a color reagent as defined by claim 1 further comprising an inert hydroxy containing organic solvent having a boiling point of at least 90 C.
• a color reagent as defined by claim 1 wherein, based on 100 parts by weight of total color reagent, said o-substituted, o'-unsubstituted aniline comprises 2-25 parts and said hydroxy acid comprises 5-90 parts.
• a color reagent as defined by claim 1 comprising 10-20 parts by weight of glacial acetic acid.
• a color reagent as defined by claim 1 containing zero parts b weight of glacial acetic acid.
• a color reagent as defined by claim 13 wherein said hydroxy acid comprises a mixture selected from the group consisting of (l) malic and lactic acid, (2) malic and glycolic acids, (3) tartaric and lactic acids, and (4) tartaric and glycolic acids.
• a color reagent as defined by claim 13 further comprising a solubilizer selected from the group consisting of a glycol and a monoalkyl glycol ether.
• a color reagent as defined by claim 13 wherein said hydroxy acid comprises a member selected from the group consisting of glycolic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid and citric acid.
• a color reagent as defined by claim 18 further comprising a solubilizer selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and mixtures thereof.
• the improvement comprising employing a color reagent as defined by claim 18.
• a color reagent as defined by claim 18 wherein, based on l00 parts by weight of total color reagent, said o-substituted, 0'-unsubstituted aniline comprises 2-25 parts and said hydroxy acid comprises 5-90 parts.
• the improvement comprising employing a color reagent as defined by claim 21.

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• 1968
  • 1968-05-02 DE DE1773330A patent/DE1773330C2/de not_active Expired
• 1969
  • 1969-04-08 IL IL31981A patent/IL31981A/en unknown
  • 1969-04-09 GB GB08227/69A patent/GB1248624A/en not_active Expired
  • 1969-04-10 CH CH548569A patent/CH507519A/de not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1969-04-25 FR FR6913137A patent/FR2007637A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
  • 1969-04-28 BE BE732223D patent/BE732223A/xx unknown
  • 1969-04-29 SE SE6090/69*A patent/SE346387B/xx unknown
  • 1969-04-29 US US820289A patent/US3607077A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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