US3603715A - Arrangement for supporting one or several superconductors in the interior of a cryogenic cable - Google Patents

Arrangement for supporting one or several superconductors in the interior of a cryogenic cable Download PDF

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Publication number
US3603715A
US3603715A US881210A US3603715DA US3603715A US 3603715 A US3603715 A US 3603715A US 881210 A US881210 A US 881210A US 3603715D A US3603715D A US 3603715DA US 3603715 A US3603715 A US 3603715A
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United States
Prior art keywords
carrier
pipe
arrangement
axis
cable
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Expired - Lifetime
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US881210A
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English (en)
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Bernd Eilhardt
Gerhard Karl Ziemek
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KM Kabelmetal AG
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KM Kabelmetal AG
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B12/00—Superconductive or hyperconductive conductors, cables, or transmission lines
    • H01B12/02—Superconductive or hyperconductive conductors, cables, or transmission lines characterised by their form
    • H01B12/06—Films or wires on bases or cores
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
    • H01B3/02—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of inorganic substances
    • H01B3/04—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of inorganic substances mica
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y02E40/60—Superconducting electric elements or equipment; Power systems integrating superconducting elements or equipment

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an arrangement for supporting and positioning one or several superconductors in the interior of a cryogenic cable.
  • Low-temperature cables also called cryogenic cables, have been used for the transmission of electrical energy.
  • the conductors in such a cable are disposed in the interior of a pipe or tube filled with a cryogenic liquid, for example, liquid helium. Protection against inflow of heat from the environment is provided by means of one or more additional pipes concentrically receiving the pipe which contains the conductors and is filled with liquid helium.
  • four concentrical pipes can be provided and arranged as follows: The space between the innermost pipe (containing the conductors) and the second one with next larger diameter is evacuated and a high vacuum is maintained during operation. The space between the second pipe and the third pipe receiving the second one is, for example, filled with liquid nitrogen in order'to provide a controlled distribution of the temperature gradient from the innermost tube toward the outer environment. The space between the third and the last pipe receiving the third pipe is again evacuated, the last outermost pipe is presumed to assume ambient temperature.
  • the conductors themselves for such a cable are known to include two concentrically disposed carriers, the inner carrier thereof has on its outer surface a layer of particularly superconductive material while the inner surface of the outer carrier is likewise provided with a layer of such a material. It is furthermore known, to useplural conductors in a divided, multiconductor system instead of av single conductor with comparatively large cross section; the conductors of the plurality-have relatively smaller cross section and are connected in parallel.
  • niobium and some niobium alloys and compounds have become known as being suitable superconductive material. According, the conductors themselves can be made of such a superconductive material. However, transmission of electrical energy is usually restricted to a thin layer near the surface of a conductor because of current displacement (skin effect). Therefore it suffices if a carrier is in fact provided with a thin layer of such a superconductive material.
  • the carrier will be of a different material, usually a less expensive one, and can be made of metal or plastic.
  • the superconductive layer is provided onto the carrier by means of electrolysis or vapor depositing. Alternatively, the superconductor can be a thin metal tape disposed on a suitable carrier.
  • an elongated stringlike carrier element of particular section profile is disposed in the interior of a pipe which serves as an enclosure for superconductors in a cryogenic cable as well as conduit for the cryogenic coolant.
  • This carrier string positions and supports the superconductor elements.
  • the positioning and carrier string has shape so that its particular LII outer profile positions the superconductor elements in the cryogenic enclosure so that they progressively vary, in axial direction, their position relation to the axisof the cable, as defined, for example, by the axis of the enclosure pipc,'thc central axis of the carrier string or both.
  • a suitably profiled carrier string guarantees a constant distance between the superconductor elements or strings of a three-phase conductor system, particularly for cryogenic cables for power transmission, whereby in addition the positioning variation of the conductors in relation to the cable axis permits optimum field distribution.
  • utilization of such a profiled carrier element is rather advantageous from the standpoint of manufacturing, because the individual conductor strings can actually be placed onto the profiled string by operation of methods as known, per se, for stranding cables; the particular profiled carrier string is passed through the stranding machine together with superconductor string elements.
  • the carrier string is made of insulating material, such as plastic or the like, and has star-shaped cross section in a plane transverse to its axis but the star-shaped profile is twisted, in longitudinal direction, along the axis of that carrier.
  • a particular carrier string may originally have a regular cylindrical contour with star-shaped cross section so that straight ribs extend inaxial direction with alternating ribs and grooves in between ribs'distributed around the circumference of that carrier string.
  • this carrier string is twisted so that the ribs obtain somewhat helical extension.
  • the thus prepared carrier string is run into the stranding machine together with superconductor string elements which become positioned in the helical grooves.
  • the plastic carrier string is, for example, stressan nealed by application of heat so that internal twisting stress is relieved.
  • the string now retains the most suitable shape for supporting and positioning the conductor string elements as they have been stranded thereon.
  • the profiled carrier string has a central bore extending axially, i.e., in longitudinal direction.
  • This central bore actually reduced the mechanical resistance of the carrier against twisting, i.e., makes twisting more easy and introduced less stress.
  • that axial bore may serve to receive a special tension element so that tension strength of the arrangement as a whole is increased considerably.
  • the carrier is initially made of several parts, the separation plane including, for example, the axis. However, when installed it should have integral cross section, these parts then being bonded together. The most practical way, however, is to make the carrier from an integral, single piece or string.
  • the profiled carrier is made of plastic having coefficient of thermal expansion which differs considerably from the coefficient of thermal extension for the metal used as superconductors.
  • the carrier can be axially sectionalized so that gaps provide sufficient space for compensation of different thermal expansion, or, more precisely for differing contraction upon cooling the device down to cryogenic operating temperatures. This contraction is particularly effective in longitudinal direction of extension of the, possibly, rather long cable.
  • the profiled carrier string supporting the superconductors may preferably be made of polyethylene or a polyamide or it maybe made of a foamed plastic or one can use polyphenylene oxide whereby the latter material is particularly interesting as its coefficient for thermal extension is rather close to the corresponding coefficient of copper.
  • the position of the profiled carrier together with stranded-on superconductors has to be fixed as a whole in relation to the interior of the innermost one of a concentric pipe system of the type outlined above. For this, it is of advantage to helically wind a string made, for example, of a particularly cold resistant plastic over the entire assembly whereby the thickness of the helically wound string determines or is determined by the distance between the conductor strings and the wall of the innermost pipe in the pipe system.
  • the superconductor string elements are preferably strings of nonsuperconductive cheaper material, carrying a layer made of niobium, lead or the like.
  • FIGURE illustrates a perspective view partially as sectional view into the interior of a cryogenic cable improved in accordance with the present invention.
  • the object of the invention is to position superconductors particularly in the interior of a pipe 1 which preferably is the innermost one of a pipe system as outlined in the introduction.
  • a second pipe of larger diameter receives pipe 1, the ring space in between being evacuated.
  • a third pipe around the second one defines therewith a ring space filled, for example, with liquid nitrogen and a fourth pipe receiving the third one defines therewith an evacuated ring space. All these four pipes provide thermal insulation for the interior of innermost pipe 1 at a controlled temperature gradient.
  • the pipe 1 serves as conduit for the cryogenic liquid, for example, as conduit for liquid helium to maintain the interior of pipe 1 at a temperature of about 4 Kelvin.
  • Reference numeral 2 denotes generally the superconductor strings, and they, in particular, are comprised of a carrier or core string or wire 3 made of (nonsuperconductive) metal or of a coldproof insulating material. Each of these carrier strings 3 is provided with a layer 4 of superconductive material.
  • the superconductive layer may include, for example, lead, niobium, or a niobium alloy or compound.
  • the superconductive material may have been deposited on the carrier string 3 by operation of electrolysis or by vapor depositing.
  • the superconductive layer may have been manufactured previously as a thin sheet or as a tape which has been formed around carrier wire 3, welded along the edges and applied to the carrier during the same manufacturing step. This latter technique is disclosed, for example, in the copending application (D-3688) of common assignee.
  • the invention it is the purpose of the invention to provide particularly proper positioning of these conductor strings 2 in the interior of pipe 1.
  • the three conductors 2 for a three-phase system of a cryogenic power transmission cable have to be positioned in tube 1 and for this it is necessary that they maintain accurately constant distance from each other as well as from pipe 1 over the entire length of the cable.
  • the strings 2 are disposed in grooves as established by a carrier string 5 having somewhat star-shaped section profile.
  • the carrier 5 has three ribs and each one of the conductor strings 2 is disposed in between two adjacent one of these ribs. Referencing the cross section profile of the starshaped carrier 5 to the center axis of the cable, adjacent ribs or grooves are displaced by 120. The entire carrier 5 is now twisted in longitudinal direction, i.e., the ribs do not run straight in axial direction but wind themselves in a twisted or helical configuration around the center axis of the system. Accordingly, the position of the strings 2 held in the grooves of carrier 5 in relation to the center axis progressively varies in longitudinal direction.
  • the carrier string 5 is preferably made of insulating material. In particular it should be a plastic material which is coldproof, so that it can withstand cryogenic operating temperatures.
  • the particularly profiled carrier 5 may have been originally made without the twist for reasons of simplifying manufacturing. Thus, originally there has been made a carrier element of similar cross section but with straight ribs and grooves. Subsequently that element has been twisted. For positioning the conductor strings 2 on carrier 5, strings 2 are run through a stranding nipple together with that carrier 5. Subsequently the carrier is heat treated to remove the internal stress resulting from the twist. The removal of internal stress of carrier 5 serves, of course, the purpose of avoiding untwisting of the carrier, for example, subsequent to installation.
  • the carrier 5 is preferably provided with a central, axial bore which reduces resistance of the carrier to twisting.
  • a particular element 6 is included in that bore to take up longitudinal tension as may be exerted upon the cable during handling.
  • a string 7 of insulated material is helically wound upon the assembly as established by carrier 5 and conductor strings 2.
  • the string 7 positions, support and retains additionally conductor strings 2 in the twisted grooves of carrier 5.
  • string 7 serves as spacer to positionthe conductors 2 in radial relation to the inner wall of pipe 1.
  • Pipe 1 may have a smooth wall but it can also be a corrugated one.
  • the function of string 7 for centrally positioning carrier 5 with conductors 2 in pipe 1 is independent in principle from the contour of the wall of pipe 1.
  • carrier 5 is now maintained coaxial to pipe 1 and to the axis of the cable as a whole.
  • the construction as illustrated guarantees constant distance of the conductors 2 from each other over the entire extension of the cable, provided carrier 5 and more particularly the rib and groove contour thereof meets the required tolerances which, however, does not present any difficulties.
  • the proper positioning of the carrier in the interior of the cable pipe I, particularly by operation of the string 7, guarantees constant distance of the conductors 2 in relation to that pipe, and, therefore, in relation to all the other pipes of the cryogenic cable system. This positive maintaining of spacing and distance during the manufacturing process is important.
  • the cable structure as shown is inserted in additional, heat-protective pipes, provided around pipe 1, in order to establish the plural pipe system as was outlined above.
  • additional source tending to cause the conductors to change position is handling of the cable, for example, when wound on a drum, or unwinding the cryogenic cable from the drum, or for installing it. Also, in certain instances there may be sources tending to disturb the position of the conductors in pipe 1 during operation.
  • the construction in accordance with the invention safeguards the position of the conductors relative to each other and to pipe 1 throughout.
  • an elongated carrier inserted in the pipe for positioning the elongating superconductor element, the carrier having star-shaped cross section in a plane transverse to the axis, defining alternating grooves and ridges extending along the axis of the cable but being twisted around the axis of the carrier, there being a plurality of superconductor elements, respectively disposed in the grooves following the twist thereof to establish progressively variations in longitudinal, axial direction in the position of the superconductor element in relation to the axis of the cable, and
  • spacer string wound helically on the carrier and in engagement with the pipe for coaxially positioning the carrier in the pipe while providing flow space for the liquid along the superconductive elements, between these elements and the pipe.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Superconductors And Manufacturing Methods Therefor (AREA)
US881210A 1968-12-07 1969-12-01 Arrangement for supporting one or several superconductors in the interior of a cryogenic cable Expired - Lifetime US3603715A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19681813397 DE1813397A1 (de) 1968-12-07 1968-12-07 Anordnung zur Halterung eines oder mehrerer supraleitfaehiger Leiterstraenge im Innern eines tiefstgekuehlten Kabels

Publications (1)

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US3603715A true US3603715A (en) 1971-09-07

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US (1) US3603715A (xx)
AT (1) AT289923B (xx)
BE (1) BE742381A (xx)
DE (1) DE1813397A1 (xx)
FR (1) FR2025607A1 (xx)
GB (1) GB1227889A (xx)
NL (1) NL6918313A (xx)

Cited By (46)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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US3750058A (en) * 1971-12-08 1973-07-31 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Waveguide structure utilizing compliant helical support
US3800414A (en) * 1970-05-13 1974-04-02 Air Reduction Method of fabricating a hollow composite superconducting structure
US4310718A (en) * 1978-12-21 1982-01-12 Ab Volvo Coaxial cable for high amperages
US4394534A (en) * 1980-01-14 1983-07-19 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. Cryogenic cable and method of making same
US4397807A (en) * 1980-01-14 1983-08-09 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. Method of making cryogenic cable
US4626614A (en) * 1984-06-15 1986-12-02 Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute Gas cooled current lead for superconducting machine
US4767890A (en) * 1986-11-17 1988-08-30 Magnan David L High fidelity audio cable
US4842366A (en) * 1987-03-05 1989-06-27 Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd Ceramic superconductor and light transmitting composite wire
US5191292A (en) * 1990-04-26 1993-03-02 Raychem Corporation Method of making a sensor cable
US5397860A (en) * 1993-10-29 1995-03-14 Splitfire, Inc. Multiple-core electrical ignition system cable
US5432297A (en) * 1992-08-21 1995-07-11 Westinghouse Electric Corporation Power lead for penetrating a cryostat
US5789711A (en) * 1996-04-09 1998-08-04 Belden Wire & Cable Company High-performance data cable
US5969295A (en) * 1998-01-09 1999-10-19 Commscope, Inc. Of North Carolina Twisted pair communications cable
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DE2541792C2 (de) * 1975-09-19 1983-12-22 kabelmetal electro GmbH, 3000 Hannover Elektrisches Tieftemperatur-Kabel oder Rohranordnung zur Übertragung tiefgekühlter Flüssigkeiten oder Gase
JP3501828B2 (ja) 1993-10-21 2004-03-02 住友電気工業株式会社 酸化物超電導導体の製造方法

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US3800414A (en) * 1970-05-13 1974-04-02 Air Reduction Method of fabricating a hollow composite superconducting structure
US3750058A (en) * 1971-12-08 1973-07-31 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Waveguide structure utilizing compliant helical support
US4310718A (en) * 1978-12-21 1982-01-12 Ab Volvo Coaxial cable for high amperages
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US4397807A (en) * 1980-01-14 1983-08-09 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. Method of making cryogenic cable
US4626614A (en) * 1984-06-15 1986-12-02 Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute Gas cooled current lead for superconducting machine
US4767890A (en) * 1986-11-17 1988-08-30 Magnan David L High fidelity audio cable
US4842366A (en) * 1987-03-05 1989-06-27 Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd Ceramic superconductor and light transmitting composite wire
US5191292A (en) * 1990-04-26 1993-03-02 Raychem Corporation Method of making a sensor cable
US5432297A (en) * 1992-08-21 1995-07-11 Westinghouse Electric Corporation Power lead for penetrating a cryostat
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE1813397A1 (de) 1970-06-18
BE742381A (xx) 1970-05-04
DE1813397B2 (xx) 1970-12-17
NL6918313A (xx) 1970-06-09
AT289923B (de) 1971-05-10
FR2025607A1 (xx) 1970-09-11
GB1227889A (xx) 1971-04-07

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