US3594302A - Apparatus for improving the chemicothermal surface treatment of tubes - Google Patents

Apparatus for improving the chemicothermal surface treatment of tubes Download PDF

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Publication number
US3594302A
US3594302A US735675A US3594302DA US3594302A US 3594302 A US3594302 A US 3594302A US 735675 A US735675 A US 735675A US 3594302D A US3594302D A US 3594302DA US 3594302 A US3594302 A US 3594302A
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Prior art keywords
gas
tube
interior
tubes
pipe
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US735675A
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Horst Edmund Rordorf
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Elektrophysikalische Anstalt Bernhard Berghaus
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Elektrophysikalische Anstalt Bernhard Berghaus
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
    • H01J37/32—Gas-filled discharge tubes
    • H01J37/32431—Constructional details of the reactor
    • H01J37/3244—Gas supply means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J19/087—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
    • B01J19/088—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
    • C23C8/36—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases using ionised gases, e.g. ionitriding
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41A—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS COMMON TO BOTH SMALLARMS AND ORDNANCE, e.g. CANNONS; MOUNTINGS FOR SMALLARMS OR ORDNANCE
    • F41A21/00—Barrels; Gun tubes; Muzzle attachments; Barrel mounting means
    • F41A21/22—Barrels which have undergone surface treatment, e.g. phosphating

Definitions

  • gas plating i.e. of coating objects with a thin metal film at an elevated temperature
  • the metal-gas compound e.g. nickel carbonyl
  • the present invention does not relate to such a gas plating method since it is based on plasmametallurgical processes.
  • the present invention eliminates the said disadvantages and entirely avoids production losses.
  • This invention relates to a method of hardening tubes by ionitriding, particularly gun barrels, made of iron and steel, by means of an electrical glow discharge in a metallic vacuum container with a cathode and an anode located inside the said container, the cathode carrying the workpiece, e.g. a gun barrel, to be hardened, and a gas supply pipe and a gas exhaust pipe.
  • the invention is characterized by the fact that the gas employed in the treatment, particularly ammonia, is supplied to the interior of the tube to be hardened.
  • the invention further relates to a device for the performance of the said method characterized by a metallic gas supply pipe passed coaxially through the center of the tube to be hardened and closed at its interior end, the said pipe being provided with a plurality of nozzle-type bores from which the gas used in the treatment can preferedly pass to the portions of the tube interior subject to the greatest wear, and by baflie plates arranged at a small distance in front of the gas outlet nozzles.
  • the axial gas supply pipe may operate as the anode of the glow discharge or it may have no connection with the voltage source.
  • the container consists of the metallic wall 1 and the cover 2 and base plates 3 secured to its in airtight relationship.
  • the interior of the container is connected to a vacuum pump (not shown) for evacuation by means of a gas exhaust pipe 4.
  • a so-called centering body 8 Attached to a current lead-in comprising the metal sleeve 5, the insulator 6 and the metallic interior conductor 7, which is mounted in gas-tight relationship on the cover plate 2, is a so-called centering body 8 which in turn carries the workpiece to be treated, here by way of example a steel tube 9 of which the inner wall is to be hardened.
  • the steel tube 9 is electrically connected with the interior conductor 7 in a suitable manner, here indicated merely by the lead 10.
  • a further centering body 11 Arranged at the lower end of the steel tube 9 is a further centering body 11.
  • the interior of the tube 9 is connected, via the openings 12 and 13 respectively in the walls of the centering bodies 8 and 11 respectively, with the interior of the container 1, 2, 3 and can thus be evacuated along with the said container.
  • the centering bodies 8 and 11 hold a metallic gas supply tube 14 which is arranged in coaxial relationship with the steel tube 9 and connected, in the upper centering body 8, with the elbow 15 which leads to the insulated gas lead-in, arranged in air-tight relationship in the cover plate 2, which comprises the metal sleeve 16, the insulating ring 17 and the connection pipe 18.
  • the bores 19 are covered by a metal sleeve 20 enclosing them at a small distance.
  • These bafiie plates prevent a gas jet emerging from the nozzle-type bores 19 from directly impinging on the inner wall of the steel tube 9.
  • the gas supply tube 14 is closed at its lower end or beyond the last bore 19; by way of example it is designed, in its lower portion, as a cylindrical bar which is held by the centering body 11.
  • gas for the treatment e.g. ammonia
  • a gas flow enters the interior of the tube 9 through the nozzle-type bores 19, the baffle plates 20 deflecting it in the direction indicated by the broken lines.
  • an electrical glow discharge must be produced in the interior of the tube 9 in addition to maintaining a suitable underpressure in the container 1, 2, 3 and a continuous supply of nitrogenous gas via the connecting pipe 18.
  • the interior conductor 7 of the current lead-in is connected to the negative pole; the connecting pipe 18, with the positive pole of a voltage source 22 having a suflicient voltage.
  • the conventional supply of the treating gas to the container causes the gas to permeate the entire space but fails sufficiently to penetrate into the interior of the tube so as to ensure an adequate supply of nitrogen to the inner portions of the tube.
  • Only the arrangement, according to this invention, of nozzle-type bores in the interior of the tube, from which the treating gas can emerge, is directly supplied to the tube areas to be hardened and causes a gas flow in the interior of the tube brought as surprising improvement and enabled flawless production.
  • the gas supply pipe may be connected, as is the case in the embodiment represented, as the anode of the electrical glow discharge.
  • the individual gas supply pipes may be interconnected so as to ensure an even gas supply, no electrical connection with the voltage source being required.
  • the gas As it emerges from the nozzles, the gas is already pre-ionized and preheated so that it very intensively acts upon the inner wall of the tube connected to form the cathode and produces the hardening effect.
  • the centering bodies 8 and 11 may be formed of a metallic sleeve in which an insulating body carrying the gas supply pipe is located, the said body being protected against the attack of the destructive ionized gases in the inside of the tube 9 in the known manner by a narrow protective gap; in that case, the elbow 15 of the upper centering body 8 must be insulatedly passed through the metal sleeve and the insulating material protected by narrow gaps at this point as well.
  • Apparatus for hardening, by ionitriding, the interior surface of a tube formed of iron and steel by means of an electrical glow discharge in gas in a metallic vacuum container having a cathode and an anode therein, comprising:
  • gas supply pipe positioned to extend axially within and spaced from the sides of the tube held by said cathode, said gas supply pipe having gas discharge means intermediate the ends of said tube;
  • said gas supply pipe comprising said anode.
  • said gas discharge means comprising nozzle-type openings in the sides of said pipe adjacent said closed end for directing gas therefrom generally radially outwardly toward the inner surface of said tube;
  • baffle means of limited area, between said openings and said tube to prevent direct impingement of gas jets from said openings onto the surface of said tube.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Solid-Phase Diffusion Into Metallic Material Surfaces (AREA)

Abstract

AN APPARATUS FOR HARDENING TUBULAR WORKPIECE BY ELECTRICAL GLOW DISCHARGE IN A GAS ATMOSPHERE. GAS IS DELIVERED INTO A GLOW DISCHARGE CHAMBER THROUGH A PIPE FUNCTIONING AS AN ANODE AND DISCHARGING GAS WITHIN THE TUBULAR WORKPIECE, GENERALLY MIDWAY OF ITS ENDS, THROUGH OPENINGS IN THE PIPE. BAFFLE MEANS FURTHER DEFLECT THE GAS TO EFFECT EFFICIENT DISTRIBUTION THEREOF OVER THE INTERIOR SURFACE OF THE WORKPIECE, WHICH IS CONNECTED AS A CATHODE.

Description

July 20, 1971 H E. RORDORF 3,594,302
APPARATUS FOR IMPROVING THE CHEMICO-THERMAL SURFACE TREATMENT OF TUBES Filed June 10, 196B IN VE N TOK Ho sr EDMUND Roam/9F Mam A TTORNE YS United States Patent Oflice 3,594,302 Patented July 20, 1971 3,594,302 APPARATUS FOR IMPROVING THE CHEMICO- THERMAL SURFACE TREATMENT OF TUBES Horst Edmund Rordorf, Weiningen, Zurich, Switzerland, assignor to Elektrophysikalische Anstalt Bernhard Berghaus, Vaduz, Liechtenstein Filed June 10, 1968, Ser. No. 735,675 Int. Cl. B01k 1/00 US. Cl. 204-312 2 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE Hardening by ionitriding of workpieces made of iron and steel means of ammonia has in many years been developed to technical perfection by the applicant and is now established as a perfect hardening process with excellent quality properties.
Particular difficulties were met within hardening tubes, particularly gun barrels, to achieve entirely uniform hardening of the interior of the tube. The uneven hardening of the tube was first attributed to certain irregularities of the glow-discharge which appeared to be irregular particularly in the interior of the tube. Accordingly, a counter-electrode was placed in the axis of the tube which was later designed, according to German Pat. No. 1,141,850 of applicant, as a narrow metallic pipe passed by a coolant. However, it proved that imperfect hardening was obtained in the interior of the tube despite that in places, and that production losses had to be accepted.
Also known is a method of gas plating, i.e. of coating objects with a thin metal film at an elevated temperature, the metal-gas compound, e.g. nickel carbonyl, being supplied to the surfaces to be metallized through a ceramic tube. However, the present invention does not relate to such a gas plating method since it is based on plasmametallurgical processes.
The present invention eliminates the said disadvantages and entirely avoids production losses.
This invention relates to a method of hardening tubes by ionitriding, particularly gun barrels, made of iron and steel, by means of an electrical glow discharge in a metallic vacuum container with a cathode and an anode located inside the said container, the cathode carrying the workpiece, e.g. a gun barrel, to be hardened, and a gas supply pipe and a gas exhaust pipe. The invention is characterized by the fact that the gas employed in the treatment, particularly ammonia, is supplied to the interior of the tube to be hardened. The invention further relates to a device for the performance of the said method characterized by a metallic gas supply pipe passed coaxially through the center of the tube to be hardened and closed at its interior end, the said pipe being provided with a plurality of nozzle-type bores from which the gas used in the treatment can preferedly pass to the portions of the tube interior subject to the greatest wear, and by baflie plates arranged at a small distance in front of the gas outlet nozzles. The axial gas supply pipe may operate as the anode of the glow discharge or it may have no connection with the voltage source.
An embodiment of the device according to this invention is described in greater detail with reference to the attached drawing which is a longitudinal section of a suitable vacuum container in diagrammatic representation.
The container consists of the metallic wall 1 and the cover 2 and base plates 3 secured to its in airtight relationship. The interior of the container is connected to a vacuum pump (not shown) for evacuation by means of a gas exhaust pipe 4. Attached to a current lead-in comprising the metal sleeve 5, the insulator 6 and the metallic interior conductor 7, which is mounted in gas-tight relationship on the cover plate 2, is a so-called centering body 8 which in turn carries the workpiece to be treated, here by way of example a steel tube 9 of which the inner wall is to be hardened. The steel tube 9 is electrically connected with the interior conductor 7 in a suitable manner, here indicated merely by the lead 10. Arranged at the lower end of the steel tube 9 is a further centering body 11. The interior of the tube 9 is connected, via the openings 12 and 13 respectively in the walls of the centering bodies 8 and 11 respectively, with the interior of the container 1, 2, 3 and can thus be evacuated along with the said container. The centering bodies 8 and 11 hold a metallic gas supply tube 14 which is arranged in coaxial relationship with the steel tube 9 and connected, in the upper centering body 8, with the elbow 15 which leads to the insulated gas lead-in, arranged in air-tight relationship in the cover plate 2, which comprises the metal sleeve 16, the insulating ring 17 and the connection pipe 18. Located in the wall of the gas lead-in 14 are lateral bores 19, preferably in the vicinity of such portions of the tube interior which should be most reliably and durably hardened, here, by way of example, in the central area of the steel tube 9. The bores 19 are covered by a metal sleeve 20 enclosing them at a small distance. These bafiie plates prevent a gas jet emerging from the nozzle-type bores 19 from directly impinging on the inner wall of the steel tube 9. The gas supply tube 14 is closed at its lower end or beyond the last bore 19; by way of example it is designed, in its lower portion, as a cylindrical bar which is held by the centering body 11. When gas for the treatment, e.g. ammonia, is supplied through the connection 18 and removed via the exhaust 4, a gas flow enters the interior of the tube 9 through the nozzle-type bores 19, the baffle plates 20 deflecting it in the direction indicated by the broken lines.
In order to obtain hardening of the inner wall of the tube 9 by ionitriding in a nitrogenous gas atmosphere, an electrical glow discharge must be produced in the interior of the tube 9 in addition to maintaining a suitable underpressure in the container 1, 2, 3 and a continuous supply of nitrogenous gas via the connecting pipe 18. In the embodiment shown, the interior conductor 7 of the current lead-in is connected to the negative pole; the connecting pipe 18, with the positive pole of a voltage source 22 having a suflicient voltage.
The conventional supply of the treating gas to the container, as by a supply pipe in its cover plate leading into the interior of the container in which the tubes to be treated are located, causes the gas to permeate the entire space but fails sufficiently to penetrate into the interior of the tube so as to ensure an adequate supply of nitrogen to the inner portions of the tube. Only the arrangement, according to this invention, of nozzle-type bores in the interior of the tube, from which the treating gas can emerge, is directly supplied to the tube areas to be hardened and causes a gas flow in the interior of the tube brought as surprising improvement and enabled flawless production. The gas supply pipe may be connected, as is the case in the embodiment represented, as the anode of the electrical glow discharge. If several tubes are treated simultaneously with three-phase AC in a container, the individual gas supply pipes may be interconnected so as to ensure an even gas supply, no electrical connection with the voltage source being required. As it emerges from the nozzles, the gas is already pre-ionized and preheated so that it very intensively acts upon the inner wall of the tube connected to form the cathode and produces the hardening effect. In order to avoid excessive gas supplies to the tube portions located opposite the nozzles, it has proved to be advantageous to arrange the bafiie plates described in front of the nozzle mouths.
The device may naturally be designed in a manner different from the embodiment shown, particularly in respect of the suspension of the tubes and the attachment of the gas supply pipes. By way of example, the centering bodies 8 and 11 may be formed of a metallic sleeve in which an insulating body carrying the gas supply pipe is located, the said body being protected against the attack of the destructive ionized gases in the inside of the tube 9 in the known manner by a narrow protective gap; in that case, the elbow 15 of the upper centering body 8 must be insulatedly passed through the metal sleeve and the insulating material protected by narrow gaps at this point as well.
What is claimed is:
1. Apparatus for hardening, by ionitriding, the interior surface of a tube formed of iron and steel by means of an electrical glow discharge in gas in a metallic vacuum container having a cathode and an anode therein, comprising:
means on said cathode for holding said tube in said container;
a gas supply pipe positioned to extend axially within and spaced from the sides of the tube held by said cathode, said gas supply pipe having gas discharge means intermediate the ends of said tube;
a gas exhaust conduit leading from said container, the interior of said container being in communication with opposite ends of said tube; and
said gas supply pipe comprising said anode.
2. Apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein the inner end of said gas supply pipe is closed;
said gas discharge means comprising nozzle-type openings in the sides of said pipe adjacent said closed end for directing gas therefrom generally radially outwardly toward the inner surface of said tube; and
baffle means, of limited area, between said openings and said tube to prevent direct impingement of gas jets from said openings onto the surface of said tube.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,927,231 3/1960 Bucek l48-16.5
JOHN H. MACK, Primary Examiner N. A. KAPLAN, Assistant Examiner US. Cl. X.R.
204l77; l48l6.6
US735675A 1968-04-18 1968-06-10 Apparatus for improving the chemicothermal surface treatment of tubes Expired - Lifetime US3594302A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DEE31465A DE1281771B (en) 1968-04-18 1968-04-18 Method and device for ionitriding iron and steel pipes by means of an electric glow discharge
CH803568A CH501062A (en) 1968-04-18 1968-05-30 Method and device for ionitriding of pipes made of iron and steel by means of an electric glow discharge
NL6807978A NL6807978A (en) 1968-04-18 1968-06-06
US73567568A 1968-06-10 1968-06-10
GB2800568 1968-06-12
FR157953 1968-07-04

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US3594302A true US3594302A (en) 1971-07-20

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US735675A Expired - Lifetime US3594302A (en) 1968-04-18 1968-06-10 Apparatus for improving the chemicothermal surface treatment of tubes

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US (1) US3594302A (en)
BE (1) BE716808A (en)
CH (1) CH501062A (en)
DE (1) DE1281771B (en)
FR (1) FR1575982A (en)
GB (1) GB1225785A (en)
NL (1) NL6807978A (en)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4019064A (en) * 1974-03-19 1977-04-19 Henri Michel High intensity ionic bombardment reactor for thermochemical treatment processes
US4342918A (en) * 1975-12-29 1982-08-03 Kawasaki Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Ion-nitriding apparatus
GB2597794A (en) * 2020-08-06 2022-02-09 Gallyon Gun And Rifle Makers Ltd A method of assembling a firearm
CN115181930A (en) * 2022-07-26 2022-10-14 扬州大学 Nitridation device for 304 stainless steel sewage pump pipeline

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2446327A1 (en) * 1979-01-09 1980-08-08 Fours Indls Cie Internal nitriding and/or carburising of gun or extruder barrels - by thermochemical ion bombardment after creating uniform electric field
FR2446326A1 (en) * 1979-01-10 1980-08-08 Creusot Loire IMPROVEMENT IN ION NITRURATION OF ELONGATED HOLLOW BODIES, IN STEEL
US5514064A (en) * 1987-08-20 1996-05-07 Della Torre; Renato Process and means for making metal inking rolls
US5662573A (en) * 1988-08-18 1997-09-02 Torre; Renato Della Metal inking roll for use in flexographic printing
DE10041114A1 (en) * 2000-08-22 2002-03-07 Rheinmetall W & M Gmbh Process for removing coating and / or erosion damage
PL238940B1 (en) * 2017-10-19 2021-10-18 Instytut Mech Precyzyjnej Anode for glow-discharge nitriding of inner surfaces of bushings, preferably barrels

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4019064A (en) * 1974-03-19 1977-04-19 Henri Michel High intensity ionic bombardment reactor for thermochemical treatment processes
US4342918A (en) * 1975-12-29 1982-08-03 Kawasaki Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Ion-nitriding apparatus
GB2597794A (en) * 2020-08-06 2022-02-09 Gallyon Gun And Rifle Makers Ltd A method of assembling a firearm
GB2597794B (en) * 2020-08-06 2022-12-28 Gallyon Gun And Rifle Makers Ltd Method of manufacturing, repairing, hardening and/or improving the wear resistance of a component of a firearm
CN115181930A (en) * 2022-07-26 2022-10-14 扬州大学 Nitridation device for 304 stainless steel sewage pump pipeline
CN115181930B (en) * 2022-07-26 2023-09-05 扬州大学 Nitriding device of 304 stainless steel sewage pump pipeline

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NL6807978A (en) 1969-12-09
DE1281771B (en) 1968-10-31
CH501062A (en) 1970-12-31
BE716808A (en) 1968-12-02
GB1225785A (en) 1971-03-24
FR1575982A (en) 1969-07-25

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