US3594209A - Ink transfer material and method for manufacture thereof - Google Patents

Ink transfer material and method for manufacture thereof Download PDF

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US3594209A
US3594209A US732246A US3594209DA US3594209A US 3594209 A US3594209 A US 3594209A US 732246 A US732246 A US 732246A US 3594209D A US3594209D A US 3594209DA US 3594209 A US3594209 A US 3594209A
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wax
parts
layer
weight
dispersion
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Horst H Kosche
Ferdinand K Muller
Karl-Heinz Meyer
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Renker Belipa GmbH
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Renker Belipa GmbH
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
    • B41M5/00—Duplicating or marking methods; Sheet materials for use therein
    • B41M5/10—Duplicating or marking methods; Sheet materials for use therein by using carbon paper or the like

Definitions

  • Ink transfer material is produced by heating a mixture of at least a hard and a soft wax in a non-polar or weakly polar organic liquid along with a high molecular weight binding agent. The solution is agitated and cooled below 25 C. to separate out 40% to 70% of the wax as gel particles and after pigment material is added the dispersion/solution mixture is applied to a carrier having at least surface absorbency. The liquid is expelled to produce a carbon paper for single use with greater blackening.
  • the invention relates to a method for the manufacture of ink transfer material, in particular carbon paper, for use on one occasion only, by coating a carrier which is absorbent at least on the surface with a mixture which contains polymeric binding agent and pigment together with waxes in an organic liquid.
  • Carbon papers including carbon papers for repeated use and carbon papers for single use, copying paper for handwritten and typewritten copies and similar ink transf er materials generally have a coating which is transfered under writting pressure; the dope which forms the coating consists of wax, oil and pigment.
  • the dope layer smears in the fresh state and becomes dry and hard with the passage of time; the oil and other low molecular substances migrate into the backing paper and the intensity of writing obtained with the dope layer diminishes.
  • the copies also are not resistant to smudging.
  • the rheological requirements placed on the hot carbon dopes limit the quantities of pigment which can be processed. It is normally impossible to add more than 20% to the dope even in the case of carbon black with low colour intensity or in bead form. In the case of carbon blacks with a high colour intensity the quantity is even lower if indeed it is possible to process carbon blacks of this type at all. Working from carbon blacks with high colour intensity and high oil binding it is practically impossible to produce hot carbon dopes which will flow, since because of the high degree of thickening processing is not possible. However, these types would be particularly advantageous because of the considerable colour depth.
  • the layer generally consists of a continuous and practically homogeneous solid coating of a wax type material. Since large quantities of this material which serves as binding agent are also transferred with the particles of pigment, and the material itself is soft and adhesive, the copies are not resistant to smudging and the copying material itself tends to smear for the same reason.
  • the carbon compound is applied to the carrier with a liquid ink, from the melt with a suitable solid binding agent, as solution in a liquid organic solvent, or in the form of an emulsion or dipersion in suitable liquids.
  • An ink transfer material of the single layer type which has become known fairly recently has a coating which contains carbon black as the pigment in the normal manner in a non-adhesive wax, the Wax being, however, mixed with talcum and held on the carrier with the latter by low molecular ethyl cellulose as the binding agent.
  • This known material is produced by dispersing the pigment and talcum in a solution of wax and ethyl cellulose in toluene; the dispersion is coated on to the carrier and the solvent evaporates; at the same time the wax crystallizes out.
  • the function of the talcum is to lead to the formation of a layer of fine, discrete particles and also to reduce the coefiicient of friction of the surface of the layer so that the latter is more resistant to scratching or abrasion while on the other hand the transferability of the wax/pigment particles under writing pressure is not impaired.
  • the object of the present invention is to remedy these drawbacks and to solve the problem of developing a process which gives a copying material in a single coating operation, intended in particular for use on one single occasion, with a thin application of pigment which is resistant to ageing, diffusion resistant, dry and non-smearing and which provides intensive, sharp, smudge-proof and erasable copies and which also enables in the place of fillers, remarkably high quantities of pigments to be in corporated with intense colouring.
  • This object is achieved by way of the present invention by dissolving (1) a gel forming wax component, namely at least one wax with a penetration of 1 to 10, preferably 2 to 8, and at least one wax with a penetration of to 60, preferably to 25, or a mixture of the two with a mean penetration of about 10 to 20, and (2) up to 20% by weight on dry basis, preferably up to approximately 10% by weight, of a binding agent which, because of its high molecular weight, does not penetrate or penetrates only slightly into the paper backing and/or the pigment, the dissolution being in a non-polar or weakly polar organic liquid which gives solvation of the waxes to form a clear solution which is as concentrated as possible.
  • a gel forming wax component namely at least one wax with a penetration of 1 to 10, preferably 2 to 8, and at least one wax with a penetration of to 60, preferably to 25, or a mixture of the two with a mean penetration of about 10 to 20, and (2) up to 20% by weight on dry basis, preferably up to approximately 10% by weight, of
  • the gel wax component In such solution about 10 to about 13 parts by weight of the gel wax component are employed per each 100 parts by volume of organic liquid.
  • the solution formed is one in which approximately 40 to 70% by weight, and preferably 50 to 60% by weight, of the wax separates out at room temperature (about 20 to C.) in the form of gel particles upon lowering the dissolving capacity of the liquid.
  • the dispersion/solution thus formed is diluted with further liquid or wax solution while setting or maintaining this quantity ratio between separated and dissolved wax proportions and with maintenance or additional formation of the gel particles.
  • the pigment is then dispersed in thoroughly and the composition obtained in this way is applied as a coating to the carrier in the known manner and the known manner and the liquid is expelled at a temperature below the softening temperature of the wax particles which separate out in solid form.
  • the procedure is such that a liquid with a positive and preferably large solubility coefficient is used as the liquid giving solvati on and dissolving or separation is obtained respectively by heating or cooling, preferably rapid, of the liquid.
  • a liquid which can be easily removed from the layer in particular aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons or chlorinated hydrocarbons, preferably light benzines, 1,1,1-trichlorethane, benzene, toluene or mixtures of these latter are acceptable.
  • the amount of the liquid employed will vary with the particular materials employed and the amount used will be chosen based upon the characteristics necessary for the use of dye dispersion/solution in the coating of the carrier material. In general the amount will be about 100 parts by volume per each about 10 to about 13 parts by weight of the gel wax component.
  • the two types of gel forming waxes defined above are referred to below as harder and softer wax for greater simplicity.
  • the following are particularly suitable as harder waves: natural or synthetic waxes, oxidized mineral waxes as well as esters and amides of the latter, solid hydrocarbons, mineral waxes or their mixtures and preferably Pennsylvanian mineral waxes of the branch chain type.
  • BRANCH CHAIN PENNSYLVANIAN MINERAL OIL WAXES In particular the unblended products which are obtained exclusively from crude oil residue by selective separation with a narrow melting point range; these products have a very fine structure and a high degree of plasticity, adhesion and cohesion, in particular the grades having a melting point in accordance with ASTM B 127- 49 between 84 and 86 C. or 88 and 90 C. and a penetration index in accordance with ASTM D 1321-57T at 77 F., g., of maximum 8 to 7; these waxes are either white or light in colour.
  • Candelillia wax can also be used.
  • Microwaxes in the narrower sense of the definition are suitable as the softer waxes. These include the ozokerites and soft cerines and similar petrolatum waxes which, unlike the paraflins, have a micro crystalline structure and a melting point of approximately 60-70 C., in particular about 65 C. Esteric waxes with an acid number of less than 60, preferably between 10 and 30, a saponification index between 80 and and a melting point below 85 C. are also suitable. Japan wax and fine crystalline bees wax have also proved suitable.
  • the amount of the gel wax component will vary as will the proportions of the various waxes which make up such component.
  • the dispersion/ solution formed with the binding agent and liquid is one in which about 40% to 70% by weight of the wax separates out at room temperature and the amount of wax component must maintain this relationship.
  • about 10 to 13 parts by weight of the gel wax is used per each 100 parts by volume of liquid solvent. It is preferred, although not essential, that the hard and soft waxes be employed in a ratio of about 7 to 6 parts by weight.
  • the waxes may also be used in mixtures of two or more representatives of the same group or of both groups.
  • the products mentioned above are in any case in general themselves mixtures of various compounds even if these compounds are related.
  • mineral waxes are preferably extracted from mineral oil separations by more or less intensive refinery. These products are in general therefore refining cuts, so that it is also possible to use, instead of one harder and one softer Wax, a medium type wax with a corresponding fraction width, provided that the latter corresponds to a mixture of the two waxes in the above mentioned quantity proportions and has the same properties.
  • the binding agents are used to bind the wax and ink particles together and to the layer carrier.
  • the nature and quantity of these layer forming substances may be easily determined by the expert within the framework of the explanations given below.
  • a binding agent will be used which is at least predominently soluble in the liquid in the temperature range between the dissolving and drying temperatures.
  • Polyvinyl ethers of straight or branched chain aliphatic alcohols with 1 to 20 carbon atoms are particularly suitable.
  • those ethers of the fatty alcohol which are preferably used in conjunction with alkyd resins modified with styrene and its derivatives (e.g. methyl styrene, vinyl toluene, etc.), epoxy resins and/ or with phenolic resins which are modified with natural resin acids.
  • This group of binding agents is preferred because, even in concentrations of a few percent by weight, the substances within this group clearly reduce the viscosity of the wax dispersion produced in accordance with the invention and in particular also reduce the coating dope, especially if the dispersion is obtained by cooling the wax solution.
  • These binding agents are therefore referred to as viscosity regulators.
  • Their effect is particularly surprising in that carbon paper dopes, as mentioned earlier, present special difiiculties with regard to their viscosity and flow characteristics due to the carbon black or pigment particles which are incorporated therein.
  • microcrystalline waxes have the ability of retaining solvents with swelling phenomena (retention effect). This phenomenon is all the more marked the lower the proportion of straight chain parafiins. Since the waxes mentioned above are generally characterised by a particularly high degree of branching, and often by a large proportion of paraffins in ring-form, this retention effect is particularly marked. The proportions which are only poorly soluble are precipitated out first from the hot solution when the latter cools and form relatively large swelling elements. During the further cooling of the solution, the proportions which are rather less poorly soluble are also gradually precipitated out, again in the form of swelling elements. In this way a viscous composition is obtained in grain or gel form which is non-homogeneous in the order of magnitude of these swelling elements. In addition to the precipitated and solvated waxes, this composition also contains waxes which are dissolved in the solvent. The composition is thus termed a dispersion/solution.
  • the retention effect of the waxes used in accordance with the invention does, however, have the disadvantage that a relatively large amount of solvent must be used in order to produce a composition which is suitable for coating.
  • the dispersion assumes, unless suflicient solvent is added, a viscosity which is so high that it cannot 'be mixed adequately or coated satisfactorily.
  • suflicient solvent is added, a viscosity which is so high that it cannot 'be mixed adequately or coated satisfactorily.
  • the use of large quantities of solvents is unsatisfactory from the economic standpoint since the losses are high and/ or expensive solvent recovery installations are required.
  • the viscosity regulators mentioned above provide a remedy since they reduce the viscosity of the dispersion. It is possible that their influence on the viscosity-in practice preferably a reduction in viscosity-can be explained in terms of colloidal peptization, but electrical charge transfer processes with the pigments at the phase limits are also involved. In this context it is probably not necessary for these binding or layer forming substances to genuinely soluble in the solvent provided that they do have greater solubility than the waxes.
  • the viscosity reducing effect of the substances mentioned enables carbon blacks to be incorporated as pigment in the coating compositions having marked thixotropy due to the large surface area of such pigments.
  • the binding and adhesion of the ink layer on the carrier can be matched and the plastic separation of the ink layer under writing pressure regulated. It is assumed that the pigment particles are surrounded by the fine wax particles which have passed into the dry state through gel-forming swelling elements, but are not, or not completely, filled by the latter, and are also not filled by the latter, and are also not filled by the layer forming binding agents which on account of their high molecular weight and linear structure cannot penetrate the pigment particles but only bind the gel and pigment particles together and influence the hardness of the ink layer.
  • Paper is used primarily as the carrier, in particular a machine glazed material or a material which is glazed on one side such as 20 gram (g.) raw carbon paper. It is however also possible to use substances obtained from synthetic fibers and other materials which have a certain absorption characteristic at least on the surface, without however being too porous. It is also possible for the carrier material to be provided with a backing layer and/or intermediate layer or to be otherwise prepared.
  • pigments When the term pigments is used here, the expression must be understood in its general sense to refer to ink transfer material pigments; for instance it is possible to use instead of carbin black, a pigment which is applied to a carrier.
  • the amount of the pigment employed is preferably about 7 to 15 parts by weight per parts by volume of organic liquid. The amount of pigment is such that the weight is not exceeded by the total weight of the soluble wax and binding agent.
  • wax also does not designate waxes in the narrow (chemical) sense but, as the substances named above show, substances of appropriate characteristics similar to those of waxes.
  • the layer consists of a high proportion of carbon blackswhich could not be achieved in the case of hot carbon, these carbon blacks also having a significantly higher blackening effect while .the ink layers have a hitherto unknown resistance of wiping off in spite of the high carbon black proportion.
  • the ink layers have a dry, non-adhesive characteristic; they are particularly suitable for use with sets of forms and for processing on compiling machines.
  • the layers produced in accordance with the invention do not suffer from the known alteration of the hot carbon inks after extended storage, and in particular they do not subsequently become hard. It is particularly important that the ink layers produced in accordance with the invention have improved efiiciency but only between /3 the weight of conventional ink layers used in carbon paper for single utilization.
  • the wax particles have approximately the same size as the pigment particles and in the case of carbon blacks the same size as that of the agglomerates of the secondary particles.
  • the size of the first named wax particles is on the average of to microns and that of the pigment particles on the average of 20 to 30 During the layer formation drying is controlled in such a way that the gel particles remain in solid form and this they are unable to penetrate into the particles of carbon black or other pigment.
  • the weight of the soluble wax and binding agent proportions in the composition should not exceed the weight of the carbon blacks. They will then essentially surround the carbon black particles without however filling the latter after the layer formation.
  • a hot carbon particle i.e. a carbon black particle which is filled with wax and oil
  • a light beam which falls on a drop of thiskind from outside will emerge from the latter after single or repeated total reflection within the drop and there is a high degree of probability that it will not be directed further into the layer but will be deflected outwardly.
  • the oil/wax medium which is denser than air increases refraction and reduces absorption of light.
  • the particle of carbon black produced in accordance with this invention contains air so that when it is exposed to light there is no refraction and no total reflection. This means that, unless the light is absorbed on the carbon chain, it will pass through the particle in practically linear form and disappear in the depth of the layer. It is finally absorbed in a particle of carbon black after refraction on the surrounding wax. The blackening of the layer therefore appears to be greater. The same applies to the copies which are produced.
  • the viscosity regulator which is preferably used will be dissolved in the dispersion and the latter will assume the desired thin viscosity. If necessary the dispersion will be mixed at 20-25 C. under continued agitation with further proportions of solvents which do not impair gel formation at 20-25" C., so that an opaque liquid which flows easily and may have thixotropic characteristics is obtained.
  • This dispersion contains gel particles in solid form which are solvated by solvents as well as genuinely dissolved wax proportions, and in addition dissolved waxes and binding agents which remain soluble at room temperature. The ink pigment is distributed into and mixed with this dispersion/ solution while further dispersion takes place; the preparation which has good slip characteristics is now ready for coating.
  • Solvent or wax solution will preferably penetrate into the surface of the paper. On the fibre, especially if cold air is immediately blown on to the layer, the dissolved wax will separate out as fine particles.
  • the wax particles reduce on the one hand the porosity of the surface of the carrier and on the other hand prevent direct contact between the pigment and fibre.
  • the pigment particles which are surrounded by gel particles are deposited on the zone formed in this Way and consisting preferably of soft wax proportions they are deposited in the surface of the paper.
  • the figure of drawing is a diagrammatic representation of a carbon paper produced as described.
  • 1 represents the carrier material and 2 represents the coating remaining after the liquid is expelled.
  • EXAMPLE 1 7 parts of the branch chained Pennsylvania petroleum wax described above, 6 parts microwax 60/65 with a softening range between 6065 and 2 parts stearyl alcohol polyvinyl ether are dissolved to a clear solution by heating to 80100- C. in 50 parts benzine with a boiling range between 100 and 125. The clear solution is rapidly cooled to a temperature of 25 or less with intensive agitation. A white-opaque mass with almost pasty consistency is obtained which not only contains dissolved wax but also wax particles precipitated out of the solution in dispersed form. 35 patrs of the same benzine are added to this dispersion. The mixture is treated with an effective dispersion unit.
  • the fine opaque dispersion now has a flowing consistency; 7 parts of a subsequently compressed fission or flame black, i.e. an ink black with a mean particle size of 500-720 A. and a BET surface of 32 mF/g. as well as 1 part of a finely dispersed silicic acid in the form of secondary particles, are now stirred into this dispersion and then dispersed at a temperature below 25 C.
  • This preparation is applied by known coating methods to the coating surface of a 20' g. cellulose paper in a quantity such that a layer with a dry weight of approximately 2-3 g./m. is obtained.
  • the preparation which is still liquid is treated by blowing with a cold stream of air and is then dried in the air stream at room temperature.
  • the material is then exposed for a short time to a temperature of approximately 40-50 C.
  • the product can be defined as carbon paper for single use. It is completely flat, clean to the touch and, in spite of the low ink application gives a deep black copy which detaches itself completely from the carrier, resists wiping and is dry and gives copies with sharp outlines.
  • EXAMPLE 2 7 parts of S- wax and 6 parts of Japan wax are dissolved in the hot state in 45 parts benzine 100/125 and cooled rapidly to 20 under the action of a dispersing unit. An opaque paste is formed which is diluted with further 30 parts cold benzine 100/ 125 while further dispersion takes place. To this mixture which contains gel particles dispersed in a wax solution, is added 4 parts of the vinyl toluol modified alkyde resin mentioned above and a further 10 parts of benzine 100/ 125 after which the entire mixture is agitated well.
  • EXAMPLE 3 A comparable product to that of the previous examples is obtained proceeding as in Example 1 but using the soft cerine instead of microwax and, as a viscosity regulator, 4.0 parts polyvinyl methyl ether K 40 (20% in toluol).
  • Example 6 The procedure of Example 1 is followed by using 1,1,1- trichloroethane as the solvent or diluting agent. A produce comparable to that of Example 1 is obtained.
  • Example 8 Proceeding as in Example 1 but using 3 parts of a highly compressed ink black a product comparable to Example 1 is obtained. In this Example the dispersion is diluted with instead of 35 parts benzine.
  • Example 9 The procedure of Example 1 is followed but using instead of the 50 parts benzine originally used for dissolving, 50 parts of toluene, and instead of the 35 parts of benzine used to dilute the dispersion, 50 parts of toluene. A comparable product to that of Example 1 is obtained.
  • EXAMPLE 10 This example illustrates that by means of simple experiments it is possible to select suitable plasticities for the production of a material with an ink layer which can be completely transferred to the points of the paper which are exposed to writing pressure in single use.
  • Preparation 10 A contains significantly more than 50% dissolved proportions.
  • the layer is adhesive and is not satisfactorily detached from the carrier.
  • preparation 10 C contains too little soft wax.
  • the copy does not have adequate contrast and the transfer is not sharp and not precise.
  • the layer also has the disadvantage of already showing a certain degree of brittleness.
  • Preparation 10 B gives optimal results.
  • Example 12 The procedure of Example 1 is employed but using in place of the stearyl alcohol polyvinyl ether, 1.5 parts ethyl cellulose, and instead of 50 parts benzine there is used for dissolving, 100 parts 1,1,1-trichloroethane and instead of 35 parts benzine for diluting, 200 parts 1,1,1- trichloroethane. In this case no reduction in viscosity is observed so that the quantity of solvent must be significantly increased in order to permit the incorporation of the carbon black and to make the composition which is otherwise practically solid, dispersible and thus suitable for coating.
  • the soluble proportions and penetration values are shown for a series of waxes or wax mixtures. These values are applicable at 20 C. for a dispersion in benzene 100/ 125, which was produced by cooling a hot solution with by weight wax.
  • the penetration values are calculated for the soluble or insoluble proportions of this dispersion in the solid, solvent-free state after in each case 4 processing operations, i.e. the gel was separated by cooling, dissolved again, brought to separation by cooling and separated. This cycle was repeated 4 times.
  • a yellow transfer dope is produced by dissolving, through heating in 70 parts by weight of 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 7 parts by weight of the above-mentioned branched-chain Pennsylvania petroleum wax, 3 parts by weight of microwax 60/65, 3 parts by Weight of an externally strongly plastic, Vaseline-like micro wax, and 2 parts by weight of polyvinyl ether of stearyl alcohol.
  • This solution is cooled quickly to room temperature under vigorous agitation.
  • a paste is formed.
  • This is diluted with 100 parts by weight of 1,1,1-trichloroethane and 30 parts by weight of toluene.
  • 13 parts by weight of a yellow pigment are dispersed with the aid of a highly effective dispersing aggregate.
  • a black transfer dope is produced, as in Example 6, by dissolving by heating in 70 parts by weight of 1,1,1- trichloroethane, 7 parts by weight of the previously-mentioned Vaseline-like microwax and 2 parts by weight of polyvinyl ether of stearyl alcohol, then quickly cooling the so-formed solution under vigorous agitation to room temperature, and diluting it with 100 parts by weight of 1,1,1- trichloroethane and 30 parts by weight of cold toluene, and finally mixing it with 10 parts by weight of colorintensive flame carbon black, under vigorous dipensing.
  • the yellow transfer dope is applied to cellulose paper suitable for copying purposes with a surface weight of to 35 g./m. in such a way that the ready, dried coating has a layer thickness of about 2 g./m. the material is dried in a warm air jet below 55 C.
  • the black transfer dope is applied to the reverse side 12 of the thus coated paper in the same manner as described above.
  • Copy material coated with, for instance, a yellow dope layer on the front side and a black dope layer on the reverse side is particularly well suited for the production of sets of forms. These are arranged in such a way that in order to achieve a white print, a copy, or for an increase in strength of the originals copyability, the reverse side of the sheet of paper records the characters in yellow color. The black coat applied to the reverse side of the transfer sheet produces the next copy.
  • the transfer material furnishes excellent copies of handwriting as well as type.
  • the dope layers are wipe resistant and do not cause soiled hands when used.
  • the yellow color possesses high absorptivity of actinic light, especially for such light sources used in blueprinting equipment.
  • the produced characters also show great wipe resistance on writing paper.
  • the coloring layer may also be made with other pigment substances with high absorptivity of actinic light, for equally good results.
  • the quantity of the solid centrifuged residue amounts to 16.9 g. after drying at l10-120 C. in the drying cabinet.
  • the dry, solid centrifuge residue is used again to produce a 15% wax benzine dispersion under the test conditions described above, although fresh benzine 100/ 125 is used.
  • a method for the manufacture of ink transfer material which comprises:
  • organic liquid is a member of the group consisting of aliphatic hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, and mixtures thereof.
  • organic liquid is a member of the group consisting of benzine, 1,1,1- trichloroethane, benzene, toluol and mixtures thereof.
  • hard wax is selected from the group consisting of true natural and synthetic waxes, oxidized mineral waxes and esters and amides thereof, solid hydrocarbons, mineral waxes and mixtures thereof and the soft wax is a member selected from the group of Japan wax, micro waxes, bees wax, and soft cerines.
  • hard wax is branch chain Pennsylvanian mineral wax and the soft wax is micro wax 60/65.
  • binding agent 1 is at least predominantly soluble in the organic liquid in the range of temperature between the dissolving temperature of the solution and the drying temperature of the coating.
  • binding agent 20 is a polyvinyl ether of straight or branched chain aliphatic alcohol of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, alkyd resin modified with styrene or a derivative thereof, an epoxy resin, phenolic resins modified with natural resin acids, or mixtures thereof.

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  • Paints Or Removers (AREA)
  • Color Printing (AREA)
  • Inks, Pencil-Leads, Or Crayons (AREA)
  • Thermal Transfer Or Thermal Recording In General (AREA)
US732246A 1967-05-26 1968-05-27 Ink transfer material and method for manufacture thereof Expired - Lifetime US3594209A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT490667A AT270695B (de) 1967-05-26 1967-05-26 Verfahren zur Herstellung von Farbübertragungsmaterial

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US3594209A true US3594209A (en) 1971-07-20

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US (1) US3594209A (en:Method)
AT (1) AT270695B (en:Method)
BE (1) BE715700A (en:Method)
CH (1) CH499393A (en:Method)
DE (1) DE1771424C3 (en:Method)
ES (1) ES354063A1 (en:Method)
FR (1) FR1569163A (en:Method)
GB (1) GB1229331A (en:Method)
NL (1) NL6807460A (en:Method)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4002706A (en) * 1974-02-25 1977-01-11 Dirk Jacobus Pretorius Wax and wax blends
US4822674A (en) * 1987-04-27 1989-04-18 Xerox Corporation Ink donor films
US20110171470A1 (en) * 2010-01-11 2011-07-14 Dong-A Teaching Materials Co., Ltd. Bar type clay member for craft
US20110168054A1 (en) * 2010-01-08 2011-07-14 Dong-A Teaching Materials Co., Ltd. Bar type clay for craft

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4002706A (en) * 1974-02-25 1977-01-11 Dirk Jacobus Pretorius Wax and wax blends
US4822674A (en) * 1987-04-27 1989-04-18 Xerox Corporation Ink donor films
US20110168054A1 (en) * 2010-01-08 2011-07-14 Dong-A Teaching Materials Co., Ltd. Bar type clay for craft
US9068079B2 (en) * 2010-01-08 2015-06-30 Dong-A Teaching Materials Co., Ltd. Bar type clay for craft
US20110171470A1 (en) * 2010-01-11 2011-07-14 Dong-A Teaching Materials Co., Ltd. Bar type clay member for craft
US9074068B2 (en) * 2010-01-11 2015-07-07 Dong-A Teaching Materials Co., Ltd. Bar type clay member for craft

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Publication number Publication date
CH499393A (de) 1970-11-30
GB1229331A (en:Method) 1971-04-21
DE1771424C3 (de) 1974-02-28
NL6807460A (en:Method) 1968-11-27
BE715700A (en:Method) 1968-11-27
FR1569163A (en:Method) 1969-05-30
ES354063A1 (es) 1969-10-16
DE1771424B2 (de) 1973-07-26
AT270695B (de) 1969-05-12
DE1771424A1 (de) 1972-05-18

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