US3591128A - Valve assembly - Google Patents

Valve assembly Download PDF

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Publication number
US3591128A
US3591128A US837199A US3591128DA US3591128A US 3591128 A US3591128 A US 3591128A US 837199 A US837199 A US 837199A US 3591128D A US3591128D A US 3591128DA US 3591128 A US3591128 A US 3591128A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
pushbutton
tube
neck
valve
rotary position
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US837199A
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English (en)
Inventor
Jean Ramis
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Aptar France SAS
Original Assignee
Valois SAS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Valois SAS filed Critical Valois SAS
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3591128A publication Critical patent/US3591128A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D83/00—Containers or packages with special means for dispensing contents
    • B65D83/14—Containers for dispensing liquid or semi-liquid contents by internal gaseous pressure, i.e. aerosol containers comprising propellant
    • B65D83/16—Actuating means
    • B65D83/20—Actuator caps
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D83/00—Containers or packages with special means for dispensing contents
    • B65D83/14—Containers for dispensing liquid or semi-liquid contents by internal gaseous pressure, i.e. aerosol containers comprising propellant
    • B65D83/16—Actuating means
    • B65D83/22—Actuating means with means to disable actuation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2215/00—Child-proof means
    • B65D2215/04—Child-proof means requiring the combination of different actions in succession

Definitions

  • SHEEI 2 OF 3 PAT ENTEU JUL 6187i SHEET 3 OF 3 VALVE ASSEMBLY This invention relates to a valve assembly for containers holding a liquid under gas pressure, for example aerosol canisters and the like.
  • Containers filled with a more or less pasty liquid product under gas pressure from a liquefied or compressed gas are normally closed by a valve mounted on their neck. This valve enables the measured distribution or vaporization of the product present in the container by simple pressure on its pushbutton.
  • This protection is generally provided by a cap which covers the whole of the valve.
  • This solution to the problem always has the inconvenience of needing two separate elements, i.e. a valve and a cap, and for this reason it often happens that the user loses the cap during the first few uses and then, with example for containers for toilet products, finds himself, when traveling, put to the trouble of so placing the container in his luggage as not to run the risk of accidental opening of the valve during the handling of the luggage with possible damage in a fashion prejudicial to other articles contained therein.
  • valve guard in the form of a fixed cylinder in which the pushbutton may slide, the internal diameter of the cylinder allowing for the insertion of a finger.
  • the coplanar end faces of the pushbutton and of the cylinder are often concave and slightly beveled.
  • pushbuttons which reduce this risk and whose tubular outer portion is partly closed while leaving only a lateral passage for the finger of the user.
  • the apparatus according to the invention ensures a positive blocking of the pushbutton in its retracted position which prevents its displacement under any pressure exerted thereon in the closed valve position, within the limits of the mechanical resistance of the assembly.
  • a valve assembly comprises a discharge tube and a pushbutton fitted thereon while forming an extension of this tube, the latter being axially movable against a return spring for opening the valve and rotatable jointly with the pushbutton about its axis.
  • the pushbutton carries transverse contact surfaces which, in at least one rotary position and with the valve closed, confront abutments integral with the neck of the container and which are disaligned from these abutments in at least one other rotary position of the pushbutton.
  • the abutments are part of the body of the valve or of the neck of the container, so that the valve assembly can be fitted in conventional fashion onto the container itself or onto a separate neck designed to be fixed to the edge of the container mouth.
  • the portion of the pushbutton which surrounds the valve tube comprises at least one lateral projection and slides in a cylinder carried by the neck which has a groove for the passage of this projection.
  • the pushbutton can be depressed only in the position where the projection and the groove are aligned.
  • the neck of the container comprises radial anns while the pushbutton, in the shape of a cap, encloses these arms whose ends are engageable with contact surfaces on the inner edge of the cap.
  • the arms are elastically deformable in the radial direction, and the inner wall of the cap forms a cam surface to push them back radially from a position of confrontation with the contact surfaces.
  • the inner cap surface has recesses matching the ends of the arms, the edges of the recesses directed towards the container constituting abutments for these arms.
  • the elastic arms are advantageously molded integral with the valve body with a ring serving as a hub therefor.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of various elements forming a first embodiment of the valve assembly according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 is an axial section of the assembly shown in FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is an axial section, along line llllll of FIG. 4, of a second representative embodiment
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 show this second embodiment in locked and unlocked positions, respectively.
  • an element 1 having the shape of two cylindrical cups extending in opposite directions from a common base, is mounted on a valve cap 2 which is fitted onto the neck of a container 3.
  • the inner edge of the lower cup bears a rim 4 which anchors the element 1 onto the assembly.
  • Element 1 is pierced at its center by a cylindrical hole 5 whose diameter is large enough to allow a discharge tube 6 of the valve to move freely therein.
  • the upper cup of element 1 has disposed therein, on a circle between the central orifices and its periphery but preferably near the center, several (preferably two diametrically opposite) pillars or checks 7 in the shape of ring-cylinder segments, each extending over a fraction of a circle, e.g.
  • a likewise cylindrical pushbutton 8 On the exterior of the tube 6, fixed to it by a force fit, is a likewise cylindrical pushbutton 8 which, like element 1, has several pillars or cheeks l0 arrayed about a central nipple 9 in which tube 6 is slidable, these being again opposite cheeks each extending over a fraction of a circle, e.g. a quadrant.
  • the discharge path formed by tube 6 terminates at an outlet in pushbutton 8.
  • a depending skirt on pushbutton 8 surrounds the cooperating element 1, outside the neck of container 3, in peripheral contact with that element but with freedom of both rotary and axial relative displacement.
  • the height of these pillars is such that, in the closure position of the valve, the pillars 7 and 10 are aligned and touch so as to prevent the pushbutton from being depressed.
  • the pillars clear one another and actuation is possible.
  • Foreasier movement I may bevel one of the faces of pillars 7 or 10, as shown at 11, on the same side thereof and reduce their size to slightly less than a quarter of a circle.
  • bosses 12 which form abutments allowing only limited rotation of the pushbutton by about half a turn, i.e. between an open and closed positions.
  • a ring 13 fixed to the neck of the valve cap 2 comprises two or more generally radially extending arms 14.
  • the ring 13 and the arms 14 are made of a flexible and elastic material.
  • the mounting of the ring 13 on the valve cap is obtained by force fitting around the neck thereof, an inner rib 16 of the ring engaging elastically in a groove 17 of the neck formed upon the seating of the valve in the valve cap. The ring and the arms are thus kept fixed with respect to container 3.
  • the arms are elastic and both curved in the same sense; when free, they have a span just exceeding the inner diameter of a pushbutton 20 which envelops the whole unit and grips the tube 6 while forming a protective skirt about the container neck; the inner peripheral surface of this skirt is provided with axially extending recesses 18 conforming, in plan view, to the shape of the ends of the arms 14.
  • the height of these recesses is such that in the closed position of the valve their upper edges I9 lie just above the upper face of the elastic arms 14.
  • Abutments (not shown) cam limit rotation of the pushbutton 20 in the opening direction.
  • a valve assembly for a container holding a liquid under gas pressure and having an opening surrounded by a neck comprising:
  • valve means including a discharge tube for said liquid projecting from said neck with freedom of rotation about its axis and inward axial displacement from a closed valve position to an open valve position;
  • a pushbutton rigid with the projecting end of said tube having an outlet for liquid discharged from said tube;
  • said pushbutton having a peripheral skirt enveloping said element in peripheral contact therewith for relative sliding and rotary motion, said pushbutton and said element being provided with axially confronting formations aligned in a first rotary position of the retracted pushbutton but disaligned in a second rotary position thereof whereby inward displacement of said tube by depression of said pushbutton is possible only in said second rotary position.
  • a valve assembly as defined in claim 1 wherein said neck is closed by a cap giving passage to said tube, said element comprising a ring seated on said cap inwardly of said neck and a set of resiliently deformable arms extending generally radially outwardly into peripheral contact with said skirt, said formations being constituted by the free ends of said arms and by internal shoulders on said skirt.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Containers And Packaging Bodies Having A Special Means To Remove Contents (AREA)
  • Closures For Containers (AREA)
  • Sheet Holders (AREA)
US837199A 1968-07-08 1969-06-27 Valve assembly Expired - Lifetime US3591128A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR158225 1968-07-08

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3591128A true US3591128A (en) 1971-07-06

Family

ID=8652195

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US837199A Expired - Lifetime US3591128A (en) 1968-07-08 1969-06-27 Valve assembly

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US3591128A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
ES (1) ES147373Y (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR1603803A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1276696A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (31)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3770170A (en) * 1972-08-28 1973-11-06 Vca Corp Confining hand-held dispenser cap
US3827605A (en) * 1973-05-07 1974-08-06 Diamond Int Corp Locking means for liquid dispensers
US3860149A (en) * 1972-12-26 1975-01-14 Scovill Manufacturing Co Childproof actuator
US3915354A (en) * 1974-09-06 1975-10-28 Johnson & Son Inc S C Automatic relocking device
US4071173A (en) * 1976-11-22 1978-01-31 Vca Corporation Cover enclosing flat sided button for actuation prevention
EP0062256A1 (de) * 1981-03-31 1982-10-13 Precision Valve Corporation Kindersicherer Verschluss für einen Behälter
EP0063259A1 (de) * 1981-04-22 1982-10-27 Maschinenfabrik Bermatingen GmbH & Co. Schlegelmulchgerät
US4773567A (en) * 1986-04-21 1988-09-27 Stoody William R Child resistant latching actuator for aerosol/pump valve
US4934568A (en) * 1985-12-19 1990-06-19 Ing. Erich Pfeiffer Gmbh & Co. Kg Discharger for flowable media
US5957337A (en) * 1997-08-15 1999-09-28 Bettison, Jr.; William L. Child resistant aerosol spray apparatus
US5971214A (en) * 1997-11-06 1999-10-26 Bettison, Jr.; William L. Child resistant, spray through overcap, aerosol spray apparatus
WO2002018234A3 (de) * 1999-05-04 2002-09-12 Thomas Gmbh Sprühdose
US6523722B1 (en) 1997-12-24 2003-02-25 Helene Curtis, Inc. For aerosol and pumpspray containers which can be locked into a non-operative position
FR2855159A1 (fr) * 2003-05-20 2004-11-26 Valois Sas Tete de distribution montee ou faisant partie d'un organe de distribution de produit fluide
US6830164B2 (en) * 2000-11-27 2004-12-14 S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Post-foaming gel, container therefor and apparatus and method for heating and dispensing
US20050017027A1 (en) * 2003-03-03 2005-01-27 Seaquist Perfect Dispensing Foreign, Inc. Aerosol actuator
FR2879173A1 (fr) * 2004-12-15 2006-06-16 Nouvel Oeuvre Sarl Dispositif de distribution
US20070235474A1 (en) * 2006-04-10 2007-10-11 Precision Valve Corporation Locking aerosol dispenser
US20080210710A1 (en) * 2003-03-03 2008-09-04 Seaquist Perfect Dispensing Foreign, Inc. Aerosol actuator
USD585274S1 (en) 2006-05-10 2009-01-27 Coster Tecnologie Speciali S.P.A. Spray cap for aerosol cans or similar fluid containers
USD636668S1 (en) 2008-03-24 2011-04-26 Mary Kay Inc. Dip tubes
US8376192B2 (en) 2008-03-24 2013-02-19 Mary Kay Inc. Apparatus for dispensing fluids using a press-fit diptube
US9789502B2 (en) 2008-06-05 2017-10-17 Mary Kay Inc. Apparatus for dispensing fluids using a removable bottle
US9944454B2 (en) * 2015-08-28 2018-04-17 Gregory A. Haage Spray control device for aerosol cans
US10023366B2 (en) 2010-11-15 2018-07-17 Pacific Market International, Llc Beverage container closure
US10351313B2 (en) 2011-12-05 2019-07-16 Pacific Market International, Llc Beverage container closure with venting
US10421587B2 (en) 2010-11-15 2019-09-24 Pacific Market International, Llc Beverage container closure
US10435227B2 (en) 2012-04-24 2019-10-08 Aptargroup, Inc Trigger operated aerosol dispenser
US10647501B2 (en) 2015-04-06 2020-05-12 S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Dispensing systems
US10660463B2 (en) 2014-07-01 2020-05-26 Pacific Market International, Llc Lockable beverage container closure
US11565873B2 (en) 2013-10-02 2023-01-31 Aptargroup, Inc. Aerosol spout dispenser

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2752066A (en) * 1953-11-09 1956-06-26 Oil Equipment Lab Inc Combined dispenser and valve operating mechanism
US3050219A (en) * 1959-05-29 1962-08-21 Valve Corp Of America Inc Locking cap dispensers
US3185350A (en) * 1962-03-08 1965-05-25 Precision Valve Corp Tab cap valve actuator for an aerosol dispenser and protective head therefor
US3262607A (en) * 1964-11-23 1966-07-26 Walter F Hirsch Safety closure cap for aerosol dispenser cans
US3426948A (en) * 1967-03-01 1969-02-11 Pittsburgh Railways Co Foam actuator

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2752066A (en) * 1953-11-09 1956-06-26 Oil Equipment Lab Inc Combined dispenser and valve operating mechanism
US3050219A (en) * 1959-05-29 1962-08-21 Valve Corp Of America Inc Locking cap dispensers
US3185350A (en) * 1962-03-08 1965-05-25 Precision Valve Corp Tab cap valve actuator for an aerosol dispenser and protective head therefor
US3262607A (en) * 1964-11-23 1966-07-26 Walter F Hirsch Safety closure cap for aerosol dispenser cans
US3426948A (en) * 1967-03-01 1969-02-11 Pittsburgh Railways Co Foam actuator

Cited By (59)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3770170A (en) * 1972-08-28 1973-11-06 Vca Corp Confining hand-held dispenser cap
US3860149A (en) * 1972-12-26 1975-01-14 Scovill Manufacturing Co Childproof actuator
US3827605A (en) * 1973-05-07 1974-08-06 Diamond Int Corp Locking means for liquid dispensers
US3915354A (en) * 1974-09-06 1975-10-28 Johnson & Son Inc S C Automatic relocking device
US4071173A (en) * 1976-11-22 1978-01-31 Vca Corporation Cover enclosing flat sided button for actuation prevention
EP0062256A1 (de) * 1981-03-31 1982-10-13 Precision Valve Corporation Kindersicherer Verschluss für einen Behälter
EP0063259A1 (de) * 1981-04-22 1982-10-27 Maschinenfabrik Bermatingen GmbH & Co. Schlegelmulchgerät
US4934568A (en) * 1985-12-19 1990-06-19 Ing. Erich Pfeiffer Gmbh & Co. Kg Discharger for flowable media
US4773567A (en) * 1986-04-21 1988-09-27 Stoody William R Child resistant latching actuator for aerosol/pump valve
US5957337A (en) * 1997-08-15 1999-09-28 Bettison, Jr.; William L. Child resistant aerosol spray apparatus
US5971214A (en) * 1997-11-06 1999-10-26 Bettison, Jr.; William L. Child resistant, spray through overcap, aerosol spray apparatus
US6523722B1 (en) 1997-12-24 2003-02-25 Helene Curtis, Inc. For aerosol and pumpspray containers which can be locked into a non-operative position
US6877643B2 (en) * 1999-05-04 2005-04-12 Thomas Gmbh Aerosol can
WO2002018234A3 (de) * 1999-05-04 2002-09-12 Thomas Gmbh Sprühdose
US20040035892A1 (en) * 1999-05-04 2004-02-26 Heinz Schneider Aerosol can
DE10042302B4 (de) * 1999-05-04 2005-08-18 Thomas Gmbh Sprühdose
US6830164B2 (en) * 2000-11-27 2004-12-14 S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Post-foaming gel, container therefor and apparatus and method for heating and dispensing
US6978914B2 (en) 2001-11-27 2005-12-27 S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Valve elements for pressurized containers and actuating elements therefor
US20050067439A1 (en) * 2001-11-27 2005-03-31 Furner Paul E. Valve elements for pressurized containers and actuating elements therefor
US7487891B2 (en) 2003-03-03 2009-02-10 Seaquist Perfect Dispensing Foreign Aerosol actuator
US20080179347A1 (en) * 2003-03-03 2008-07-31 Patrick Timothy Yerby Aerosol actuator
US20050017027A1 (en) * 2003-03-03 2005-01-27 Seaquist Perfect Dispensing Foreign, Inc. Aerosol actuator
US8127968B2 (en) * 2003-03-03 2012-03-06 Aptar Group, Inc. Aerosol actuator
US8100298B2 (en) 2003-03-03 2012-01-24 Aptargroup, Inc. Aerosol actuator
US20080210710A1 (en) * 2003-03-03 2008-09-04 Seaquist Perfect Dispensing Foreign, Inc. Aerosol actuator
FR2855159A1 (fr) * 2003-05-20 2004-11-26 Valois Sas Tete de distribution montee ou faisant partie d'un organe de distribution de produit fluide
WO2004103858A3 (fr) * 2003-05-20 2005-03-03 Valois Sas Tete de distribution pour organe de distribution de produit fluide
JP2008523864A (ja) * 2004-12-15 2008-07-10 ヌーヴェル ウーヴル 流体又は粘着物の投与装置
WO2006064128A1 (fr) * 2004-12-15 2006-06-22 Nouvel Oeuvre Dispositif de distribution d’un produit fluide ou pâteux
CN101094796B (zh) * 2004-12-15 2010-12-22 努韦尔·翁夫尔 流体或糊状产品分配装置
FR2879173A1 (fr) * 2004-12-15 2006-06-16 Nouvel Oeuvre Sarl Dispositif de distribution
US20070235474A1 (en) * 2006-04-10 2007-10-11 Precision Valve Corporation Locking aerosol dispenser
US7530476B2 (en) 2006-04-10 2009-05-12 Precision Valve Corporation Locking aerosol dispenser
USD585274S1 (en) 2006-05-10 2009-01-27 Coster Tecnologie Speciali S.P.A. Spray cap for aerosol cans or similar fluid containers
USD636668S1 (en) 2008-03-24 2011-04-26 Mary Kay Inc. Dip tubes
US8376192B2 (en) 2008-03-24 2013-02-19 Mary Kay Inc. Apparatus for dispensing fluids using a press-fit diptube
US9789502B2 (en) 2008-06-05 2017-10-17 Mary Kay Inc. Apparatus for dispensing fluids using a removable bottle
US10023366B2 (en) 2010-11-15 2018-07-17 Pacific Market International, Llc Beverage container closure
US11124337B2 (en) 2010-11-15 2021-09-21 Pacific Market International, Llc Beverage container closure
US10035629B2 (en) 2010-11-15 2018-07-31 Pacific Market International, Llc Beverage container closure
US10071838B2 (en) 2010-11-15 2018-09-11 Pacific Market International, Llc Beverage container closure
US10077144B2 (en) 2010-11-15 2018-09-18 Pacific Market International, Llc Beverage container closure
US10227166B2 (en) 2010-11-15 2019-03-12 Pacific Market International, Llc Beverage container closure
US10232987B2 (en) 2010-11-15 2019-03-19 Pacific Market International, Llc Beverage container closure
US11383898B2 (en) 2010-11-15 2022-07-12 Pacific Market International, Inc. Beverage container closure
US10421587B2 (en) 2010-11-15 2019-09-24 Pacific Market International, Llc Beverage container closure
US11155389B2 (en) 2011-12-05 2021-10-26 Pacific Market International, Llc Beverage container closure with venting
US10351313B2 (en) 2011-12-05 2019-07-16 Pacific Market International, Llc Beverage container closure with venting
US11623797B2 (en) 2011-12-05 2023-04-11 Pacific Market International, Llc Beverage container closure with venting
US10435227B2 (en) 2012-04-24 2019-10-08 Aptargroup, Inc Trigger operated aerosol dispenser
US11565873B2 (en) 2013-10-02 2023-01-31 Aptargroup, Inc. Aerosol spout dispenser
US10660463B2 (en) 2014-07-01 2020-05-26 Pacific Market International, Llc Lockable beverage container closure
US11045024B2 (en) 2014-07-01 2021-06-29 Pacific Market International, Llc Lockable beverage container closure
US11045026B2 (en) 2014-07-01 2021-06-29 Pacific Market International, Llc Lockable beverage container closure
US11045027B2 (en) 2014-07-01 2021-06-29 Pacific Market International, Llc Lockable beverage container closure
US10647501B2 (en) 2015-04-06 2020-05-12 S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Dispensing systems
US11407581B2 (en) 2015-04-06 2022-08-09 S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Dispensing systems
US12139321B2 (en) 2015-04-06 2024-11-12 S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Dispensing systems
US9944454B2 (en) * 2015-08-28 2018-04-17 Gregory A. Haage Spray control device for aerosol cans

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE1933879B2 (de) 1977-03-17
FR1603803A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1971-06-07
GB1276696A (en) 1972-06-07
ES147373U (es) 1969-08-16
DE1933879A1 (de) 1970-01-22
ES147373Y (es) 1974-08-16

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