US3570380A - Impactless typewriter - Google Patents

Impactless typewriter Download PDF

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Publication number
US3570380A
US3570380A US735407A US3570380DA US3570380A US 3570380 A US3570380 A US 3570380A US 735407 A US735407 A US 735407A US 3570380D A US3570380D A US 3570380DA US 3570380 A US3570380 A US 3570380A
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United States
Prior art keywords
character
thermographic material
substrate
mask
illuminating
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Expired - Lifetime
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US735407A
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English (en)
Inventor
Bernard Kamenstein
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Olivetti SpA
TIM SpA
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Olivetti SpA
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
    • B41J2/435—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective application of radiation to a printing material or impression-transfer material
    • B41J2/465—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective application of radiation to a printing material or impression-transfer material using masks, e.g. light-switching masks
    • B41J2/4655—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective application of radiation to a printing material or impression-transfer material using masks, e.g. light-switching masks using character templates
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
    • B41J2/435—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective application of radiation to a printing material or impression-transfer material
    • B41J2/475—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective application of radiation to a printing material or impression-transfer material for heating selectively by radiation or ultrasonic waves
    • B41J2/48—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective application of radiation to a printing material or impression-transfer material for heating selectively by radiation or ultrasonic waves melting ink on a film or melting ink granules

Definitions

  • An impactless printing system is provided wherein a light source is used to illuminate a thermographic material through a character-shaped aperture in a mask.
  • the light source generates enough heat in the thermographic material to cause it to be transferred, in the character shape to a receiving substrate.
  • a FOP/V5 V5 IMZPACTLESS rvrawarrsn BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to printing apparatus and more par ticularly to improvements therein.
  • An object of this invention is the provision of a impactless printing device which can be used for the creation of originals.
  • Yet another object of the present invention is the provision of a novel impactless typewriter.
  • Still another object of this invention is the provision of a unique printing arrangement which uses light-heat energy for printing.
  • thermotransfermaterial in an arrangement for a typewriter which in one embodiment substitutes for the type characters, a radiant energy source, a rotating disc which has aperture-shaped characters therein, and a typewriter ribbon coated with thermotransfermaterial.
  • Each character-shaped aperture which is in position to be illuminatecl by the radiant energy source is detected and compared with a depressed key. If they coincide, then the source is permitted to illuminate the character-shaped aperture whereby a radiant image thereof is projected onto the ribbon coated with thermotransfer material. Heat developed from the radiant image causes the thermotransfermaterial on the ribbon to transfer to the adjacent paper.
  • Other embodiments are also provided which use a mask having charactenshaped apertures in a moveable web 'for effectuating book printing or in a cylinder for high-speed printing.
  • FIG. l is a diagram showing the layout of a impactless typewriter in accordance with this invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a plan view showing the relative positions of the essential components of the typewriter
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic view illustrative of circuits necessary for operation of the embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. A is a diagram illustrating a impactless web printer, in accordance with this invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a drum printer in accordance with this invention.
  • FIG. ti illustrates a generalized arrangement suitable for use with the embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. I A layout for a impactless typewriter, in accordance with this invention, shown in FIG. I.
  • the typewriter includes a keyboard lltl which has the same appearance and is operated in the exact same manner as the keyboard of the present day typewriters.
  • Exemplary of the radiant energy source is a laser 12 which is permitted to emit a light flash which passes through a character-shaped aperture in a rotating disc 14, when that character-shaped aperture is in position to be illuminated by the laser beam.
  • FIG. 2 there may be seen a plan view of the invention.
  • the paper 26 is shown with an exaggerated thickness, in position between the ribbon l6 and the roller 22.
  • the ribbon is pressed against the paper by two guides respectively 23, 30.
  • the typewriter ribbon may comprise any suitable infrared transparent plastic material, such as Mylar, which has coated thereon on the side adjacent to the paper, a thermographic material.
  • a thermographic material such as Mylar, which has coated thereon on the side adjacent to the paper.
  • One may use any one of thewaxes such as a bees wax, paraffin wax, carnauba wax or obokerite wax for this purpose. These waxes are mixed when liquid, together with 5 percent of carbon black powder and 2 percent of methyviolet.
  • One side of the ribbon is coated with the waxy mixture which is then permitted to cool thereon.
  • the temperature at which the wax melts, and thus can be transferred to the receiving substrate, which is the paper or any other material upon which printing is desired to be effectuated, can occur at the melting temperature of the warm is well known than one can obtain waxes with melt temperatures from F!
  • the temperature selected is determined by the temperature which the light source can provide at the desired speed of operation. Information on the available temperatures from the different laser light source is known, found in the literature, and available from the laser manufacturers. For example, a book which provides the available temperatures for some lasers is Optical Masers by George Birnbaum, published by the Academic Press in 1964.
  • FIG. 3 The schematic view of the circuit arrangement for controlling the flash of the laser so that it will turn on only when a character-shaped aperture is in position to receive the illumination, is shown in FIG. 3.
  • the laser must be strobed.
  • a well-known technique called O-spoiling may be employed. This technique is described in the literature.
  • a laser will include a ruby rod 30 which is placed within a resonant light cavity defined by two mirrors respectively 32, 34.
  • the mirror 32 is coated to completely reflect any light that impinges thereon, while the mirror 34 is coated to reflect some of the light and pass therethrough the remainder of the light coming from the ruby rod.
  • A- Kerr cell 36 is placed within the resonant cavity.
  • This cell operates, in a well-known manner, to rotate the polarization of any light beam which passes therethrough when an electric field is applied thereacross.
  • the cell is equipped with polarizing filters and therefore can be operated to permit or block the light from the ruby rod passing to the mirror 34 to be reflected back.
  • the Kerr cell spoils the Q of the optical cavity and thereby can be used to determine when the laser is operative.
  • the light from the laser which passes through the mirror 34 then passes through a lens 38 which insures coverage of a character-shaped aperture 40, by the light from the laser.
  • the character-shaped aperture forms the light into a corresponding character.
  • a motor 42 rotates the mask 14. Centers of magnetization, represented in the drawing as spots 16, are formed in the periphery of the disc, which is made out of a magnetizable metal, by applying a localizing field to these various spots. These spots are positioned adjacent character-shaped apertures.
  • each spot passes by a magnetic reading head 44, consisting of a core of magnetizable metal 46 over which a winder 48 is placed.
  • a magnetic reading head 44 consisting of a core of magnetizable metal 46 over which a winder 48 is placed.
  • each magnetic spot passing adjacent the reading head will cause a voltage pulse to be induced in the winding 48.
  • This is applied to an amplifier 50.
  • the output of the amplifier is used to drive a cyclic counter 52.
  • the counter has a count capacity equal to the number of keys in the keyboard Ml. Each key is assigned a different count. Accordingly, as the disc is rotated by the motor, and as each character-shaped aperture is lined up with the laser, the counter will have a different count condition for each character. This is indicated by the output of the counter.
  • Each different count output of the counter is applied as one input to a different one of the AND gates 54, 56, 58. It will be appreciated that there are as many AND as there are counter outputs. Three are shown by way of example
  • Each one of the keys of the keyboard It) actuates or closes a different switch respectively 64), 62, 64. All of the switches are connected from one contact to a potential source 66. The other contact of each switch goes to a different one of the respective AND gates 54, 56, 58. Accordingly, as a key on the keyboard is actuated, a switch, such as 60, is closed, whereby a potential is applied from the potential source 66 to the AND gate 541. The AND gate will not be enabled however until the counter 52 attains that count which applies an output to the other input to that particular AND gate.
  • Such count is attained only when the character-shaped aperture corresponding to the key which has been actuated, is in position to receive the light from the laser, Whichever one of the AND gates is enabled, applies its output to an OR gate 68.
  • the OR gate which merely collects all the outputs of the AND gates applies a single output to the Kerr cell control circuits 70.
  • This circuit applies a high voltage to the Kerr cell 36 over an interval required to enable the laser to generate light. The light passes through the character aperture and heats the thermographic material sufficiently to cause it to be transferred.
  • the Kerr cell control circuit then removes the enabling voltage whereupon the laser light is turned off.
  • the typewriter ribbon and keyboard is advanced after the character is printed in the same manner as the typewriter keyboard is presently advanced for providing an available blank space for additional printing.
  • FIG. 4 shows another arrangement, in accordance with this invention for printing.
  • paper which is fed from a payout roll 72 to a takeup roll 74 past a printing station defined by a pressure plate 76, opposite which there are two guide rollers respectively 78, 80.
  • a ribbon 82 which is coated with the thermographic material and also a mask 84, which is in the form of a web fed from the payout roll 86 through the printing station to the takeup roll 88.
  • the web in addition to having the information desired to be printed in the form of perforated characters, also carries indicia 90 which may be in the form of magnetic markings of the type discussed in connection with the disc 14, or may beholes each of which is lined up with a line of printing. If the markings are magnetic, obviously a magnetic detector will be employed. If the markings consist of holes, then a light is placed on one side of the mask and a photocell on the other. It will be assumed here that these markings are small holes and a photocell 92 is employed for detecting when a line of character-shaped apertures is at the printing position. The output of the photocell is amplified by an amplifier 94 and applied to Kerr cell control circuits 96.
  • the Kerr cell control circuits control the Kerr cells in a plurality of aligned lasers 98, only one of which may be seen in the drawing.
  • a plurality of lasers is used to insure that there is sufiicient illumination so that the thermographic material, which is behind each character-shaped aperture on the web 84, will be transferred to the paper.
  • a motor 100 drives the takeup rollers for the ribbon, the mask, web, and the paper, to insure synchronism.
  • a photocell provides an output whenever it detects that a line of charactershaped apertures is at the printing'station. This causes the lasers to be triggered whereby printing occurs.
  • FIG. shows how this invention may be employed for printing using a drum.
  • the web 102 having the charactershaped apertures is wrapped around a glass drum 104.
  • the laser array 106 is placed within the drum.
  • the drum is rotatably supported on two rollers 108, 110.
  • the ribbon 112 is fed from a payout roller 114 to a takeup roller 116, passing between the masked drum surface and a backup roller 120.
  • the paper 122 is fed from a payout roller 124 to a takeup roller 126.
  • the detection apparatus for triggering the laser is not shown in this view, however, it is identical with that shown in H0. 4.
  • thermographic material which has sufficient thermal energy to enable a thermographic material to be transferred from the carrying substrate to a receiving substrate in the shape of a desired character.
  • the light source which has been shown and described herein is a laser light source
  • any light source capable of being strobed at a sufficiently rapid rate and capable of providing sufficient heat during the interval of strobing to effectuate the transfer of the thermographic material may be employed in place of the laser light source, without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention. If the light source cannot be strobed, then an arrangement such as shown in H6. 6 may be used.
  • the radiant energy source may be a source of infrared, for example.
  • an electromagnetic shutter 132 is employed. This is operated by the output of the OR gate in FIG. 3, for example.
  • the mask 40 is the same as the one shown in FIG. 3.
  • the shutter 130 is operated to enable heat energy to reach the thermotransfer material to cause it to be transferred to the receiving substrate.
  • Apparatus for effectuating impactless printing on an inert receiving substrate comprising: I
  • thermographic material disposed adjacent said receiving substrate with said thermographic material in contact with said receiving substrate;
  • thermographic material a mask having a plurality of character-shaped apertures positioned adjacent said substrate carrying said thermographic material
  • thermographic material means for selectively illuminating with radiant energy a portion of .said thermographic material through said mask and said substantially transparent substrate;
  • thermographic material-coated substrate for melting said thermographic material on the character-shaped portion of said thermographic material-coated substrate illuminated by a said illuminating means through said desired aperture in said mask for causing said melted thermographic material to transfer to said receiving substrate in the shape of said aperture in said mask;
  • thermographic material-coated substrate for transporting successive portions of said thermographic material-coated substrate between said illuminating means and said receiving substrate for causing the printing of the successive characters on said receiving substrate with thermographic material from successive portions of said thermographic materialcoated substrate.
  • Apparatus as recited in claim 1 wherein said means for illuminating comprises a laser light source.
  • Apparatus as recited in claim 1 wherein said means for actuating said means for illuminating only when a desired character-shaped aperture is positioned comprises:
  • thermographic-coated substrate a means for generating a signal representative of a character-shaped aperture in position between said means for illuminating and said thermographic-coated substrate
  • a impactless printing system comprising:
  • a mask in the shape of a web' having a plurality of charactershaped apertures therein I I a ribbon in the shape of a web having thermographic material coated on one side thereof, said ribbon being adjacent said mask; a substrate in the shape of a web in contact with said thermographic material on said ribbon; controllable light means for illuminating said thermographic material-eoated ribbon through a character-shaped aperture of said mask for transferring said thermographic material in the shape of said character to said substrate; means for moving said mask, said ribbon and said substrate in synchronism with one another; and means for rendering said controllable light means operative each time a character-shaped aperture is in position to be illuminated thereby including: identifying means adjacent each character-shaped aperture; means for sensing said identifying means when said character-shaped aperture is in position to be illuminated; and means responsive to said means for sensing to render said means for illuminating operative.
  • An impactless printing system comprising:
  • thermographic materi on said ribbon
  • controllable light means for illuminating said thermographic material-coated ribbon through a character-shaped aperture in said cylindricalmask for transferring said thermographic material in the shape of said character to said substrate; means for moving said mask, said. ribbon and said substrate in synchronism with one another; and means for rendering said controllable light means operative each time a character-shaped aperture is in position to be illuminated thereby including: identifying means adjacent each character-shaped aperture; means for sensing said identifying means when a character-shaped aperture is in position to be illuminated; and t means responsive to said means for sensing to render said means for illuminating operative.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Electronic Switches (AREA)
  • Thermal Transfer Or Thermal Recording In General (AREA)
US735407A 1968-06-07 1968-06-07 Impactless typewriter Expired - Lifetime US3570380A (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US73540768A 1968-06-07 1968-06-07

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US735407A Expired - Lifetime US3570380A (en) 1968-06-07 1968-06-07 Impactless typewriter

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US (1) US3570380A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE1929640A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2010382A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1239702A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (25)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3745235A (en) * 1970-08-31 1973-07-10 Agfa Gevaert Ag Method and apparatus for the production of color prints on paper
US3780214A (en) * 1970-08-17 1973-12-18 Agfa Gevaert Ag Method and apparatus for making color prints on paper
US3787210A (en) * 1971-09-30 1974-01-22 Ncr Laser recording technique using combustible blow-off
US3832718A (en) * 1973-01-19 1974-08-27 Gen Electric Non-impact, curie point printer
US3832547A (en) * 1970-08-03 1974-08-27 D Silverman Apparatus for transferring a unique micropattern of microperforations in a first metal layer to an underlying second metal layer
US3838431A (en) * 1972-04-18 1974-09-24 H Germer Apparatus for thermally recording character patterns
US3847265A (en) * 1972-04-26 1974-11-12 Battelle Memorial Institute Ink ribbon having an anisotropic electric conductivity
US3854808A (en) * 1963-02-15 1974-12-17 Triumph Werke Nuernberg Ag Method and device for producing prints and the like
US3914775A (en) * 1972-12-26 1975-10-21 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Device for forming graphics
US3966317A (en) * 1974-04-08 1976-06-29 Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. Dry process production of archival microform records from hard copy
US4046472A (en) * 1975-04-18 1977-09-06 Xerox Corporation Electrostatic imaging apparatus
US4103995A (en) * 1975-04-18 1978-08-01 Xerox Corporation Imaging apparatus
US4118128A (en) * 1975-09-08 1978-10-03 Louis Van Den Essen Optical typewriter
US4123309A (en) * 1973-11-29 1978-10-31 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Transfer letter system
US4157412A (en) * 1977-10-25 1979-06-05 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Composite material for and method for forming graphics
US4245003A (en) * 1979-08-17 1981-01-13 James River Graphics, Inc. Coated transparent film for laser imaging
US4269892A (en) * 1980-02-04 1981-05-26 International Business Machines Corporation Polyester ribbon for non-impact printing
US4323317A (en) * 1980-05-07 1982-04-06 Shibuya Kogyo Company, Ltd. Pattern controlling device for laser marker
US4433902A (en) 1980-06-16 1984-02-28 Ncr Corporation Projection printer
US4511268A (en) * 1979-10-19 1985-04-16 Marshall Eric J High speed printer
US4758703A (en) * 1987-05-06 1988-07-19 Estee Lauder Inc. System and method for encoding objects
US4804975A (en) * 1988-02-17 1989-02-14 Eastman Kodak Company Thermal dye transfer apparatus using semiconductor diode laser arrays
US4804977A (en) * 1988-04-14 1989-02-14 Eastman Kodak Company Image or pattern transfer optical system for thermal dye transfer apparatus
DE102017110040A1 (de) * 2017-05-10 2018-11-15 LPKF SolarQuipment GmbH Druckvorrichtung und Druckverfahren zur Übertragung einer Drucksubstanz von einem endlos umlaufenden Drucksubstanzträger auf ein Substrat
US20230398738A1 (en) * 2020-12-23 2023-12-14 Cornell University Controlled molten metal deposition

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2714843A (en) * 1951-06-19 1955-08-09 Harris Seybold Co Photographic type composition
US3126799A (en) * 1962-06-29 1964-03-31 stauffer
US3207051A (en) * 1957-11-08 1965-09-21 Caps Limited Photographic type composing apparatus
US3220013A (en) * 1963-10-21 1965-11-23 Ibm High speed electro-optic printer
US3301697A (en) * 1960-12-02 1967-01-31 Robert B Russell Thermographic transfer sheet having a support of a paper and plastic coating and the method of use
US3351948A (en) * 1966-01-03 1967-11-07 Honeywell Inc Laser recorder using medium having encapsulated chemicals

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2714843A (en) * 1951-06-19 1955-08-09 Harris Seybold Co Photographic type composition
US3207051A (en) * 1957-11-08 1965-09-21 Caps Limited Photographic type composing apparatus
US3301697A (en) * 1960-12-02 1967-01-31 Robert B Russell Thermographic transfer sheet having a support of a paper and plastic coating and the method of use
US3126799A (en) * 1962-06-29 1964-03-31 stauffer
US3220013A (en) * 1963-10-21 1965-11-23 Ibm High speed electro-optic printer
US3351948A (en) * 1966-01-03 1967-11-07 Honeywell Inc Laser recorder using medium having encapsulated chemicals

Cited By (30)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3854808A (en) * 1963-02-15 1974-12-17 Triumph Werke Nuernberg Ag Method and device for producing prints and the like
US3832547A (en) * 1970-08-03 1974-08-27 D Silverman Apparatus for transferring a unique micropattern of microperforations in a first metal layer to an underlying second metal layer
US3780214A (en) * 1970-08-17 1973-12-18 Agfa Gevaert Ag Method and apparatus for making color prints on paper
US3745235A (en) * 1970-08-31 1973-07-10 Agfa Gevaert Ag Method and apparatus for the production of color prints on paper
US3787210A (en) * 1971-09-30 1974-01-22 Ncr Laser recording technique using combustible blow-off
US3838431A (en) * 1972-04-18 1974-09-24 H Germer Apparatus for thermally recording character patterns
US3847265A (en) * 1972-04-26 1974-11-12 Battelle Memorial Institute Ink ribbon having an anisotropic electric conductivity
US3914775A (en) * 1972-12-26 1975-10-21 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Device for forming graphics
US3832718A (en) * 1973-01-19 1974-08-27 Gen Electric Non-impact, curie point printer
US4123578A (en) * 1973-11-29 1978-10-31 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Transfer letter system
US4123309A (en) * 1973-11-29 1978-10-31 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Transfer letter system
US3966317A (en) * 1974-04-08 1976-06-29 Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. Dry process production of archival microform records from hard copy
US4046472A (en) * 1975-04-18 1977-09-06 Xerox Corporation Electrostatic imaging apparatus
US4103995A (en) * 1975-04-18 1978-08-01 Xerox Corporation Imaging apparatus
US4118128A (en) * 1975-09-08 1978-10-03 Louis Van Den Essen Optical typewriter
US4157412A (en) * 1977-10-25 1979-06-05 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Composite material for and method for forming graphics
US4245003A (en) * 1979-08-17 1981-01-13 James River Graphics, Inc. Coated transparent film for laser imaging
US4511268A (en) * 1979-10-19 1985-04-16 Marshall Eric J High speed printer
US4269892A (en) * 1980-02-04 1981-05-26 International Business Machines Corporation Polyester ribbon for non-impact printing
US4323317A (en) * 1980-05-07 1982-04-06 Shibuya Kogyo Company, Ltd. Pattern controlling device for laser marker
US4433902A (en) 1980-06-16 1984-02-28 Ncr Corporation Projection printer
US4758703A (en) * 1987-05-06 1988-07-19 Estee Lauder Inc. System and method for encoding objects
US4804975A (en) * 1988-02-17 1989-02-14 Eastman Kodak Company Thermal dye transfer apparatus using semiconductor diode laser arrays
US4804977A (en) * 1988-04-14 1989-02-14 Eastman Kodak Company Image or pattern transfer optical system for thermal dye transfer apparatus
DE102017110040A1 (de) * 2017-05-10 2018-11-15 LPKF SolarQuipment GmbH Druckvorrichtung und Druckverfahren zur Übertragung einer Drucksubstanz von einem endlos umlaufenden Drucksubstanzträger auf ein Substrat
WO2018206218A1 (de) 2017-05-10 2018-11-15 LPKF SolarQuipment GmbH Druckvorrichtung und druckverfahren zur übertragung einer drucksubstanz von einem endlos umlaufenden drucksubstanzträger auf ein substrat
DE102017110040B4 (de) * 2017-05-10 2020-08-27 LPKF SolarQuipment GmbH Druckvorrichtung und Druckverfahren zur Übertragung einer Drucksubstanz von einem endlos umlaufenden Drucksubstanzträger auf ein Substrat
US20230398738A1 (en) * 2020-12-23 2023-12-14 Cornell University Controlled molten metal deposition
US11999107B2 (en) * 2020-12-23 2024-06-04 Cornell University Controlled molten metal deposition
US12151432B2 (en) 2020-12-23 2024-11-26 Cornell University Controlled molten metal deposition

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Publication number Publication date
FR2010382A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1970-02-13
DE1929640A1 (de) 1969-12-11
GB1239702A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1971-07-21

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