US3562960A - Apparatus for the grinding,honing and abrasive finishing of annular workpieces,especially bearing rings - Google Patents

Apparatus for the grinding,honing and abrasive finishing of annular workpieces,especially bearing rings Download PDF

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Publication number
US3562960A
US3562960A US830264A US3562960DA US3562960A US 3562960 A US3562960 A US 3562960A US 830264 A US830264 A US 830264A US 3562960D A US3562960D A US 3562960DA US 3562960 A US3562960 A US 3562960A
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Prior art keywords
workpiece
centering
turret
stud
workpieces
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Expired - Lifetime
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US830264A
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English (en)
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Ernst Thielenhaus
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Ernst Thielenhaus GmbH and Co KG
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Ernst Thielenhaus GmbH and Co KG
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Priority claimed from DE1752064A external-priority patent/DE1752064C3/de
Priority claimed from DE19681752520 external-priority patent/DE1752520C3/de
Application filed by Ernst Thielenhaus GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Ernst Thielenhaus GmbH and Co KG
Priority claimed from DE1937802A external-priority patent/DE1937802C3/de
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B19/00—Single-purpose machines or devices for particular grinding operations not covered by any other main group
    • B24B19/02—Single-purpose machines or devices for particular grinding operations not covered by any other main group for grinding grooves, e.g. on shafts, in casings, in tubes, homokinetic joint elements
    • B24B19/06—Single-purpose machines or devices for particular grinding operations not covered by any other main group for grinding grooves, e.g. on shafts, in casings, in tubes, homokinetic joint elements for grinding races, e.g. roller races
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B27/00—Other grinding machines or devices
    • B24B27/0023—Other grinding machines or devices grinding machines with a plurality of working posts

Definitions

  • FIG.4 APPARATUS FOR THE GRINDING, HONING AND ABRASIVE FINISHING OF ANNULAR WORKPIECES, ESPECIALLY BEARING RINGS. Filed June 4. 1969 4 Sheets-Sheet 3 FIG.4
  • the workpieces are fed to the pockets in succession and are swung by the turret disk into at least two working positions before being released at a discharge station.
  • Each of the working stations includes a drive spindle adapted to bear against one face of the workpiece while the other face thereof is engaged by a freely rotating sleeve combined with a fluid-centering arrangement which is axially thrust into the interior of the ring-shaped body.
  • a shaping tool engages the outer periphery of the ring.
  • My present invention relates to an apparatus for the finishing of annular bodies and, more particularly, to a machine for accurately grinding, honing, polishing, microfinishing or treating with abrasive, ring-shaped bodies such as ball-bearing races along the external periphery of the ring.
  • Another object of my invention is to provide an improved apparatus for the fine polishing, grinding, honing and microfinishing of circular workpieces, especially ballbearing races, which is capable of permitting external peripheral finishing of the roller-engaging surface of an inner bearing race.
  • Yet another object of the instant invention is the provision of a machine for the purposes described which will obviate the aforementioned disadvantages and enable finishing, especially microfinishing, of ring-shaped workpieces with a high degree of accuracy and with improved surface characteristics.
  • the invention described in application Ser. No. 810,529 provides a magazine or turret in the form of a disk-shaped plate rotatable about its horizontal axis and lying perpendicularly thereto in a vertical plane and at right angles to the axes of the spindles, while being formed with a plurality of angularly spaced workpiece-retaining seats respectively alignable with the spindles upon rotation of the magazine or turret plate by a turret shaft to which the plate is aflixed, the tools being engageable with inner surfaces of the workpieces at the respective finishing stations.
  • the workpieces are held against the respective spindles and rotatably entrained thereby when the turret carrying the workpieces register with the spindles axially.
  • the centering of the workpieces with respect to the tools and the spindles is of the fluid type, the principles of which are described in my US. Pat. No. 3,082,013.
  • the centering system is a narrow annular gap between the outer periphery of the workpiece and the respective seat to which fluid is forced under pressure, the fluid preferably being a liquid.
  • At least two such driven spindles are provided at the finishing stations in succession along the path of the angularly displaceable turret and are associated with respective abrasive stones of progressively increasing fineness so that each workpiece remains in its assigned seat during the multistage processing by the successive stones, thereby preventing nonuniformity or distortion from developing as a result of the change in position of the workpiece from one operation to the next.
  • the axes of the spindles and the turret shaft are generally horizontal, while the turret plate lies in a vertical plane and the machining head is formed with a workpiece-inserting station having means for successively inserting the workpiece rings into the successive seats prior to rotation of the turret to position each workpiece at the initial machining station.
  • An ejection station is also provided to dislodge, via suitable means the finished ring-shaped workpiece from each seat before the turret is stepped to align the empty seat with the input station.
  • the fluid-centering means of that system includes a fluid-distribution duct network or manifold at the junction between the turret shaft and the turret plate to which fluid is delivered by a pump or the like through a passage in the shaft.
  • Each seat is formed with one or more annular inwardly open grooves communicating with the fluid-distributing network and generating the centering pressure between the exterior of the workpiece and the inwardly facing wall of the respective circular seat.
  • the seat was, therefore, formed with grooves and had an annular configuration so as to be received in a suitably dimensioned socket at each of the angularly spaced locations about the turret plate.
  • the seating annuluses were fixed to the turret plate, e.g.
  • the high-pressure fluid formed a lubricant between the turret plate and the seating annuluses which was freely rotatable with the workpiece.
  • the spindles for driving the workpiece bodies at the machining locations have surfaces or thrust disks substantially flush with the reverse sides of the turret or magazine while the apparatus was provided along the front side of the plate at least at the machining stations, with a pressing mechanism designed to retain the workpieces against the spindles.
  • the pressing arrangement included a yoke pivoted at its bight for rotation about an axis perpendicular to the axis of the workpiece body and the spindle but intersecting the latter.
  • the shanks or arms of the U carried diametrically opposed rollers with a common axis parallel to the face of the turret place and perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the workpiece body and to the pivoting axis of the yoke. These rollers bear upon the front face of the workpiece.
  • the machining tool of that system was a generally radial machining stone carried by an arm or holder extending into the race and having a rounded machining and engaging the raceway generally radially.
  • the apparatus also included means for swinging the tool and the holder about an axis corresponding to the center of curvature of the raceway.
  • a grinding machine for the honing, polishing, microfinishing or other abrasive treatment of outer peripheral portions of annular workpieces, especially ball-bearing races comprises a pair of workpiece-drive spindles engageable with one face of the workpieces and coaxially aligned with centering studs adapted to effect a pressurized-fluid centering of the workpieces at least at two angularly spaced locations about a common axis, the stud being receivable within the interior of the workpiece rings for sustaining the introduction of fluid under pressure to the gap between the stud and the workpiece; thus I maintain a uniform clearance to properly center the workpiece.
  • a machining stone is provided, e.g. as described in the aforementioned application, to form the bearing race.
  • the machine according to the present invention is characterized by the provision of at least two such driven spindles and machining locations, each having a respective centering stud axially aligned with the respecti e drive spindle and confronting the latter across a gap.
  • a magazine disk or turrent plate is rotatable through this gap about the aforementioned axis and is provided along its periphery with a plurality of angularly equispaced pockets, open outwardly, i.e. radially, to permit machining of the workpieces through the opening in the plate at each pocket.
  • the pockets are successively alignable with the spindles and centering studs of each station for coarse and fine finishing, respectively, and the centering studs are preferably axially shiftable to enter and withdraw from the workpieces when the latter are positioned at the machining station and swung in the plane of the plate, i.e. in a vertical plane, between the stations.
  • An important feature of this invention is the provision at each of the centering studs of a thrust sleeve which surrounds the stud with play and is freely rotatable about the axis thereof while bearing upon the workpiece along an annular zone to retain the workpiece against the opposite drive spindle.
  • the centering stud and pressing sleeve are no longer part of the drive spindle and the centering stud is non-rotatable.
  • the system is so constructed and arranged that the centering stud is connected with an axially reciprocable threadedspindle drive arrangement.
  • the spindle sleeve of the axial-reciprocation drive also is coupled with the pressing sleeve to advance the latter and release this sleeve to permit rotation of the turret plate when the centering stud is withdrawn.
  • the pressurized-fluid medium serving as the centering force is preferably hydraulic, i.e. oil, and the centering stud is therefore provided with an axially extending manifold passage which, in turn, communicates with radial passages opening between the workpiece ring and the outer periphery of this centering stud.
  • the apparatus of the present invention comprises an in sertion station in which a succession of coarse-finished bearing rings are inserted into the empty pockets of the turret plate as they are swung into position alongside a supply chute, the insertion means including a plunger shiftable generally radially with respect to the axis of rotation of the turret plate.
  • the turret plate also is provided with a discharge station at which the pockets, after leaving the final work station, open downwardly and thereby discharge the finished workpieces into a collection chute which in turn may lead to a receptacle.
  • the machining stone may have a rounded end conforming to the curvature of the bearing race and may be swung about an axis perpendicular to the axis of the bearing ring, the axis of the tool lying generally at the center of curvature of the bearing race.
  • the machine of the present invention has the significant advantage that inexactitudes of the drive-spindle bearings and eccentricities thereof cannot be transmitted to the workpiece since the workpiece is no longer fixed to rotate about the center of the spindle. It is, however, free to rotate concentrically with respect to the centering stud which, according to the instant invention, is fixed and permits a highly exact positioning of the workpiece, especially when the latter rests against the hydrostatically journaled pressing sleeve.
  • the workpiece can be brought from one machining stage to another without withdrawal and without difiiculty since both centering studs may be positioned with great precision, since they are nonrotating.
  • FIG. 1 is a front view of a machine according to the present invention, the drive-spindle assemblies having been removed;
  • FIG. 2 is a side view of the machine with the drivespindle assembly in place
  • FIG. 3 is a plan view of the machine
  • FIG. 4 is an enlarged view of the turret plate as seen in FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 5 is a section generally along the line V-V of FIG. 4.
  • FIG. 6 is a section along the line VI-VI of FIG. 5.
  • FIGS. 1-6 of the drawing I have shown a system for the finishing of the external peripheral raceways of a bearing ring or workpiece W.
  • the raceway to be polished is represented at R (FIGS. 5 and 6).
  • the machine comprises a pair of rotatably driven spindles 1, 2 (FIGS. 2 and 3), driven about mutually parallel axes 1a, 2a by a common motor 50 mounted upon a support table 18, the base of which is shown at 18a in FIG. 2.
  • the spindle drive assembly 50 is horizontally shiftable with its base 50a along the table 18 as indicated by the arrow A in FIG. 2, disposed on one side of a magazine or turret disk 3 best seen in FIGS. 4 and 5.
  • the magazine disk 3 is secured to a turret shaft 14 by bolts shown in section at 14a in FIG. 4.
  • a shoulder 14b of this shaft forms an abutment against which the turret 3 is held by the bolts 14a while a centering stud 140 of shaft 14 is received in a centering opening 3a of the turret disk.
  • the apparatus illustrated by way of example in the drawing, includes a plurality of stations (four in number) angularly equispaced about the axis B of the plate 3 which lies in a vertical plane and extends perpendicularly to this axis.
  • a insertion station represented at I while the upper right-hand quadrant defined the first or relatively coarse finishing stage II.
  • the upper left-hand quadrant forms the final polishing of fine finishing stage III.
  • the lower left-hand quadrant is a discharge station represented at IV.
  • the disk 3 rotates counterclockwise as viewed in FIG. 4 and as indicated by the arrow C.
  • the disk '3 is provided with a plurality of outwardly open, circular or semicircular pockets 7 whose centers 7a lie along radii of the disk and which can receive a rough workpiece W as it is thrust in the direction of arrow 4 into the pocket 7 at the insertion station I.
  • the finished workpiece W is permitted to drop from the disk as represented by the arrow 5 in this figure.
  • the pockets of the disk are designated by the individual reference numerals 8, 9, 10 and 11.
  • the centering studs 12, 13 are shiftable as represented by arrow D into and out of the workpiece and are tubular with internal bore 27 being connected to a high-pressure source 27a, a reservoir 27b, etc. for the pressurized-fluid centering of the workpiece W.
  • Bore 27 communicates with a plurality of angularly equispaced radial bores 27c (FIGS. 5 and 6) opening into the slight clearance 27d between the outer cylindrical periphery of stud 12, 1 3 and the inner cylindrical periphery of the workpiece W.
  • the centering studs 12, 13 are provided with outwardly extending annular flanges 24 against which thrust bearings 23 are seated, the thrust bearings receiving axial pressure from the rear end of sleeve 15.
  • a cap 26a, bolted to the housing 26b, has an inwardly turned flange 26c co-operating with the outwardly extending ridge 15d of sleeve 15 to prevent axial movement of the sleeve 15 to the left relative to the centering stud 12, 13.
  • the centering stud 12, 13 is also formed with a tapered shank 24a which is retained in a complementary frustoconical seat 24b of a spindle sleeve 12a or 13a, forming a collet from which the centering stud may be withdrawn upon release of a threaded rod 24c extending through the spindle sleeve 12a and terminating in a handwheel 24d adapted to lock the centering studs 12, 13 into the spindle sleeve.
  • the spindle sleeves 12a, 13a are axially shiftable in sliding bearings 26d of the fixed housing 26 under the control of a piston-and cylinder arrangement 26a to insert the centering stud into and remove it from the workpiece W as they are positioned at the stations II and III.
  • the turret shaft 14 is rotated by a motor 20 (FIGS. 3 and 5) which, in turn, is controlled by a timer or other programmer 20a, the latter also triggering the cylinder 26c when the turret has halted and, via output 20b operates the insertion mechanism as well.
  • a motor 20 (FIGS. 3 and 5) which, in turn, is controlled by a timer or other programmer 20a, the latter also triggering the cylinder 26c when the turret has halted and, via output 20b operates the insertion mechanism as well.
  • the table 18 also is provided with a chute 52, 53 along which the workpieces W roll downwardly (arrow B) to the insertion station located at the lower right-hand quadrant of the machine.
  • a plunger 4a operated by a fluid pressure cylinder 4b under the control of the output 20b of the programmer, to shove successive workpieces W into the properly aligned empty pocket 7.
  • an arcuate guide 54 closely flanks the turret disk *3 between a position in which the pocket 7 opens downwardly and the first working position in which the pocket opens upwardly.
  • an arcuate sheetmetal guide 55 prevents dislodgment of the workpiece W which has completed finishing operations, until the pocket 7 is positioned at the lower left-hand quadrant to dump the bearing ring onto the chute 53 from which the ring passes into a collecting receptacle 56.
  • the machine is designed to form a raceway R with a double curvature along the outer periphery of the workpiece W.
  • the raceway R has a first center of curvature corresponding to the axis A of the shaping station to form the circumferential surface as the workpiece is rotated at high speed.
  • the transverse curvature about the center F is required when a ball-bearing race is to be produced.
  • the finishing stone 6 at each working station is mounted so as to swing about the center F as described in my application Ser. No. 810,529.
  • each stone 6 is driven by a mechanism 21, 22, the function of which will be set forth below.
  • Polishing stones 6 are each carried at the end of a respective tool holder or rod 6a and are swingable via their respective holders about the oscillation point represented at F.
  • Leadscrews 6b and 6c permit positioning of the tools in the direction of arrows G and H, respectively.
  • Motor 21 is mounted on the slide 21a and connected by a belt transmission 21b with a speed-reducing transmission 22 adapted to transform the rotary movement of the motor into an oscillation of the tools.
  • the spindles 1, 2 are provided with flanges 1b, for example, to which thrust members are bonded at 1a, the thrust members 10 have annular surfaces 1e engageable with the front faces of the workpieces W to frictionally drive the latter.
  • the passage 27 is provided with additional radial bores 27f which communicate with the clearance P between the pressing sleeve 15 and the centering studs 12, 13.
  • the previously empty pocket 8 is radially aligned with the feed plunger 4a which thrusts an unfinished workpiece W into this pocket and holds the workpiece there until rotation of the turret disk 3 begins again.
  • the workpiece W inserted in the previous cycle is carried to the station 11 and aligned along the common axis A of the centering stud 12 and the drive spindle 1 so that the annular face 1e of the drive spindle is juxtaposed with the left-hand annular face of the workpiece (FIG. 5).
  • sleeve 12a While held in registry by pocket 11 of the disk with the centering stud 12, sleeve 12a is shifted to the left (arrow D) to insert the stud into the bearing ring and bring sleeve 15 against the workpiece to hold the latter on the spindle 1.
  • programmer a via output 20c, opens a valve 27a to permit fluid centering of the bearing ring and the sleeve 15.
  • output 20d of programmer 20 energizes motor 50 to rotate the rings W at high speed.
  • the stones 6 finish the raceways as described above and in the aforementioned application.
  • the centering operation is effected as described in the patent identified earlier.
  • finishing-polishing is carried out on a workpiece W in pocket 10 with the centering stud 13 and the drive spindle 2.
  • programmer 28 Upon conclusion of the finishing operation, programmer 28 energizes motor 20 to rotate the disk 3 through an additional angle of 90 to repeat the cycle.
  • the cap 26a locks an abutment ring against the remainder of the fixed housing 26 such that the inwardly extending flange 26c and member 25 receive the thrustbearing ring 23a and the rib 1.5a with axial play and form a lost-motion connection therewith. Consequently, when the stud 12 or 13 is axialy withdrawn (to the right in 8 FIG. 5), the thrust-bearing ring 2311 engages abutment 25 and further axial movement of the stud to the right strips the workpiece W from the centering stud or dislodges it fixedly to enable its release. As can be seen from FIG. 5, member 12 can be fully withdrawn into the pressing sleeve 15.
  • An apparatus for the external machining of annular workpieces comprising:
  • a turret plate mounted on said support and rotatable about an axis perpendicular thereto, said turret plate being formed with a plurality of outwardly open pockets angularly spaced about said axis;
  • a respective centering stud axially aligned with each of said spindles and axially shiftable relatively to said turret plate for insertion into a workpiece positioned in a corresponding pocket of said plate, said stud being provided with means for introducing a fluid under pressure between the periphery of said stud and the workpiece, thereby fluid-centering the workpiece;
  • each of said studs is provided with means for introducing a fluid under pressure between the stud and the respective sleeve for fluid centering the sleeve on the stud.
  • each of said studs is received in a respective spindle sleeve nonrotatably mounted on said support, said spindle sleeves being axially shiftable relative to said turret plate.
  • the means for introducing a fluid under pressure between said stud and said workpiece and between said stud and said pressing sleeve includes a source of fluid under pressure and passages formed in said stud and opening along the periphery thereof.
  • said turret plate is rotatable in a vertical plane and its axis of rotation is horizontal, said insertion station and discharge stations being located at opposite lower quadrants of the rotation of said turret plate, said insertion station being formed with a chute extending downwardly toward said plate for positioning successive workpieces in radial alignment with the pockets of said plate and means for radially introducing said workpieces into the successive pockets, said discharge station including a chute leading downwardly and away from said plate for conducting discharged workpieces from the latter, said apparatus further comprising guide members flanking said plate for preventing release of said workpieces during movement of said plate to carry the pockets between said insertion station and said first work station and between said second work station and said discharge station.
  • said tool means includes respective abrasive stones engaging the peripheries of the workpieces positioned at said work stations, said stones being oscillatable about centers of curvature close to the workpieces machined thereby.
  • each of said studs has a frustoconical portion remote from the respective workpiece and said spindle sleeves from collets releasable receiving said studs, said apparatus including threaded rods retaining said studs in said spindle sleeve, said centering studs being further provided with outwardly extending annular flanges, thrust-bearing means between said pressing sleeves and said thrust-bearing means with limited axial play to form a lost-motion connection between said support and said pressing sleeves.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Finish Polishing, Edge Sharpening, And Grinding By Specific Grinding Devices (AREA)
US830264A 1968-03-28 1969-06-04 Apparatus for the grinding,honing and abrasive finishing of annular workpieces,especially bearing rings Expired - Lifetime US3562960A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE1752064A DE1752064C3 (de) 1968-03-28 1968-03-28 Feinschleifmnaschine zum Schleifen der Innnenseiten von ringförmigen Werkstücken, insbesondere Kugellagerungen
DE19681752520 DE1752520C3 (de) 1968-06-08 1968-06-08 Schleifmaschine für ringförmige Werkstücke
US83026469A 1969-06-04 1969-06-04
DE1937802A DE1937802C3 (de) 1968-06-08 1969-07-25 Schleifmaschine für ringförmige Werkstücke

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FR (1) FR2010416A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3699723A (en) * 1971-01-22 1972-10-24 Custom Machine Inc Apparatus for supporting and rotating a circular workpiece
US3965619A (en) * 1975-07-31 1976-06-29 Ex-Cell-O Corporation Quick change feed mechanism and abrasive replacement
US4136488A (en) * 1977-08-29 1979-01-30 Ex-Cell-O Corporation Honing machine
USRE30976E (en) * 1977-08-29 1982-06-22 Ex-Cell-O Corporation Honing machine
FR2570313A1 (fr) * 1984-09-17 1986-03-21 Keller Rene Dispositif pour la rectification de la surface interieure ou exterieure d'une piece a usiner annulaire
EP0770453A3 (en) * 1995-09-29 1997-08-27 Fairchild Holding Corp Five-spindle grooving machine
CN103143994A (zh) * 2013-01-08 2013-06-12 浙江蓝翔轴承有限公司 一种用于磨削轴承外圈内沟的上料定位机构
US20180215005A1 (en) * 2015-08-17 2018-08-02 Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG Method for producing bearing components by means of a production line, production line and production system
US11285579B2 (en) * 2016-10-26 2022-03-29 Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG Method for producing bearing components

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3633531C1 (de) * 1986-10-02 1987-08-27 Thielenhaus Maschf Schleifmaschine,insbes. Feinschleifmaschine,fuer Lagerringe

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3699723A (en) * 1971-01-22 1972-10-24 Custom Machine Inc Apparatus for supporting and rotating a circular workpiece
US3965619A (en) * 1975-07-31 1976-06-29 Ex-Cell-O Corporation Quick change feed mechanism and abrasive replacement
US4136488A (en) * 1977-08-29 1979-01-30 Ex-Cell-O Corporation Honing machine
USRE30976E (en) * 1977-08-29 1982-06-22 Ex-Cell-O Corporation Honing machine
FR2570313A1 (fr) * 1984-09-17 1986-03-21 Keller Rene Dispositif pour la rectification de la surface interieure ou exterieure d'une piece a usiner annulaire
EP0770453A3 (en) * 1995-09-29 1997-08-27 Fairchild Holding Corp Five-spindle grooving machine
US5906537A (en) * 1995-09-29 1999-05-25 Fairchild Holding Corp. Five spindle fluting machine
US6015351A (en) * 1995-09-29 2000-01-18 Fairchild Holding Corp. Five spindle fluting machine
US6050886A (en) * 1995-09-29 2000-04-18 Fairchild Holding Corp. Rotary drum holder
CN103143994A (zh) * 2013-01-08 2013-06-12 浙江蓝翔轴承有限公司 一种用于磨削轴承外圈内沟的上料定位机构
CN103143994B (zh) * 2013-01-08 2015-02-04 浙江蓝翔轴承有限公司 一种用于磨削轴承外圈内沟的上料定位机构
US20180215005A1 (en) * 2015-08-17 2018-08-02 Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG Method for producing bearing components by means of a production line, production line and production system
US10695885B2 (en) * 2015-08-17 2020-06-30 Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG Method for producing bearing components by means of a production line, production line and production system
US11285579B2 (en) * 2016-10-26 2022-03-29 Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG Method for producing bearing components

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FR2010416A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1970-02-13

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