US3553995A - Extrusion process - Google Patents

Extrusion process Download PDF

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Publication number
US3553995A
US3553995A US705880*A US3553995DA US3553995A US 3553995 A US3553995 A US 3553995A US 3553995D A US3553995D A US 3553995DA US 3553995 A US3553995 A US 3553995A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
die
extrusion
orifice
workpiece
billet
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US705880*A
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English (en)
Inventor
Robert J Fiorentino
John M Cigan
Alvin M Sabroff
Richard L Jentgen
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
New Jersey Zinc Co
Original Assignee
St Joseph Lead Co
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Assigned to MANUFACTURERS HANOVER reassignment MANUFACTURERS HANOVER SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HORSEHEAD INDUSTRIES, INC., A DE CORP.
Assigned to NEW JERSEY ZINC COMPANY, A DIVISION OF HORSEHEAD INDUSTRIES, INC. reassignment NEW JERSEY ZINC COMPANY, A DIVISION OF HORSEHEAD INDUSTRIES, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: ST. JOE MINERALS CORPORATION
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Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES, PROFILES OR LIKE SEMI-MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C23/00—Extruding metal; Impact extrusion
    • B21C23/32—Lubrication of metal being extruded or of dies, or the like, e.g. physical state of lubricant, location where lubricant is applied
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M7/00—Solid or semi-solid compositions essentially based on lubricating components other than mineral lubricating oils or fatty oils and their use as lubricants; Use as lubricants of single solid or semi-solid substances
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2201/10—Compounds containing silicon
    • C10M2201/102—Silicates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2203/10—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2203/10—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen
    • C10M2203/102—Aliphatic fractions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2203/10—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen
    • C10M2203/104—Aromatic fractions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2203/10—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen
    • C10M2203/106—Naphthenic fractions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2203/10—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen
    • C10M2203/108—Residual fractions, e.g. bright stocks
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2209/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/08—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate type
    • C10M2209/084—Acrylate; Methacrylate
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/20—Metal working
    • C10N2040/24—Metal working without essential removal of material, e.g. forming, gorging, drawing, pressing, stamping, rolling or extruding; Punching metal
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/20—Metal working
    • C10N2040/241—Manufacturing joint-less pipes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/20—Metal working
    • C10N2040/242—Hot working
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/20—Metal working
    • C10N2040/243—Cold working
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/20—Metal working
    • C10N2040/244—Metal working of specific metals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/20—Metal working
    • C10N2040/244—Metal working of specific metals
    • C10N2040/245—Soft metals, e.g. aluminum
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/20—Metal working
    • C10N2040/244—Metal working of specific metals
    • C10N2040/246—Iron or steel
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/20—Metal working
    • C10N2040/244—Metal working of specific metals
    • C10N2040/247—Stainless steel
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2050/00—Form in which the lubricant is applied to the material being lubricated
    • C10N2050/08—Solids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2050/00—Form in which the lubricant is applied to the material being lubricated
    • C10N2050/10—Form in which the lubricant is applied to the material being lubricated semi-solid; greasy

Definitions

  • This invention relates to improvements in the extrusion of shapesand relates in particular to the use of a die formed with a at face for the streamline flow extrusion of complex shapes.
  • a solid or hollow block of material In the extrusion process a solid or hollow block of material, normally cylindrical in shape, is formed into a desired shape of uniform cross-section by forcing it to flow through a die orifice under the action of an externally applied force.
  • the externally applied force is commonly applied by means of an extrusion ram located at the opposite end of the block of material (or workpiece) from the die face; however, such force may be applied by other means such as hydrostatic uid pressure.V
  • Such externally applied force urges the workpiece toward the die face and, restrained from lateral movement by a strong-walled container, it is forced through the die orifice or opening.
  • the die may be shaped to symmetrically taper from the outer periphery of the container to the die 1954 so as to guide the owing metal inwardly through the die orifice.
  • a die conguration or taper is not possible so that the outer periphery of the workpiece that is not aligned with orifice of the die contacts a llat die surface and must change 90 in direction of o'w to reach the die orifice.
  • Such a flow pattern within the extrusion billet when utilizing dies with at working faces is such that internal shearing of the billet material occurs.
  • a zone of slower moving or stagnant billet material accumulates in the corner formed by the container liner and the working face of the die. This relatively inert region is commonly 4referred to as a dead metal zone.
  • iIt is, therefore, the object of the present invention to provide a means whereby materials may be extruded through a flat-faced die while avoiding surface and internal defects.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross sectional side view of a tooling arrangement for the extrusion of metal shapes.
  • FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view of a die designed for use with the tooling arrangement of FIG. l and embodying features of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a plan view of the die of FIG. 2.
  • IFIG. 4 is a cross sectional view of a die that also embodies features of the present invention.
  • a billet or workpiece 10 is shown in the act of being extruded through a die 112'.
  • the apparatus is relatively basic consisting of a container 14 constructed to accommodate die 12 at its lower opening (as shown), a die holder 15 and backing block 16 disposed to seat on a hydraulic press platen 18. Die holder 15, backing block 16, and platen 18 are all formed with mating openings 20; 22, and 24 positioned to permit the extruded portion 21 of billet 10 to flow from the apparatus.
  • a dummy block 2,6 is positioned between the stem Z8 of the hydraulic press (not shown) and the workpiece 10l to protect the stem.
  • the die is formed with a fiat face 30 surrounding the die orifice 11.
  • a fiat face 30 surrounding the die orifice 11.
  • Such a flat face is necessary since the shape of the orifice is complex (see orifices 42 and 44 of FlG. 3) and it is accordingly impractical to taper the container or the die at the juncture 32 where the die meets the container to provide streamline metal flow.
  • Juncture 32 constitutes the dead metal zone which adversely affects the surface condition of the extruded part.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 A particularly advantageous die to use in conjunction with the method of the present invention is illustrated by FIGS. 2 and 3.
  • this die 40 is formed with two orifices 42 and 44, both of L-shaped configuration, so that a symmetrical taper (taper in direction of the die opening evenly from all points) between the die suddenlys and container is not possible.
  • the die face is recessed so that a taper 46 symmetrical to the container but not to the complex orifices is provided.
  • Shoulder 48 abutts the shoulder 17 (FIG. 1) of container 14 in the manner of shoulder 19 of die 12 (FIG.
  • the die of FIG. 4 is identical to die 12 except an adapter ring 50 has been seated on the shoulder 19 to provide taper 56 and shoulder 58. Such a modified die structure will obviously perform the function of die 40.
  • Tapers 46 and 56 of the present apparatus may vary from about 75 to 15 from the chamber wall or the fiat surface of the die and may vary in length from afbout D-tl 2 of the total die face diameter D, where d is the diameter of a circle circumscribing the die orifice or orifices (see FIG. 3). However, it is preferable that such taper be uniform and within the range of 30 to 60 to the container wall and/ or fiat-face die.
  • organic lubricants are satisfactory if they are provided with a granular or particulate lubricating solid which remains solid at the extrusion temerature but which is softer than the billet at the temperature of extrusion.
  • the organic portion of the lubricant may be any organic substance having a viscosity that is lcss than that of the metal being extruded at the temperature of extrusion but which is characterized by an average molecular weight of at least about 300.
  • Stich materials can be polymers such as the aliphatic or aromatic resins and plastics but include paratlins, naphthenes, and
  • the solid granular fraction of the lubricant utilized in the process of the present invention may ⁇ be any inorganic solid such as metal salts, metal oxides, and minerals such as mica, talc, etc.
  • the purpose of these granules is to maintain a barrier between the workpiece and the die or provide what is known as discrete film lubrication as opposed to the ordinary or boundary lubrication provided by conventional lubricating oils. Should these granules be harder than the workpiece or die at the temperature of extrusion they would scratch or scour the workpiece or die surface. Consequently, these granules must be no harder than the workpiece or die at the extrusion temperature, but must remain a solid at such temperatures to provide the required discrete film lubrication.
  • the particle size of the granules is not critical and may vary widely in accordance with the exact parameters of the specific extrusion operation, we have found it to ⁇ be desirable to employ granules having an average diameter that is not less than 1 micron. Although ordinarily the average diameter of such granules will not exceed about 7 microns, such average diameter may be much larger (up to 1A inch) in specific instances as where the granules are composed of materials such as flake graphite.
  • the granules of the present lubricant should be distinguished from the extremely fine particles that are colloidally dispersed in mineral oils to thicken or raise the viscosity of such oils. These particles are far too small to lend continuous film type lubrication to the present extrusion process or to scratch the surface of either the workpiece or the die.
  • colloidally suspended particles may consist of either organic or inorganic materials.
  • colloidally thickened oils are included as the basic vehicle (organic fraction) of the lubricating oil employed in conjunction with the process of the present invention.
  • the granular content of the lubricating oil may vary from 5 percent by weight to 60 percent by weight (of the total lubricant) without destroying its effectiveness; however, a preferred range is from about 10 percent by weight to 20 percent by weight.
  • any point along the die opening is equidistant from the periphery of the die or the die container wall.
  • the orifice is round and centrally positioned and the die is provided with a circular periphery (shoulders or container wall), the orifice and die are symmetrical.
  • the orifice is square, rectangular, hexagonal, etc.
  • the die and container wall periphery is of similar configuration with the orifice centrally positioned and oriented so that it is equidistant from any position along the edge of the orifice to a corresponding point at the periphery of the die (i.e., the container wall) the arrangement is symmetrical.
  • the container wall and/or die surface may be made to taper to the die orifice in a uniform equidistant (symmmetrical) manner.
  • the shape of the die, orifice, and/or the container wall are such that the distance from points along the orifice edge to corresponding points along the die periphery or container wall varies (as where there are two orifices or the orifice is asymmetrical such as an L, I, T, or U shape while the periphery is circular) the die cannot be made to taper in a symmetrical fashion and the term unsymmetrical shall apply.
  • said lubricant consists essentially of a mixture of an organic material having an average molecular weight of at least 300 and said granular material has an average particle size of from 1 to 7 microns.
  • the fiat-face of a fiat-face die need not be perfectly flat, i.e., form a 90 half-angle with the die axis, but may deviate as much as about 15 to form a 75 half-angle with the die axis.
  • Half-angles smaller than about 75 would not be practical due to the large variations introduced into the bearing length. It is possible that half-angles several degrees greater than 90 could be tolerated, however, greater angles than this would defeat the purpose of the present die design. Consequently, the term flat face as used in the present specification and claims shall be interpreted to include such a variation in half-angle.
  • a method for providing streamline plastic flow when extruding a billet of temperatures below about 1000" F. through a fiat-faced die formed with an unsymmetrical orifice or multiple orifices comprising:
  • said lubricant consists essentially of a polyolefin.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Extrusion Of Metal (AREA)
  • Extrusion Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
US705880*A 1968-01-30 1968-01-30 Extrusion process Expired - Lifetime US3553995A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US70588068A 1968-01-30 1968-01-30

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US3553995A true US3553995A (en) 1971-01-12

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US705880*A Expired - Lifetime US3553995A (en) 1968-01-30 1968-01-30 Extrusion process

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US (1) US3553995A (en))
BE (1) BE727679A (en))
DE (1) DE1903231A1 (en))
FR (1) FR2000989A1 (en))
GB (1) GB1254641A (en))

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110153216A (zh) * 2019-06-13 2019-08-23 江苏银奕达科技股份有限公司 一种可实现转换棒径挤压的挤压模具
CN112496063A (zh) * 2020-11-30 2021-03-16 广州诺星智能科技有限公司 钎焊条压扁设备及操作方法

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102010006387A1 (de) * 2010-01-29 2011-08-04 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Strangpress-Matrize und Verfahren zum Strangpressen von Magnesiumwerkstoffen

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110153216A (zh) * 2019-06-13 2019-08-23 江苏银奕达科技股份有限公司 一种可实现转换棒径挤压的挤压模具
CN112496063A (zh) * 2020-11-30 2021-03-16 广州诺星智能科技有限公司 钎焊条压扁设备及操作方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
BE727679A (en)) 1969-07-30
FR2000989A1 (en)) 1969-09-19
GB1254641A (en) 1971-11-24
DE1903231A1 (de) 1969-08-28

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AS Assignment

Owner name: MANUFACTURERS HANOVER

Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:HORSEHEAD INDUSTRIES, INC., A DE CORP.;REEL/FRAME:004818/0173

Effective date: 19870917

AS Assignment

Owner name: NEW JERSEY ZINC COMPANY, A DIVISION OF HORSEHEAD

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ST. JOE MINERALS CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:004843/0464

Effective date: 19870917

Owner name: NEW JERSEY ZINC COMPANY, 204 EAST 39TH STREET, NEW

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:ST. JOE MINERALS CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:004843/0464

Effective date: 19870917