US3547625A - Steel containing chromium molybdenum and nickel - Google Patents

Steel containing chromium molybdenum and nickel Download PDF

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US3547625A
US3547625A US656542A US3547625DA US3547625A US 3547625 A US3547625 A US 3547625A US 656542 A US656542 A US 656542A US 3547625D A US3547625D A US 3547625DA US 3547625 A US3547625 A US 3547625A
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alloys
nickel
molybdenum
alloy
chromium
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Clarence George Bieber
Roger Allen Covert
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Huntington Alloys Corp
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International Nickel Co Inc
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F21/00—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
    • F28F21/08—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of metal
    • F28F21/081—Heat exchange elements made from metals or metal alloys
    • F28F21/082—Heat exchange elements made from metals or metal alloys from steel or ferrous alloys
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
    • C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
    • C22C19/05—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
    • C22C19/051—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W
    • C22C19/055—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W with the maximum Cr content being at least 20% but less than 30%
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to corrosion resistant alloys, particularly to iron-nickel alloys of novel composition and which are of comparatively low cost, both hot and cold workable, and which manifest enhanced resistance to corrosion, including crevice, pitting, intergranular and stress corrosion cracking, especially in chlorid media, notably marine environments such as sea water.
  • austenitic stainless steels e.g., AISI, 304, 310, 316
  • AISI, 304, 310, 316 are readily workable and of reasonably low cost but do not exhibit superior resistance to crevice corrosion. This applies to an even greater extent concerning the carbon and low alloy steels.
  • Copper alloys manifest a propensity to pit when immersed in sta nant sea water or when the rate of flow is less than about five feet per second (also true of austenitic stainless steels).
  • Another object of the invention is to provide novel iron-nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys of enhanced resistance to corrosive media, particularly chloride environments such as marine atmospheres, sea water, salt solutions, strongly oxidizing chloride solutions, etc.
  • alloys contemplated herein contain (in percent by weight) about 20% to 40% nickel, about 6% to 12% molybdenum, about 14% to 21% chromium, the chromium content being at least about 18% and advantageously at least 18.5% when the molybdenum content is not greater than about 6.5% or 7% and not exceeding 20% and preferably not exceeding 19% when the molybdenum content is from 10% to 12%, up to 0.2% carbon, up to 0.5% silicon, up to 1% but beneficially not more than 0.5% manganese, the sum of the silicon plus manganese not exceeding about 1.25%, up to 0.7% titanium, up to 0.7% aluminum, up to about 0.15% calcium, up to 12% cobalt, and the balance essentially iron, the iron constituting at least 30% of the alloys.
  • the alloys advantageously contain titanium or aluminum (most beneficially both) in amounts of from 0.05% to 0.6% each, e.g., 0.15% to 0.5%. Further, it is most preferred and desirable that the alloys contain calcium, e.g., 0.001% or 0.01% to 0.15% calcium, in consistently achieving highly satisfactory results.
  • the theory which might explain the role of calcium is not completely understood, but apart from other possible benefits, it has been found that calcium markedly influences and enhances resistance to crevice corrosion in both the annealed and cold worked conditions, particularly the latter and particularly with regard to alloys containing not more than about 8% molybdenum, e.g., 7.5% molybdenum, or lower. Calcium must be present when the molybdenum content of the alloys is not greater than about 7.5% or 8%; otherwise, crevice corrosion resistance is adversely affected even inthe annealed condition.
  • constituents which can be present in the alloys include the following: up to 2%, e.g., up to 0.5% or 1%, columbium, up to 1% vanadium, up to 1% copper, up to 1% tungsten and up to 2% tantalum.
  • elements such as phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, and the like should be kept at low levels consistent with good commercial practice. Sulfur is deemed particularly detrimental and particular care should be exercised in this regard. It is thought that one of the attributes of calcium is that it counteracts the deleterious effects of sulfur. Nitrogen should be maintained below about 0.03%, preferably below about 0.01%.
  • the alloys should contain at least 20% nickel. With nickel levels lower by an appreciable extent, corrosion resistance in marine and other environments is not only unsatisfactory but there is the added danger of forming delta ferrite. If present in an excessive although relatively low amount, delta ferrite promotes or potently contributes to embrittlement problems whereby workability is, at best, impaired.
  • the alloys should be substantially austenitic (single phase) and devoid of detrimental delta ferrite and/or other deleterious phases such as sigma.
  • the alloys When the nickel content is as low as and the molybdenum content is from 6% to about 6.5%, the alloys should contain about 18% or more of chromium, e.g., 18.5%, as indicated above herein. Generally speaking, at a molybdenum level above about 6.5% to about 7.5%, a chromium content of about 17% and upwards should be used with nickel contents as low as 20%. At about 7.5% to 8% molybdenum, about 15.5% or 16% chromium and above can be used with such low (as well as higher) nickel contents. It is beneficial, however, for an optimum combination of resistance to crevice corrosion coupled with good workability, that the alloys contain at least 23% and more advantageously at least 24% or nickel.
  • a particularly noteworthy feature of the invention stems from the fact that not only is resistance to crevice and pitting corrosion and the like markedly good in chloride media but resistance to stress corrosion cracking is excellent. As will be illustrated herein, this obtains not only in marine environments, sea water, but most significantly when the alloys are exposed to the extreme aggressive attack so characteristic of boiling magnesium chloride. Alloys resistant to stress corrosion cracking should contain, in addition to 35 to 40% nickel, above about 9%, e.g., 9.5%, and up to 12% molybdenum and about 14% to not more than about 19% chromium, the balance of the composition being in accordance with that given before herein.
  • cobalt can be used to replace an equivalent amount of nickel.
  • the alloys contain, in addition to a nickel plus cobalt content of about 35% to 40%, about 10% to 12% molybdenum and about 14% or 15% to 18% chromium.
  • the chromium content of the alloys advantageously being from 14% or 15% to 20%, e.g. 17% to 20%.
  • Alloys containing from about 15% to 20% chromium and having molybdenum and nickel contents representing a point falling within the area BGHJKB, and particularly within the area GHJKG, are deemed especially attractive commercially since they would be the most economical, are readily amenable to both hot and cold working, and provide good resistance to crevice corrosion in both the hot and cold worked conditions.
  • chromium content of, say, 22%, part from being unnecessary, is particularly undesirable to molybdenum levels of 9% and above. Accordingly, when the molybdenum content is from about 9.5% or 10% to 12%, the chromium content, as indicated before herein, should not exceed 20% and advantageously does not exceed about 19%.
  • Silicon in appreciable quantities e.g., 1% or 2%, is notably undesirable by reason of the fact that it impairs hot workability and weldability.
  • Manganese in comparatively high amounts e.g., 1.5% to 2%, also significantly impairs corrosion resistance.
  • the total silicon plus manganese content not exceed 1.25%.
  • the silicon content should not exceed 0.25% and the total silicon plus manganese should not exceed about 0.75%.
  • the amount of carbon in the alloys can be as high as 0.2%, carbon somewhat in excess of 0.1%, e.g., 0.15%, results in diminishing crevice corrosion resistance in otherwise outstanding alloys.
  • the carbon content not exceed about 0.05%, e.g., 0.03%, or less.
  • columbium when present, will combine with the carbon such that carbon contents up to 0.1% are satisfactory. Columbium also obviates the necessity of solution treating weldments.
  • titanium and/ or aluminum are particularly satisfactory hot workability characteristics. Contributing to the desideratum of low cost is the fact that air melting techniques can be employed. Thus recourse to more expensive processing is unnecessary. Titanium is also useful to stabilize nitrides, thereby preventing the occurrence of porosity in ingots. Accordingly, it is preferred that at r least one, beneficially both, of these constituents be present in amounts of at least 0.05%, advantageously at least 0.1% or'0.25%, and up to 0.5%. Appreciable amounts of these elements, however, e.g., 1.5% or 2%, are quite undesirable since the net etfect would be to subvert workability characteristics without benefit corrosionwise.
  • Cold rolled specimens having a surface area of about square centimeters were immersed for about 72 hours in the 10% ferric chloride solution, rubber bands being wrapped thereabout to intentionally create crevices. This test is deemed equivalent to an extreme long-time exposure in sea water and is described by M. A. Streicher in Journal of the Electrochemical Society, vol. 103, pages 375390, No. 7, July 1956.
  • Other cold rolled specimens of the same alloys (same area) were annealed at about 2150 F. to 2200 F. for about one-half hour and tested in the annealed condition and in the same manner as the cold rolled specimens.
  • Nominal compositions and data are given in Table I for both the cold rolled and the annealed specimens.
  • about 0.03% carbon except Alloy 21
  • 0.1% silicon 0.15 manganese
  • about 0.06% calcium as calcium-silicon
  • Both titanium and aluminum were used in preparing the alloys, about 0.25% of each being added.
  • alloys 1 through 25, Table I A substantial number of alloys (Alloys 1 through 25, Table I) within the invention were prepared using air melting techniques. Ingots were soaked at about 2300 F. and thereafter hot rolled to billets, the hot working temperature range being on the order of 1600 F. to 2300 F.
  • the hot rolled alloys were annealed at about 2150" F. to 2200 F. for about one-half hour and were cold rolled to strip about inch thick (the hot rolled thickness was approximately inch). Corrosion tests were conducted using an aggresive corrodent commonly used for test purposes, to wit, a 10% ferric chloride solution. In this regard, two different tests were conducted. Specimens were In respect of the data in Table I, it is clear that Alloys 1 through 20 exhibited highly satisfactory resistance to crevice corrosion. No pitting was observed. Regarding All0y 21, this alloy nominally contained 0.15% carbon, the composition otherwise being the same as for Alloys 2 and 3.
  • Alloys 2, 10, 11 and 12 were exposed in the annealed condition, Alloy 3 in the cold rolled condition and Alloy 16 in both conditions. Alloys 2, 3, and (each of which contained less than 35% of nickel plus cobalt) failed in 16, 8 and 12 days, respectively. No cracking was observed in days for the other specimens. As indicated herein, for optimum resistance to stress corrosion cracking in chloride media at least about nickel plus cobalt should be present in the alloys.
  • alloys contemplated herein exhibit high tensile strengths, e.g., about 250,000 p.s.i. and above when cold drawn to wire.
  • An alloy nominally containing 25% nickel, 20% chromium and 8% molybdenum, and less than 0.04% carbon, bal- Alloys AA through DD illustrate the inferior results characteristic of alloys with low amounts of molybdenum (4%) and regardless of increase in the nickel content.
  • Alloys EE and FF are representative of prior art alloys, free of calcium and also titanium and aluminum. Again, crevice corrosion resistance was outstandingly poor. Alloy GG also manifested poor corrosion resistance even though it contained calcium, titanium and aluminum.
  • alloys within the invention and of the same nominal composition (Alloy 26) but with 20% chromium reflected satisfactory corrosion behavior. As indicated before herein, when the molybdenum content is less than about 6.5% the chromium content should be at least about 18%. Alloys GG and 26 illustrate this aspect. Alloy HH was characterized by such poor hot workability that corrosion tests in the cold rolled and annealed conditions were not made. It will be noted the alloy contained high silicon 1.1%) and titanium (2%) contents as well as a high amount of silicon plus manganese (1.8%). In most marked contrast thereto are Alloys 15 and 9, alloys within the invention.
  • Alloys 30 through 39, 3 and QQ illustrate in a general manner alloy behavior as the nickel content is increased over the lower end of the molybdenum range.
  • Alloy 32 is an extremely marginal composition at best and only then in the annealed condition. With 18% chromium, an otherwise similar alloy (Alloy 31) exhibited considerably better corrosion resistance whereas, increasing the nickel content to 30% as in Alloy QQ resulted in inferior resistance particularly in the cold rolled condition. As indicated before herein, improper correlation of the nickel and molybdenum contents can lead to poor results.
  • Alloys 3, 35 and 34 afford an interesting comparison with Alloy 39 concerning the effect of increasing the chromium content (16.6% to 21%) as the percentage of nickel increased (25% to 34%).
  • the standard stainless steels AISI 310 and 316 as well as prior art Alloys NN and PP behaved poorly in test.
  • Alloys contemplated within the invention are generally useful for vessels, boat hulls, and structures and components therefor employed in (or in the vicinity of) marine environments, including sea water and sea atmospheres. More specifically, the alloys are useful for pumps and parts therefor (including vanes and impellers), propellers, pipes, valves, fasteners, tubing in general including heat exchanger tubing and tube sheet, water boxes, seawater evaporators, including plate, shafting, marine hardware, e.g., chocks, cleats, pulleys, wrought fittings, trim and fasteners, buoys, floating platforms, oil well equipment, etc.
  • alloys Chemical plant equipment for handling of oxidizing acids and salts thereof, containers and pressure vessels for the storage or transportation of various corrosive chemicals are illustrative of other uses for the alloys. Also, the alloys can be used in conventional mill forms including sheet, strip, bar, rod, etc.
  • An iron-nickel-moly-bdenum-chromium alloy characterized by enhanced resistance to various corrosive chloride environments, said alloy consisting essentially of about 20% to 40% nickel, about 6% to 12% molybdenum, the nickel and molybdenum being correlated to represent a point falling within the area LFEDCL of the accompanying drawing, about 14% to 21% chromium, the chromium being (a) at least about 18% when the molybdenum content is not greater than about 6.5% and (b) not greater than 20% when the molybdenum content is from about to 12%, up to 0.05 carbon,
  • up to 0.15% calcium with the proviso that at least 0.001% of calcium is present when the molybdenum content is not greater than about 7.5%, at least one metal selected from the group consisting of titanium in an amount up to about 0.7% and aluminum in an amount up to about 0.7%, up to about 12% cobalt, up to 0.5% silicon, up to 1% manganese, the sum of any silicon and manganese not exceeding 1.25%, up to 1% columbium, up to 1% vanadium, up to 1% copper, up to 1% tungsten, up to 2% tantalum and the balance essentially iron.
  • An alloy as set forth in claim 1 containing at least 23% nickel and in which columbium, if present, does not exceed about 0.5%.
  • An iron-nickel-molybdenum-chromium alloy characterized by enhanced resistance to various corrosive chloride environments, said alloy consisting essentially of about 20% to 40% nickel, about 6% to 12% molydenum, the nickel and molybdenum being correlated to represent a point falling within the area ABCDEFA of the accompanying drawing, about 14% to 21% chromium, the chromium being (a) at least about 18% when the molybdenum content is not greater than about 6.5 and (b) not greater than 20% when the molybdenum content is from about 10% to 12%, up to 0.05% carbon, up to 0.15 calcium with the proviso that at least 0.001% of calcium is present when the molybdenum content is not greater than about 7.5%, at least one metal selected from the group consisting of titanium in an amount up to about 0.7% and aluminum in an amount up to about 0.7%, up to about 12% cobalt, up to 0.5% silicon, up to 1% manganese, the sum of any silicon and manganese
  • An iron-nickel-molybdenum-chromium alloy consisting essentially of from 23% to 30% nickel, from about 8% to about 10% molybdenum, the nickel and molybdenum being correlated to represent a point within the area BGHJKB of the accompanying drawing, about 15% to about 20% chromium, up to 0.05% carbon, up to 0.15% calcium, at least one metal selected from the group consisting of titanium in an amount up to 0.7% and aluminum in an amount up to 0.7%, up to 12% cobalt, up to 0.5 silicon, up to 1% manganese, the sum of the silicon plus manganese not exceeding 1.25%, up to 2% of columbium, up to 1% of vanadium, up to 1% copper, up to 1% tungsten, up to 2% tantalum and the balance essentially iron.
  • An iron-nickel-molybdenum-chromium alloy which manifests excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking and crevice corrosion in chloride media, said alloy consisting essentially of about 25% to 40% nickel, about 9.5% to 12% molybdenum, about 14% to 19% chromium, up to 0.05% carbon, up to 0.15 calcium, at least one metal selected from the group consisting of titanium in an amount up to 0.7% and aluminum in an amount up to 0.7%, up to 0.5% silicon, up to 1% manganese, the sum of the silicon plus manganese being not greater than about 1.25%, up to 12% cobalt, the sum of the cobalt 1 1 plus nickel being at least about 35%, up to 2% columbium, up to 1% vanadium, up to 1% copper, up to 1% tungsten, up to 2% tantalum and the balance essentially iron.

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Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS4848315A (enrdf_load_html_response) * 1971-04-21 1973-07-09
US3930904A (en) * 1973-01-24 1976-01-06 The International Nickel Company, Inc. Nickel-iron-chromium alloy wrought products
DE2617419A1 (de) * 1975-04-25 1976-11-11 Allegheny Ludlum Ind Inc Gegen lochfrasskorrosion bestaendiger nichtrostender stahl mit verbesserten warmverformungseigenschaften und verfahren zu dessen herstellung
US4043838A (en) * 1975-04-25 1977-08-23 Allegheny Ludlum Industries, Inc. Method of producing pitting resistant, hot-workable austenitic stainless steel
FR2339679A1 (fr) * 1976-02-02 1977-08-26 Avesta Jernverks Ab Acier inoxydable austenitique a haute teneur en molybdene
US4088478A (en) * 1974-04-24 1978-05-09 Carondelet Foundry Company Corrosion-resistant alloys
US4329173A (en) * 1980-03-31 1982-05-11 Carondelet Foundry Company Alloy resistant to corrosion
US4439498A (en) * 1976-08-24 1984-03-27 The International Nickel Company, Inc. Corrosion resistant stainless steel covered electrode
US4487744A (en) * 1982-07-28 1984-12-11 Carpenter Technology Corporation Corrosion resistant austenitic alloy
US4545826A (en) * 1984-06-29 1985-10-08 Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corporation Method for producing a weldable austenitic stainless steel in heavy sections
US4784831A (en) * 1984-11-13 1988-11-15 Inco Alloys International, Inc. Hiscor alloy
US20060243719A1 (en) * 2005-04-15 2006-11-02 Hiroshige Inoue Austenitic stainless steel welding wire and welding structure
US20100234350A1 (en) * 2000-02-04 2010-09-16 Portola Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Platelet adp receptor inhibitors
US8156721B1 (en) * 2009-07-21 2012-04-17 Moshe Epstein Transport chain for form-fill packaging apparatus

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
SE527177C2 (sv) * 2001-09-25 2006-01-17 Sandvik Intellectual Property Användning av ett austenitiskt rostfritt stål

Citations (8)

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US2398702A (en) * 1941-02-26 1946-04-16 Timken Roller Bearing Co Articles for use at high temperatures
US2403128A (en) * 1942-06-24 1946-07-02 Westinghouse Electric Corp Heat resistant alloys
US2570193A (en) * 1946-04-09 1951-10-09 Int Nickel Co High-temperature alloys and articles
US2809127A (en) * 1948-11-19 1957-10-08 Metal Gas Company Ltd Surface treatment of metals
US3048485A (en) * 1955-03-14 1962-08-07 Int Nickel Co High strength creep resisting alloy
US3094414A (en) * 1960-03-15 1963-06-18 Int Nickel Co Nickel-chromium alloy
US3107167A (en) * 1961-04-07 1963-10-15 Special Metals Inc Hot workable nickel base alloy
US3183084A (en) * 1963-03-18 1965-05-11 Carpenter Steel Co High temperature austenitic alloy

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2398702A (en) * 1941-02-26 1946-04-16 Timken Roller Bearing Co Articles for use at high temperatures
US2403128A (en) * 1942-06-24 1946-07-02 Westinghouse Electric Corp Heat resistant alloys
US2570193A (en) * 1946-04-09 1951-10-09 Int Nickel Co High-temperature alloys and articles
US2809127A (en) * 1948-11-19 1957-10-08 Metal Gas Company Ltd Surface treatment of metals
US3048485A (en) * 1955-03-14 1962-08-07 Int Nickel Co High strength creep resisting alloy
US3094414A (en) * 1960-03-15 1963-06-18 Int Nickel Co Nickel-chromium alloy
US3107167A (en) * 1961-04-07 1963-10-15 Special Metals Inc Hot workable nickel base alloy
US3183084A (en) * 1963-03-18 1965-05-11 Carpenter Steel Co High temperature austenitic alloy

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS4848315A (enrdf_load_html_response) * 1971-04-21 1973-07-09
US3930904A (en) * 1973-01-24 1976-01-06 The International Nickel Company, Inc. Nickel-iron-chromium alloy wrought products
US4088478A (en) * 1974-04-24 1978-05-09 Carondelet Foundry Company Corrosion-resistant alloys
DE2617419A1 (de) * 1975-04-25 1976-11-11 Allegheny Ludlum Ind Inc Gegen lochfrasskorrosion bestaendiger nichtrostender stahl mit verbesserten warmverformungseigenschaften und verfahren zu dessen herstellung
US4007038A (en) * 1975-04-25 1977-02-08 Allegheny Ludlum Industries, Inc. Pitting resistant stainless steel alloy having improved hot-working characteristics
US4043838A (en) * 1975-04-25 1977-08-23 Allegheny Ludlum Industries, Inc. Method of producing pitting resistant, hot-workable austenitic stainless steel
FR2339679A1 (fr) * 1976-02-02 1977-08-26 Avesta Jernverks Ab Acier inoxydable austenitique a haute teneur en molybdene
US4078920A (en) * 1976-02-02 1978-03-14 Avesta Jernverks Aktiebolag Austenitic stainless steel with high molybdenum content
US4439498A (en) * 1976-08-24 1984-03-27 The International Nickel Company, Inc. Corrosion resistant stainless steel covered electrode
US4329173A (en) * 1980-03-31 1982-05-11 Carondelet Foundry Company Alloy resistant to corrosion
US4487744A (en) * 1982-07-28 1984-12-11 Carpenter Technology Corporation Corrosion resistant austenitic alloy
US4545826A (en) * 1984-06-29 1985-10-08 Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corporation Method for producing a weldable austenitic stainless steel in heavy sections
US4784831A (en) * 1984-11-13 1988-11-15 Inco Alloys International, Inc. Hiscor alloy
US20100234350A1 (en) * 2000-02-04 2010-09-16 Portola Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Platelet adp receptor inhibitors
US20060243719A1 (en) * 2005-04-15 2006-11-02 Hiroshige Inoue Austenitic stainless steel welding wire and welding structure
US8710405B2 (en) * 2005-04-15 2014-04-29 Nippon Steel & Sumikin Stainless Steel Corporation Austenitic stainless steel welding wire and welding structure
US8156721B1 (en) * 2009-07-21 2012-04-17 Moshe Epstein Transport chain for form-fill packaging apparatus

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ES344423A1 (es) 1968-12-01
SE327090B (enrdf_load_html_response) 1970-08-10
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