US3538957A - Three-dimensional woven fabric - Google Patents

Three-dimensional woven fabric Download PDF

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Publication number
US3538957A
US3538957A US753390A US3538957DA US3538957A US 3538957 A US3538957 A US 3538957A US 753390 A US753390 A US 753390A US 3538957D A US3538957D A US 3538957DA US 3538957 A US3538957 A US 3538957A
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United States
Prior art keywords
fabric
layers
rib
layer
ribs
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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US753390A
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English (en)
Inventor
Walter A Rheaume
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BP Chemicals Hitco Inc
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BP Chemicals Hitco Inc
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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D03—WEAVING
    • D03D—WOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
    • D03D1/00—Woven fabrics designed to make specified articles
    • D03D1/02—Inflatable articles
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D03—WEAVING
    • D03D—WOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
    • D03D11/00—Double or multi-ply fabrics not otherwise provided for
    • D03D11/02—Fabrics formed with pockets, tubes, loops, folds, tucks or flaps
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D03—WEAVING
    • D03D—WOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
    • D03D3/00—Woven fabrics characterised by their shape
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B2403/00—Details of fabric structure established in the fabric forming process
    • D10B2403/02—Cross-sectional features
    • D10B2403/021—Lofty fabric with equidistantly spaced front and back plies, e.g. spacer fabrics
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
    • E04H15/00—Tents or canopies, in general
    • E04H15/20—Tents or canopies, in general inflatable, e.g. shaped, strengthened or supported by fluid pressure
    • E04H2015/202—Tents or canopies, in general inflatable, e.g. shaped, strengthened or supported by fluid pressure with inflatable panels, without inflatable tubular framework
    • E04H2015/204—Tents or canopies, in general inflatable, e.g. shaped, strengthened or supported by fluid pressure with inflatable panels, without inflatable tubular framework made from contiguous inflatable tubes

Definitions

  • a three-dimensional fabric suitable for forming part of a hollow walled structure is woven in the form of longitudinally extending dual-layered fabric having integrally woven longitudinal ribs between the layers.
  • the layers may have different lengths by virtue of different fiber densities in the top and bottom layers or by different total fiber counts in the two layers.
  • Air-inflated or expanded structures employing fabric walls are being increasingly employed for both large scale structures and relatively small scale components. It is often advantageous in terms of cost and convenience to utilize an inflated construction which is air supported by suitable pressure means. If the inflated structure is formed as an arch only the longitudinal edges need be joined to a supporting structure. The material constituting the structure is formed to have internal conduits which are expanded by the air pressure to cause the assembly to rise and assume the desired shape, after which air flow is needed only to compensate for relatively minor losses. Constructions of this kind generally utilize lightweight fabrics, such as nylon, which have been treated with a sealant material such as synthetic rubber or which have been covered with a coating or adhesively attached film of a material impervious to air.
  • the interior conduits are generally defined by webs or ribs that are either sewn or adhesively bonded to outer and inner exterior layers, and it is extremely difficult to obtain the desired uniformity of strength throughout the large number of bonded areas needed for a structure of typical'sizc.
  • Air-inflated structures of this type have been fabricated which are from m 50 feet across and 50 to 100 feet long, and much larger structures are contemplated.
  • a weak point at any of the numerous bonds within the interior structure results in a tear, which immediately induces disproportionate stresses and leads to catastrophic failure virtually immediately after full pressurization. Bonds and seals of this nature are also adversely affected by wear and aging, and the necessary inspection and repair techniques are themselves expensive and time consuming.
  • Air-supported units are also widely used in a number of other applications, such as air mattresses, cushions and shock absorbing units. While it is preferable in many instances to have interior webs, constructions of this type are not now predominantly used because of added expense and because they are subject to the same difficulties previously discussed in conjunction with large-scale structures.
  • Three-dimensional fabrics in accordance with the invention have a selected transverse width and comprise top and bottom fabric layers and at least one integral intermediate fabric rib running longitudinally along the fabric and interwoven into the top and bottom layers.
  • the warp yarns run parallel to the longitudinal axis of the fabric, and fill yarns of the interior ribs are integrally interwoven along selected distances with the top and bottom layers.
  • different layer lengths are used to cause the fabric to have a natural are when expanded. This is preferably provided by the use of different pick counts per inch, while maintaining the same total number of picks relative to a given length along the central plane of the fabric. In another example, differential lengths are provided while using the same pick counts per inch in the two layers.
  • FIG. 1 is a broken-away perspective view of a fragment of a three-dimensional fabric in accordance with the invention, shown in expanded form;
  • FIG. 2 is an idealized end sectional view of the three-dimensional fabric of FIG. 1, showing the relationship of the yarns therein;
  • FIG. 3 is an idealized side sectional viewof a portion of the fabric of F IG. 1, showing the relationship of the yarns in a first type of fabric in accordance with the invention
  • FIG. 4 is an idealized side sectional view of a portion of the fabric of FIG. 1, showing the relationship of the yarns in a second type of fabric in accordance with the invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a perspective view, partially broken away, of a fragment of an air-supported structure employing fabrics in accordance with the invention.
  • FIG. I there is shown a three-dimensional fabric 10 lying along a longitudinal axis, but rectangularly expanded. Under normal conditions of air expansion, surfaces subject to differential pressure would of course tend tocurve.
  • the fabric 10 is preferably, for air-supported structures, woven of small-diameter fibers having suitable weather-resistant properties, either inherently or by virtue of applied coatings. Nylon and other synthetic fabrics are preferred for these reasons and because of their relatively high strength to weight ratios.
  • the length of fabric 10 in the open expanded form shown comprises a top layer 12 or upper broad wall and a bottom layer 14 or lower broad wall, together with interior ribs or webs 16, 13.
  • the terms top, bottom", upper and lower are used for for ease of reference only in the specification and claims and it is to be understood that the relative attitude of the fabric is not of significance.
  • the direction of weaving is along the length of the fabric 10, which therefore has a central longitudinal axis parallel to the selvage.
  • the ribs l6, 18 are integrallywoven with at least parts of the top and bottom layers l2, l4 and lie parallel to the longitudinal central axis.
  • the woven fabric disclosed herein disposes the warp yarns parallel to the longitudinal axis and the selvage, instead of transverse thereto.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a cross section transverse to v the longitudinal axis, but for ease of illustration employs different and greatly enlarged scale.
  • the width of the top and bottom layers l2, 14 will be substantial (e.g. 4 feet), and the interior ribs 16, 18 will also be proportionally large, (e.g. 2 feet).
  • the ribs l6, 18 have fill yarns 28, 28' and 30, 30 respectively woven about the interspersed rib warp yarns 29, 31, the terminal portions of these fill yarns 28, 30 being woven integrally into parts of each of the top and bottom layers 12, M.
  • the fill yarns 20, 20' and 23, 23 in each layer are woven to form a selvage at each longitudinal end, and do not simply terminate as shown. Further, the terminal portions of the rib fill yarns 28, 30 loop into the succeeding pick in conventional fashion.
  • the fabric also is distinctive in that differential lengths top and bottom layer lengths are employed. in a preferred form, these differential lengths are such that the top layer 12 is longer than the bottom layer 14 by virtue of a different pick count per inch, with the two layers l2, 14 having the same total number of picks. Consequently, from the bottom layer 14 to the top layer 12, the pick density within the integrally joined ribs 16, 18 varies progressively. With respect to a central plane intersecting the expanded three-dimensional fabric 10 of FIG. 1 at the midheight point, the top layer 12 is longer and the bottom layer 14 is shorter, in this example, than the fabric length along the central plane. The ribs 16, 18 expand progressively in length from the bottom layer 14 to the top layer 12.
  • FIG. 3 a side section of the fabric 10 is shown in idealized form, to illustrate the yarn relation ship and the natural curvature of the fabric.
  • the fill yarns 28 of the rib 16 run longitudinally, but the warp yarns run between the top and bottom layers 12, 14, looping about the longitudinal warp yarns 2.6.
  • the loop ends also are interwoven with a selected number of picks in each of the top and bottom layers in directions parallel to the transverse fill yarns 20, 23, which interweaving is not shown in FIG. 3.
  • the density of the bottom layer 14, in picks/inch is greater than that of the top layer 12, while the density of the rib varies progressively between the layers.
  • the two fabric layers do, however, have the same total number of picks.
  • the weaving schedule is arranged to introduce added picks per inch in the top layer 12, thus maintaining like densities in the two layers, while also giving a differential length relationship.
  • the weaving pattern is arranged to skip loops as the rib fill yarns 23 work between,
  • top and bottom layers thus also providing progressively changing rib fabric characteristics through the rib height.
  • the fabric 10 is rendered air impermeable by the application of sealing membranes 32, 34 on the top ofthe top layer t2 and on the bottom of the bottom layer, as shown generally in FIG. 1. Consequently, when pressurized air is injected into the interior conduits defined by the ribs and walls, the fabric 10 expands to lie curved about a selected radius. As shown in FIG. 5, when adjacent and adjoined fabric arches 36, 37, 38 are expanded in this manner they provide a strong shaperetaining arched structure.
  • fabrics in accordance with the invention may be provided by three-dimensional weaving utilizing standard looms controlled by predetermined patterns in fashion well understood by those skilled in the art.
  • the basic two-rib construction shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 is preferably provided by weaving the individual layers substantially flat, using one individual shuttle for each layer. Lesser or greater numbers of ribs can be provided, but in each such instance it is preferred to use a corresponding number of shuttles.
  • l. A three-dimensional fabric having a selected transverse width, said fabric comprising top and bottom fabric layers and at least one integral intermediate fabric rib running longitudinally thercalong and joining said layers, each said fabric rib being independent of the other ribs and the opposite extremities thereof terminating within said layers.
  • a three-dimensional fabric suitable for expansion into a curvilinear body and having a selected transverse width said fabric comprising upper and lower fabric layers, at least one integral intermediate rib running longitudinally therealong, the fill yarns of said at least one rib being interwoven about the warp yarns of the upper and lower layers through a selected transverse dimension and each said rib terminating within each such layer, and the warp yarns in each of the layers lying substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis.
  • a three-dimensional fabric having a selected transverse width, said fabric comprising top and bottom fabric layers each having warp yarns running substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the fabric, at least one integral intermediate fabric rib running substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the fabric, and having warp yarns running substantially parallel to said longitudinal axis and fill yarns interwoven with the yarns of the top and bottom layers through selected transverse distances along each ofthc top and bottom layers, said at least one rib terminating within each such layer.
  • top and bottom layers have different pick counts per inch and substantially the same total number of picks for a given length of fabric along the central plane.
  • top and bottom layers have substantially the same number of picks per inch, and the top layer has a selected greater proportion of total number of picks to the total number of picks in the bottom layer, with respect to a given length of the fabric along the central plane.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Woven Fabrics (AREA)
  • Tents Or Canopies (AREA)
US753390A 1968-08-19 1968-08-19 Three-dimensional woven fabric Expired - Lifetime US3538957A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US75339068A 1968-08-19 1968-08-19

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3538957A true US3538957A (en) 1970-11-10

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US753390A Expired - Lifetime US3538957A (en) 1968-08-19 1968-08-19 Three-dimensional woven fabric

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US3538957A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE737610A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA922210A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE1941283A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2015915A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1273634A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3779847A (en) * 1971-12-20 1973-12-18 A Turner Process of assembling fabric and plastic to form a building structure which may be inflated and chemically rigidized
US3943980A (en) * 1972-09-20 1976-03-16 Hitco Multi-ply woven article having double ribs
US3966013A (en) * 1972-09-20 1976-06-29 Hitco Multi-ply woven article having acoustical elements between double plies
US3965942A (en) * 1972-09-20 1976-06-29 Hitco Multi-ply woven article having stiffening elements between double plies
US4021972A (en) * 1975-07-09 1977-05-10 James Edwin Choate Air supported, multi-wall, insulated structure and process of producing same
US4114324A (en) * 1976-03-23 1978-09-19 Azo-Maschinenfabrik Adolf Zimmermann Silo for bulk materials with fluidizing means
US4399671A (en) * 1979-11-19 1983-08-23 Ludvig Svensson (Holland) B.V. Green-house curtain
EP0245533A1 (en) * 1986-05-15 1987-11-19 Edo Corporation/Fiber Science Division Three dimensional woven fabric connector
EP0257148A1 (en) * 1985-07-15 1988-03-02 Beech Aircraft Corporation Improvements relating to the joining of aircraft skin panels of the sandwich type to frame elements
US4782864A (en) * 1984-12-31 1988-11-08 Edo Corporation Three dimensional woven fabric connector
US4922968A (en) * 1987-09-26 1990-05-08 Vorwerk & Co. Interholding Gmbh Premolding consisting of multiply fabric
US5172535A (en) * 1989-09-18 1992-12-22 Shell Oil Company Fiber reinforced plastic grid
US5657795A (en) * 1993-07-01 1997-08-19 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Method to produce flexible ceramic thermal protection system resistant to high aeroacoustic noise
EP1310586A3 (en) * 2001-07-05 2004-12-15 Albany International Techniweave, Inc. Minimum Distortion 3D Woven Preforms
US20070113486A1 (en) * 2005-11-22 2007-05-24 Warwick Mills, Inc. Inflatable barrier
US10988869B2 (en) * 2015-10-15 2021-04-27 Kabushiki Kaisha Toyota Jidoshokki Multilayer fabric
CN116005317A (zh) * 2022-11-29 2023-04-25 大连工业大学 一种利用普通织机织造仿竹结构三维机织管状织物的方法

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2853464A1 (de) * 1978-12-11 1980-06-19 Bernd Dipl Phys Hundrieser Kernschicht fuer leichtbauteile
DE3228180C2 (de) * 1982-07-28 1985-10-17 Josef Gartner & Co, 8883 Gundelfingen Verfahren zum Trockenhalten des Zwischenraums zwischen einer Gebäudeaußenwand und einer Fassadenkonstruktion
GB2135354A (en) * 1983-01-18 1984-08-30 Boo Kiang Chew Tents

Cited By (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3779847A (en) * 1971-12-20 1973-12-18 A Turner Process of assembling fabric and plastic to form a building structure which may be inflated and chemically rigidized
US3943980A (en) * 1972-09-20 1976-03-16 Hitco Multi-ply woven article having double ribs
US3966013A (en) * 1972-09-20 1976-06-29 Hitco Multi-ply woven article having acoustical elements between double plies
US3965942A (en) * 1972-09-20 1976-06-29 Hitco Multi-ply woven article having stiffening elements between double plies
US4021972A (en) * 1975-07-09 1977-05-10 James Edwin Choate Air supported, multi-wall, insulated structure and process of producing same
US4114324A (en) * 1976-03-23 1978-09-19 Azo-Maschinenfabrik Adolf Zimmermann Silo for bulk materials with fluidizing means
US4399671A (en) * 1979-11-19 1983-08-23 Ludvig Svensson (Holland) B.V. Green-house curtain
US4782864A (en) * 1984-12-31 1988-11-08 Edo Corporation Three dimensional woven fabric connector
US5533693A (en) * 1984-12-31 1996-07-09 Edo Corporation Three dimensional woven fabric connector
EP0257148A1 (en) * 1985-07-15 1988-03-02 Beech Aircraft Corporation Improvements relating to the joining of aircraft skin panels of the sandwich type to frame elements
FR2603249A1 (fr) * 1985-07-15 1988-03-04 Beech Aircraft Corp Raccord de panneau de revetement d'aeronef sur un organe porteur et son procede de realisation
EP0245533A1 (en) * 1986-05-15 1987-11-19 Edo Corporation/Fiber Science Division Three dimensional woven fabric connector
US4922968A (en) * 1987-09-26 1990-05-08 Vorwerk & Co. Interholding Gmbh Premolding consisting of multiply fabric
US5172535A (en) * 1989-09-18 1992-12-22 Shell Oil Company Fiber reinforced plastic grid
US5657795A (en) * 1993-07-01 1997-08-19 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Method to produce flexible ceramic thermal protection system resistant to high aeroacoustic noise
EP1310586A3 (en) * 2001-07-05 2004-12-15 Albany International Techniweave, Inc. Minimum Distortion 3D Woven Preforms
CN100415474C (zh) * 2001-07-05 2008-09-03 阿尔巴尼国际编织技术公司 最小扭曲的三维织造预成形件
US20070113486A1 (en) * 2005-11-22 2007-05-24 Warwick Mills, Inc. Inflatable barrier
US7963075B2 (en) * 2005-11-22 2011-06-21 Warwick Mills, Inc. Inflatable barrier
US10988869B2 (en) * 2015-10-15 2021-04-27 Kabushiki Kaisha Toyota Jidoshokki Multilayer fabric
CN116005317A (zh) * 2022-11-29 2023-04-25 大连工业大学 一种利用普通织机织造仿竹结构三维机织管状织物的方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE1941283A1 (de) 1970-02-26
FR2015915A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1970-04-30
GB1273634A (en) 1972-05-10
BE737610A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1970-02-18
CA922210A (en) 1973-03-06

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