US3538373A - Electric incandescent lamp containing a reactive carrier gas which comprises hydrogen and bromine and/or chlorine and hydrogen - Google Patents

Electric incandescent lamp containing a reactive carrier gas which comprises hydrogen and bromine and/or chlorine and hydrogen Download PDF

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Publication number
US3538373A
US3538373A US695396A US3538373DA US3538373A US 3538373 A US3538373 A US 3538373A US 695396 A US695396 A US 695396A US 3538373D A US3538373D A US 3538373DA US 3538373 A US3538373 A US 3538373A
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United States
Prior art keywords
lamp
hydrogen
filament
molybdenum
carrier gas
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Expired - Lifetime
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US695396A
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English (en)
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Petrus Cornelis Van Der Linden
Riksterus Auguste Johan Meijer
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Philips North America LLC
US Philips Corp
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US Philips Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01K—ELECTRIC INCANDESCENT LAMPS
    • H01K1/00—Details
    • H01K1/18—Mountings or supports for the incandescent body
    • H01K1/20—Mountings or supports for the incandescent body characterised by the material thereof
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01K—ELECTRIC INCANDESCENT LAMPS
    • H01K1/00—Details
    • H01K1/50—Selection of substances for gas fillings; Specified pressure thereof
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01K—ELECTRIC INCANDESCENT LAMPS
    • H01K1/00—Details
    • H01K1/52—Means for obtaining or maintaining the desired pressure within the vessel
    • H01K1/54—Means for absorbing or absorbing gas, or for preventing or removing efflorescence, e.g. by gettering
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B20/00—Energy efficient lighting technologies, e.g. halogen lamps or gas discharge lamps

Definitions

  • An incandescent lamp employing a tungsten filament surrounded by a light pervious envelope which is filled with hydrogen halide or brominated or chlorinated hydrocarbons which maintain a transport cycle between the tungsten filament and the envelope.
  • the filament is supported by molybdenum lead-in conductors which are covered with a protective carbon film as are any other exposed metal parts which reach temperatures of 400 C.
  • the invention relates to an incandescent lamp having a tungsten filament disposed in a bulb of high-meltingpoint translucent material which contains a reactive carrier gase comprising hydrogen and chlorine, bromine or these two elements, the distance from the filament to the bulb wall being so small that the temperature of the bulb Wall increases during operation of the lamp above the temperature at which compounds of tungsten and chlorine or bromine may condense while the bulb accommodates other metal parts besides the filament, which are in contact with the carrier gas.
  • a reactive carrier gase comprising hydrogen and chlorine, bromine or these two elements
  • metal parts is used herein to signfy, for example, supports for the filament, current-supply wires, mirrors, hoods for screening part of the emitted light and other metal parts disposed in the lamp and fulfilling a mechanical, optical or other function.
  • the invention more particularly relates to lamps which contain per cm. of bulb volume 0.35 l to 1.00 10- g. atoms of hydrogen and 0.35 x 10- to 1.00 10 g. atoms of chlorine or 0.15 x 10- to 10.5 X 10- g. atoms of hydrogen and 0.15 X10" to 1.5 10- g. atoms of bromine or bromine and chlorine in a ratio of approximately 1:1 in g. atoms as such or in the form of compounds such as HCl, HBr or hydrocarbon halides, if desired, together with an additional quantity of hydrogen.
  • suitable hydrocarbon compounds are, for example, CH CI CHZBIZ and CH ClBr.
  • the lamps further generally contain an inert gas, for example, argon, nitrogen or krypton or mixtures of these gases.
  • a regenerative cyclic process takes place during operation. Tungsten evaporating from the filament is converted into a compound which is volatile at the temperature of the bulb wall and which dissociates again into tungsten and chlorine or bromine in the proximity of the filament. As a result, the bulb wall remains free of blackening till the end of the life of the lamp, which is attained when the filament burns through. Thus, the number of emitted lumen/w. also remains substantialy constant till the end of the life.
  • a correct and satisfactory operation of a regenerative cyclic process in an incandescent lamp which contains a halogen as the regenerative carrier gas depends upon a number of factors, especially upon a suitable choice of the geometry of the lamp, the composition of the carrier gas, the temperature of the filament, the kind United States Patent 0 Patented Nov. 3, 1970 "ice of the metal parts disposed inside the bulb and the presence of hydrogen in the lamp.
  • the dimensions of the lamps are chosen so that during operation the temperature throughout the bulb wall is such that condensation of tungsten halides on the bulb wall is not possible.
  • the bulb may be cylindrical, the filament lying in the axis of the cylinder. The distance from the filament to the bulb wall is then chosen so that during operation of the lamp the temperature throughout the bulb wall is at least 300 C;
  • the quantity of carrier gas is chosen to be at least so large that the tungsten evaporating from the filament can be entirely converted into a volatile tungsten-halogen compound.
  • the regenerative cycle can operate only if the lamp also contains a given small quantity of oxygen.
  • the regenerative iodine cycle is liable to be disturbed if the lamp accommodates parts of a metal also capable of reacting with oxygen or iodine whilst forming nonvolatile compounds in the lamp. For this results in that iodine or oxygen or both these gases are withdrawn from the cycle.
  • volatile compounds can be formed in the lamp with the metal of which are made, for example, the filament supports, the consequences are disadvantageous. The supports are then attacked while no metal or at least not the same quantity of metal is deposited thereon by dissociation of metal compounds in their proximity.
  • the gas atmosphere contains water vapour, this may result in an increased transfer of tungsten from the filament to the bulb wall in the form of volatile tungsten oxides. If the gas atmosphere and the parts of the lamp are not sufficiently free of water vapour, under unfavourable conditions, such a large quantity of tungsten can be transferred in the form of tungsten oxides that the quantity of carrier gas is insufiicient for a complete re-transter to the fialment. This so-called water cycle may result in a shortening of the life of the filament even under less unfavourable conditions.
  • the tungsten is often deposited on the filament in the form of whiskers which may shortcircuit one or more turns of the filment in the case of an excessive growth. As a result, the temperature of the filament may locally increase above the melting temperature of tungsten: the filament burns through.
  • the temperature of the filament and the current-supply wires must naturally exceed the dissociation temperature of the tungsten halides formed in the lamp. It has been found that this can be achieved in practice with an iodine-containing carrier gas in a bulb of quartz. Also the temperature of the current-supply wires may be increased so that no direct reaction occurs between these wires and iodine if the said wires consist of tungsten and assume a temperature of at least 800 C.
  • a lamp can be constructed which can replace in every respect a lamp containing iodine as the carrier gas and which even has large technological advantages when compared with the latter lamp, such as especially a simpler filling technique resulting from the replacement of the aggressive iodine by nonreactive chloroor bromohydrocarbons.
  • the life of the lamp may be shortened owing to this attack. If, for example, molybdenum supporting wires are corroded by the carrier gas, the filament loses its support and is liable to sag. If the burning filament then touches the bulb wall, the latter melts. The content of the bulb is then in open communication with the ambient atmosphere. This means the immediate end of the life of the lamp.
  • the molybdenum converted into a halide may be deposited in the form of whiskers on or in the proximity of the filament and give rise to short circuits.
  • the attack described may be prevented by coating the molybdenum with a noble metal such as platinum or by manufacturing the parts liable to be attached wholly from platinum or from a platinum metal.
  • a noble metal such as platinum
  • These solutions are expensive, however, and involve an inadmissible increase of the cost price. Platinum evaporates above approximately 1800 C. the protective effect is then lost.
  • the invention has for an object to provide a cheaper protection of molybdenum parts in halogen incandescent lamps, which moreover remains intact up to elevated temperatures.
  • Suitable carbon coatings can be obtained by heating the molybdenum parts to be coated, for example, molybdenum wire, in chloroform at a temperature below 1000 0., preferably between 800 and 950 C. If the duration of the heat treatment is so short, for example, 1 second, that the thickness of the carbon layer is smaller than 2a, a firmly adhering carbon layer is obtained. The mechanical properties of the molybdenum wire remain unchanged. Supports, for example, in the form of a helix, can be manufactured from a molybdenum wire thus coated; the carbon coating then does not scale off. Mirrors, screening hoods or other molybdenum parts to be mounted in the lamp may also be coated by this method with a carbon film.
  • molybdenum carbide In the method described of coating molybdenum with carbon, the formation of molybdenum carbide is completely or substantially completely avoided. This is desirable, since a film of molybdenum carbide gives rise to 4 difiiculties in the case of a weld to a molybdenum part; a carbon coating in itself is hardly disturbing.
  • the lamp shown in the figure comprises a bulb 1 of quartz provided with a pinch 2 into which are sealed the lead-in members consisting of metal pins 3 and 4, plates 5 and 6 of molybdenum foil welded thereto and current-supply wires 7 and 8.
  • the current-supply wire 8 is received by a protuberance of the bulb.
  • the current-supply wires 7 and 8 are passed into the bulb by means of a bead 13 of hard glass to which the supporting wire 11 is also secured.
  • the bead 13 may consist of quartz.
  • the double helix 12 of tungsten is provided in the bulb between the ends of the current-supply wires (by welding).
  • the total length of the lamp is approximately 65 mm.
  • the diameter is 14.5 mm.
  • the content of the bulb is approximately 3.2 cm
  • the length of the helix is approximately 24 mm.
  • the lamp is filled with nitrogen containing 1.1% by volume of CH Br at a pressure of 700 torr.
  • the efiiciency is about 31.5 lumen/w. at a colour temperature of 3400 K.
  • the life should be 15 hours.
  • the current-supply wires 7 and 8 and the support 11 attaining temperatures of at the most approximately 2150 C., 1700 C. and 2550 C., respectively, could be made of molybdenum.
  • the currentsupply wires 7 and 8 and'the supporting wire 11 were made of molybdenum wire coated with carbon up to a thickness of approximately 1;.
  • the use of the invention more particularly prevents the molybdenum parts from being attacked by halogen. Moreover, substances adversely affecting the cycle, for example, oxygen, can be gettered by the carbon film.
  • An electric incandescent lamp having a tungsten filament which is disposed in a bulb of high-melting point translucent material which contains a reactive carrier gas selected from the group consisting of hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and brominated hydrocarbons, the distance from thegfilament to the bulb Wall being so small that the temperature of the bulb wall increases during operation of the lamp above the temperature at which compounds of tungsten and chlorine may condense, while the bulb accommodates other metal parts besides the filament, which are in contact with the carrier gas, said other metal parts than the filament disposed in the bulb consisting of molybdenum coated with a carbon film.
  • a reactive carrier gas selected from the group consisting of hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and brominated hydrocarbons

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US695396A 1967-01-04 1968-01-03 Electric incandescent lamp containing a reactive carrier gas which comprises hydrogen and bromine and/or chlorine and hydrogen Expired - Lifetime US3538373A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL6700099A NL6700099A (pl) 1967-01-04 1967-01-04
NL6716682A NL6716682A (pl) 1967-01-04 1967-12-08

Publications (1)

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US3538373A true US3538373A (en) 1970-11-03

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US695396A Expired - Lifetime US3538373A (en) 1967-01-04 1968-01-03 Electric incandescent lamp containing a reactive carrier gas which comprises hydrogen and bromine and/or chlorine and hydrogen

Country Status (10)

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US (1) US3538373A (pl)
AT (1) AT279732B (pl)
BE (1) BE708970A (pl)
CH (1) CH483118A (pl)
DE (1) DE1639080B2 (pl)
ES (1) ES348944A1 (pl)
FR (1) FR1549963A (pl)
GB (1) GB1161038A (pl)
NL (2) NL6700099A (pl)
NO (1) NO120121B (pl)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3732455A (en) * 1970-03-03 1973-05-08 Patent Treuhand Ges Fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen Mbh Halogen incandescent lamp
JPS4834712B1 (pl) * 1970-12-16 1973-10-23
US3826946A (en) * 1973-05-24 1974-07-30 Gen Electric Vapor discharge lamp electrode having carbon-coated areas
US3912960A (en) * 1974-06-21 1975-10-14 Gen Electric Halogen lamp with internal molybdenum parts
US3947714A (en) * 1973-12-21 1976-03-30 Ludwig Rehder Metal iodide vapour discharge lamp
US4015157A (en) * 1974-09-20 1977-03-29 General Electric Company Iodine lamp with molybdenum parts
US4015158A (en) * 1974-08-30 1977-03-29 General Electric Company Bromine lamp with molybdenum parts
US4629935A (en) * 1985-02-11 1986-12-16 Gte Products Corporation Tungsten-halogen lamp with organic and inorganic getters
US4629936A (en) * 1985-02-11 1986-12-16 Gte Products Corporation Tungsten-halogen lamp with means for reducing filament embrittlement

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL168085C (nl) * 1972-05-17 1982-02-16 Philips Nv Elektrische wolfraam-broom-cyclus-gloeilamp.

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US497038A (en) * 1893-05-09 Electric lamp
US2444423A (en) * 1945-10-08 1948-07-06 Tung Sol Lamp Works Inc Incandescent lamp and the like
US2883571A (en) * 1958-03-03 1959-04-21 Gen Electric Electric incandescent lamp
US3022438A (en) * 1959-09-10 1962-02-20 Polaroid Corp Electric lamps
US3091718A (en) * 1960-07-08 1963-05-28 Duro Test Corp Constant lumen maintenance lamp
US3132278A (en) * 1961-09-18 1964-05-05 Gen Electric Iodine cycle incandescent lamps
US3311777A (en) * 1963-03-28 1967-03-28 Philips Corp Incandescent lamp including a fluorine gas atmosphere and a solid fluorinating agent
US3412277A (en) * 1966-04-08 1968-11-19 Duro Test Corp Incandescent lamp with addition of fluorine compounds to the operating gas filling
US3418512A (en) * 1964-07-01 1968-12-24 Philips Corp Regenerative cycle electric incandescent lamp

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US497038A (en) * 1893-05-09 Electric lamp
US2444423A (en) * 1945-10-08 1948-07-06 Tung Sol Lamp Works Inc Incandescent lamp and the like
US2883571A (en) * 1958-03-03 1959-04-21 Gen Electric Electric incandescent lamp
US3022438A (en) * 1959-09-10 1962-02-20 Polaroid Corp Electric lamps
US3091718A (en) * 1960-07-08 1963-05-28 Duro Test Corp Constant lumen maintenance lamp
US3132278A (en) * 1961-09-18 1964-05-05 Gen Electric Iodine cycle incandescent lamps
US3311777A (en) * 1963-03-28 1967-03-28 Philips Corp Incandescent lamp including a fluorine gas atmosphere and a solid fluorinating agent
US3418512A (en) * 1964-07-01 1968-12-24 Philips Corp Regenerative cycle electric incandescent lamp
US3412277A (en) * 1966-04-08 1968-11-19 Duro Test Corp Incandescent lamp with addition of fluorine compounds to the operating gas filling

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3732455A (en) * 1970-03-03 1973-05-08 Patent Treuhand Ges Fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen Mbh Halogen incandescent lamp
JPS4834712B1 (pl) * 1970-12-16 1973-10-23
US3826946A (en) * 1973-05-24 1974-07-30 Gen Electric Vapor discharge lamp electrode having carbon-coated areas
US3947714A (en) * 1973-12-21 1976-03-30 Ludwig Rehder Metal iodide vapour discharge lamp
US3912960A (en) * 1974-06-21 1975-10-14 Gen Electric Halogen lamp with internal molybdenum parts
US4015158A (en) * 1974-08-30 1977-03-29 General Electric Company Bromine lamp with molybdenum parts
US4015157A (en) * 1974-09-20 1977-03-29 General Electric Company Iodine lamp with molybdenum parts
US4629935A (en) * 1985-02-11 1986-12-16 Gte Products Corporation Tungsten-halogen lamp with organic and inorganic getters
US4629936A (en) * 1985-02-11 1986-12-16 Gte Products Corporation Tungsten-halogen lamp with means for reducing filament embrittlement

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR1549963A (pl) 1968-12-13
BE708970A (pl) 1968-07-04
NL6716682A (pl) 1969-06-10
AT279732B (de) 1970-03-10
DE1639080A1 (de) 1970-07-16
DE1639080B2 (de) 1977-03-10
ES348944A1 (es) 1969-08-16
CH483118A (de) 1969-12-15
GB1161038A (en) 1969-08-13
NO120121B (pl) 1970-08-31
NL6700099A (pl) 1968-07-05

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