US3500552A - Method and apparatus for drying foods - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for drying foods Download PDF

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Publication number
US3500552A
US3500552A US711315A US3500552DA US3500552A US 3500552 A US3500552 A US 3500552A US 711315 A US711315 A US 711315A US 3500552D A US3500552D A US 3500552DA US 3500552 A US3500552 A US 3500552A
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Prior art keywords
bed
air
particles
basket
rotation
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US711315A
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English (en)
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Daniel F Farkas
Melvin E Lazar
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US Department of Agriculture USDA
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US Department of Agriculture USDA
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B7/00—Drying solid materials or objects by processes using a combination of processes not covered by a single one of groups F26B3/00 and F26B5/00
    • F26B7/007—Drying solid materials or objects by processes using a combination of processes not covered by a single one of groups F26B3/00 and F26B5/00 centrifugal fluidised beds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23B—PRESERVATION OF FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES
    • A23B2/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general
    • A23B2/90—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general by drying or kilning; Subsequent reconstitution
    • A23B2/95—Fluidised-bed drying
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
    • A23L7/00—Cereal-derived products; Malt products; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L7/10—Cereal-derived products
    • A23L7/161—Puffed cereals, e.g. popcorn or puffed rice
    • A23L7/174—Preparation of puffed cereals from wholegrain or grain pieces without preparation of meal or dough
    • A23L7/183—Preparation of puffed cereals from wholegrain or grain pieces without preparation of meal or dough by heating without using a pressure release device
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
    • B01J8/18—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles
    • B01J8/24—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles according to "fluidised-bed" technique
    • B01J8/38—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles according to "fluidised-bed" technique with fluidised bed containing a rotatable device or being subject to rotation or to a circulatory movement, i.e. leaving a vessel and subsequently re-entering it
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06C—FINISHING, DRESSING, TENTERING OR STRETCHING TEXTILE FABRICS
    • D06C7/00—Heating or cooling textile fabrics
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06C—FINISHING, DRESSING, TENTERING OR STRETCHING TEXTILE FABRICS
    • D06C2700/00—Finishing or decoration of textile materials, except for bleaching, dyeing, printing, mercerising, washing or fulling
    • D06C2700/09—Various apparatus for drying textiles

Definitions

  • This invention relates to and has among its objects the provision of novel apparatus and methods for drying foods and other thermally-sensitive materials, e.g., wool, feathers, kapok, and other organic fibrous materials; biological products, etc. Further objects of the invention will be evident from the following description and the attached drawing.
  • FIG. 1 is a side view of the apparatus of the invention, partly in cross-section.
  • FIGURE 2 is an end view of the device, parts being broken away to illustrate the internal disposition of the feed pipe.
  • auxiliary units of conventional design are depicted by block diagrams.
  • FIGURE 3 is a fragmentary section, on an enlarged scale, of the centrifuge basket illustrating the bed of material undergoing drying therein.
  • a known technique involves forming a bed of the particles on a screen or perforated metal plate and blowing hot air up through the bed.
  • the rate of air flow through the bed may be held at a level such that the bed is static. More preferably, the air flow is high enough to cause the individual particles to move about or circulate within the bed.
  • Such movement of the particles generally provides a better rate of moisture evaporation and more uniform dehydration of individual particles.
  • the air velocity is too high the particles are blown out of the bed before they are properly dried. As a result, one cannot realize the full benefit to be gained from high velocity air flow.
  • a primary object of the invention is the provision of apparatus and method by which the foregoing problem is obviated.
  • the present invention makes it possible to hold the particles within the bed even though very high rates of air flow are applied. As a net result the invention permits one to take full advantage of the benefits deriving from high air velocities.
  • the objects of the invention are attained by counterbalancing the levitating effect of the air with centrifugal force. More particularly, the invention envisages a procedure as follows: A bed of particles of food or other thermally-sensitive material is subjected to rotation, and, concomitantly, drying air is forced inwardly (i.e., toward the axis of rotation) through the bed. The rotation creates forces tending to move the particles outwardly (i.e., away from the axis of rotation) whereby it opposes the tendency of the air to move particles inwardly. Accordingly, by suitable adjustment of the sp ed of rotation, one is enabled to employ air velocities higher than those which can be employed in conventional drying systems.
  • a further item is that our invention is capable of application to low-density materials such as feathers, bulk wool, cotton linters, stable fibers, and the like.
  • the drying of such light and fluffy materials normally requires the use of air suspension dryers which are very bulky pieces of apparatus.
  • air suspension dryers which are very bulky pieces of apparatus.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 depict a form of apparatus in accordance with the invention.
  • the apparatus includes plenum chamber 1 communicating with hot air inlet 2. In operation, air is forced by compressor 3 through heater 4 and into plenum 1 whereby this chamber is kept full of hot air under pressure higher than atmospheric.
  • Basket 5 mounteded within plenum 1 is a rotable centrifuge basket, generally designated as 5, which serves to support a bed of material under dehydration.
  • Basket 5 includes a base member 6, a throat 7, and a circular wall 8, the last being of screening or perforated sheet metal. The openings in wall 8 are so selected that the particles of material are retained within basket 5 whereas hot air (from plenum 1) can pass therethrough.
  • Basket 5 is journalled in bearings 9 and 10, these including conventional gas seals to prevent escape of the hot air under pressure contained in plenum 1.
  • basket 5 is keyed to shaft 11 which is driven by a variable speed motor (not illustrated), or the like.
  • feed pipe 14 For feeding material to be dried into the system there is provided hopper 12, communicating via tube 13 with feed pipe 14. Compressed air introduced from inlet 15 impels the material into feed pipe 14 and into the interior of basket 5. By suitable adjustment of valve 16, the material may be introduced into the system at a desired rate. As shown in FIG. 2, feed pipe 14 extends into basket 5 with a slight twist so that material is not fed directly downward, but about 3545 counter to the direction of rotation. This disposition of the feed pipe is preferred so that the entering material quickly forms a part of the bed.
  • Dried material discharged from basket 5 passes to :hamber 17, provided with an outlet duct 18.
  • the stream exiting from duct 18 is conducted to a :onventional cyclone separator, represented by block 19.
  • a sight glass 20 is provided in the top of chamber 17. This permits the observer to see the bed of material within basket 5, so that he can make proper adjustments of speed of rotation, rate of hot air flow into plenum 1, :tc., as may be required.
  • the invention can be used for the puffing of various food products.
  • the air stream is maintained at a temperature well above those conventionally used for dehydration so that the evaporation takes place so rapidly as to expand or pulf the material I under treatment.
  • the aforesaid variables are so correlated that i If it is desired to operate the system batchwise, a suitable quantity of material is fed into basket 5, which is then set into rotation and hot air applied to plenum 1. The speed of rotation and the rate of hot air introduction are again correlated to keep the particles in the form of a bed with circulation of individual particles within the bed.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates the bed, the flow of material, etc. during continuous dehydration.
  • Reference numeral 22 designates the bed of particles, held in place about the inner face of wall 8 by the cen trifugal force generated by rotation of basket 5.
  • the centrifugal force is represented by arrow 23.
  • Hot air from plenum 1 is concomitantly forced through the bed counter to the direction of the centrifugal force. This flow of hot air, represented by arrow 24, counteracts the compacting effect of the centrifugal force and causes individual particles in the bed to move about randomly or circulate within the bed, as indicated by arrows 25.
  • thermo-sensitive materials in particulate form.
  • Typical examples of such materials are peas; beans; grains; berries; grapes; minced or diced fruits, vegetables, or meats, for example, diced apples, diced carrots, diced chicken flesh, minced onions, chopped water cress; granulated, powdery, or crystalline materials-such as potato granules, sugar, starch, flour, etc.
  • Other examples are fibrous materials such as feathers, bulk wool, cotton linters, staple rayon fibers, and the like.
  • the invention may also be applied to biological materials such as botanicals, yeast and other microbial preparations, bone,- organs, etc.
  • Other examples are oil seeds, and residues from oil extraction such as the meals remaining from the extraction of cotton seed, safilower seed, etc.
  • the invention finds its greatest field of utility in dehydration, it may be employed to effectuate diverse the degree of puff desired, air temperatures of 350 to 1000 F. may be used.
  • Typical of the materials which may be puffer are: potatoes, carrots, apples, sweet potatoes, or other fruits or vegetables in particulate form such as dice, slices, chips or the like, or in whole form with smaller products such as peas, beans, lentils, wheat, barley, rice, corn, milo, etc.
  • Other products which can be puffed are processed grains, as for example: parboiled rice, bulgur in whole or cracked form, and peeled wheat products in raw or pre-cooked forms such as those described in Patents 3,264,113 and 3,358,723.
  • the invention can also be used for the roasting of all kinds of food products, for example, coffee beans, soy beans an other legume seeds, cereal coffee substitutes, etc.
  • the invention can also be used for blanching or cooking all kinds of particulate foods.
  • steam or water sprays may be introduced into plenum 1 'so that the gas stream contacting the food will effect the desired blanching or cooking effect without concomitant dehydration, or, with a desired degree of dehydration by suitable regulation of the amount of moisture fed into chamber 1.
  • the gas stream can be used as a convenient means for contacting the food with a desired agent.
  • plenum 1 such agents as wood smoke to provide the products with a smoky flavor, or preservative agents such as sulphur dioxide to prevent darkening of the products.
  • the invention can also be used for cooling, freezing, or pre-freezing particulate foods.
  • heater 4 would be replaced by a refrigerating unit so that the gas stream entering plenum 1 is at the appropriate low temperature required for treating the material.
  • basket 5 had the following dimensions: diameter 6", depth 4" (excluding the throat), thus providing a drying surface (wall 8) of 75 sq. in.
  • EXAMPLE 1 Continuous dehydration of diced carrots
  • the starting material was inch diced carrots, having a moisture content of It was fed into the system at the rate of 13.2 lbs. per hour.
  • Basket 5 was rotated at 200 rpm. and air at 205 F. was supplied into plenum chamber 1 at a rate of 216 cu. ft. per min. (measured at standard conditions).
  • the pressure in plenum chamber 1 was 5 in. of H 0 above atmospheric.
  • the product, having a moisture content of 79.5% was produced at the rate of 6.6 lbs. per hour.
  • drying efliciency was 12 lbs. of water evaporated per hour per square foot of drying surface. This is 2 to 3 times the efficiency obtained in conventional belt dryers. Moreover, the residence time in the dryer of the invention was only A to /s that required for a conventional belt dryer, indicating a 4- to 5-fold increase in evaporative capacity.
  • EXAMPLE 2 Continuous dehydration of diced apples
  • the starting material in this case was A inch diced apples.
  • the apple dice were fed into the system at the rate of 13 lbs. per hour.
  • Basket 5 was rotated at 250 r.p.m. (providing an acceleration of 5 times gravity), and air at 220 F. was supplied into chamber 1 at the rate of about 500 cu. ft. per min. (measured at 220 F.).
  • the pressure in plenum chamber 1 was about 5 in. of H above atmospheric.
  • the product was discharged at the rate of 6.5 lbs. per hour.
  • the piece residence time in the dryer was about min.
  • the product in this partially dehydrated condition representing a weight loss of 50% by evaporation of water, is eminently suited for preparing dehydrofrozen apples. It was observed that the diced form of the starting material was retained in the product, and organoleptic tests indicated that there was no damage to color or flavor.
  • drying efiiciency was 13.7 lbs. of water evaporated per hour per sq. ft. of drying surface.
  • EXAMPLE 3 In this case the invention was applied for the continuous production of popcorn. Kernels of raw corn (popping variety) were fed into the system at 6 lbs. per hour. Various other conditions of operation were: Speed of rotation of basket 5, 200 r.p.m.; air temperature, 380 F.; air flow, 230 cu. ft. per min. (measured at 380 F.). The run resulted in continuous production of popcorn of excellent quality and large size.
  • the starting material was inch diced carrots, containing 88.2% H O.
  • the diced carrots (1.2 lbs.) were loaded into the basket which was then rotated at 375 r.p.m. Air at 203 F. was supplied into chamber 1 at the rate of 370 cu. ft. per min. (measured at standard conditions). After a period of 10 minutes, the speed of rotation of the basket was decreased, and the product was blown out and collected. It had a weight of 0.345 1b., representing a weight loss by evaporation of water of 70%. It was observed that the diced form of the starting material was retained in the product, and organoleptic tests indicated that there was no damage to color or flavor.
  • a process for dehydrating particulate heat-sensitive material which comprises:
  • the velocity of the gas stream being sufficiently high to cause the individual particles to actively tumble about and circulate within the mass, but not so high as to eject particles from said mass before they have been dehydrated.
  • the centrifugal force being high enough to hold the particles in the bed but not so high as to prevent the individual particles from actively tumbling about and circulating withinthe bed.
  • Apparatus for treating particulate heat-sensitive materials with a gas While being subjected to centrifugal force comprising, in combination:
  • centrifuge basket having an axial throat and a perforated circular wall
  • sealing means cooperative with the throat and plenum chamber to prevent leakage of gas
  • (h) means for collecting product which is discharged through the throat of the centrifuge basket.
  • means b is means for introducing and maintaining hot drying gas under pressure in said plenum chamber.
  • said means g includes a tube extending generally axially through said throat into the centrifuge basket and terminating therein at a position about 35-45 removed from the lowest point of the circular wall, said angle taken in the direction counter to the direction of rotation.
  • a process for continuously dehydrating particulate heat-sensitive material which comprises:
  • the velocity of the gas stream being sufliciently high to cause the material to be fluidized in the dehydration zone and to be ejected from the dehydration zone only after the particles have been dehydrated to a predetermined degree
  • a process for treating particulate heat-sensitive material with a gas which comprises:
  • the velocity of the gas stream being sufficiently high to cause the individual particles to actively tumble about and circulate within the mass, but not so high as to eject particles from said mass before they have undergone a predetermined treatment.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Nutrition Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Drying Of Solid Materials (AREA)
  • Beans For Foods Or Fodder (AREA)
  • Freezing, Cooling And Drying Of Foods (AREA)
US711315A 1968-03-07 1968-03-07 Method and apparatus for drying foods Expired - Lifetime US3500552A (en)

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US (1) US3500552A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CH (1) CH501887A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE1910003C3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2003437A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1235235A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
IT (1) IT941524B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
SE (1) SE351571B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4035925A (en) * 1972-11-08 1977-07-19 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture System for treating particulate material with gaseous media
US4133898A (en) * 1977-01-26 1979-01-09 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture Process for preparing quick-cooking rice
US4461093A (en) * 1981-03-11 1984-07-24 Krauss-Maffei Aktiengesellschaft Apparatus for drying particles and method of operating the apparatus
US4691448A (en) * 1984-08-16 1987-09-08 Krauss-Maffei A.G. Apparatus and process for drying finely grained solid particles
CH673374A5 (en) * 1987-03-02 1990-03-15 Obstverwertungsgenossenschaft Crunchy dried fruit and vegetable pieces - obtd. by impregnating prepd. fruit or vegetable pieces with discolouration inhibitor and drying in moving hot air
WO1991010871A1 (en) * 1990-01-11 1991-07-25 Blaw-Knox Food And Chemical Equipment Company Apparatus and process for conditioning particulate material
EP0461718A1 (en) * 1990-06-12 1991-12-18 Dalgety Food Ingredients B.V. Process for puffing vegetables, tuberous plants and pulses, and the puffed vegetables, tuberous plants and pulses obtained
US6468573B1 (en) 2000-09-29 2002-10-22 Basic American, Inc. Process for making rehydratable food pieces using impingement drying
US20040191376A1 (en) * 2003-03-24 2004-09-30 Lee Kramer Process for extending shelf life of meat products
US20090308153A1 (en) * 2008-06-16 2009-12-17 Hokwang Industries Co., Ltd. Method and system for testing a dryer
US20110039006A1 (en) * 2008-12-05 2011-02-17 Ken Quail Manufacturing process for a food product
US20170099857A1 (en) * 2015-10-13 2017-04-13 Agri-King, Inc. Drying process for agricultural feedstuffs

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2622565C3 (de) * 1976-05-20 1982-11-04 Krauss-Maffei AG, 8000 München Vorrichtung zum Trocknen von Feststoffpartikeln im Wirbelschichtverfahren
GB2124648B (en) * 1982-07-26 1986-07-16 Cpc International Inc Combined dryer/gasifier
GB8520829D0 (en) * 1985-08-20 1985-09-25 Alfa Laval Cheese Systems Heating of granular &c product
DD283026A7 (de) * 1988-06-02 1990-10-03 Univ Magdeburg Tech Verfahren zum expandieren von staerkehaltigen produkten
CN109028766A (zh) * 2018-07-06 2018-12-18 西北工业大学 一种流化床干燥设备
CN109077343A (zh) * 2018-09-17 2018-12-25 江西中烟工业有限责任公司 一种用于烟草制丝线增温增湿机的清洗装置及其控制方法
CN113432394A (zh) * 2021-05-27 2021-09-24 许凤仙 一种基于羽毛干燥的收集装置

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US275596A (en) * 1883-04-10 Stephen b
US1751841A (en) * 1929-02-23 1930-03-25 Art Sly Clothes drier

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US275596A (en) * 1883-04-10 Stephen b
US1751841A (en) * 1929-02-23 1930-03-25 Art Sly Clothes drier

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4035925A (en) * 1972-11-08 1977-07-19 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture System for treating particulate material with gaseous media
US4133898A (en) * 1977-01-26 1979-01-09 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture Process for preparing quick-cooking rice
US4461093A (en) * 1981-03-11 1984-07-24 Krauss-Maffei Aktiengesellschaft Apparatus for drying particles and method of operating the apparatus
US4691448A (en) * 1984-08-16 1987-09-08 Krauss-Maffei A.G. Apparatus and process for drying finely grained solid particles
CH673374A5 (en) * 1987-03-02 1990-03-15 Obstverwertungsgenossenschaft Crunchy dried fruit and vegetable pieces - obtd. by impregnating prepd. fruit or vegetable pieces with discolouration inhibitor and drying in moving hot air
WO1991010871A1 (en) * 1990-01-11 1991-07-25 Blaw-Knox Food And Chemical Equipment Company Apparatus and process for conditioning particulate material
US5068979A (en) * 1990-01-11 1991-12-03 Blaw Knox Food & Chemical Equipment Company Apparatus for conditioning particulate material
EP0461718A1 (en) * 1990-06-12 1991-12-18 Dalgety Food Ingredients B.V. Process for puffing vegetables, tuberous plants and pulses, and the puffed vegetables, tuberous plants and pulses obtained
US6468573B1 (en) 2000-09-29 2002-10-22 Basic American, Inc. Process for making rehydratable food pieces using impingement drying
US20040191376A1 (en) * 2003-03-24 2004-09-30 Lee Kramer Process for extending shelf life of meat products
US20090308153A1 (en) * 2008-06-16 2009-12-17 Hokwang Industries Co., Ltd. Method and system for testing a dryer
US20110039006A1 (en) * 2008-12-05 2011-02-17 Ken Quail Manufacturing process for a food product
US20170099857A1 (en) * 2015-10-13 2017-04-13 Agri-King, Inc. Drying process for agricultural feedstuffs

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
SE351571B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-12-04
DE1910003A1 (de) 1969-10-02
CH501887A (de) 1971-01-15
GB1235235A (en) 1971-06-09
FR2003437A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1969-11-07
IT941524B (it) 1973-03-10
DE1910003C3 (de) 1979-04-19
DE1910003B2 (de) 1978-08-17

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