US3492463A - Electrical resistance heater - Google Patents

Electrical resistance heater Download PDF

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Publication number
US3492463A
US3492463A US676595A US3492463DA US3492463A US 3492463 A US3492463 A US 3492463A US 676595 A US676595 A US 676595A US 3492463D A US3492463D A US 3492463DA US 3492463 A US3492463 A US 3492463A
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United States
Prior art keywords
molybdenum
tantalum
insulating material
cylinder
resistance conductor
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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US676595A
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English (en)
Inventor
Petrus H J De Wringer
Meindert W Brieko
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Reactor Centrum Nederland
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Reactor Centrum Nederland
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Publication of US3492463A publication Critical patent/US3492463A/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
    • H05B3/42—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor

Definitions

  • heating elements of the conductor-insulation-jacket type often suffer from the disadvantage that the thermal loading capacity as expressed in watts/cm. is not sufficiently high for a variety of applications.
  • the thermal load actually a thermal load of the order of about 500 watts/cmF, at a temperature of about 600 C., because the heating element is constructed in such a way that even at the working temperature of the element there is maintained a contraction joint or shrink fit, and hence a surface pressure, between the outer jacket and the insulating layer. This surface pressure at the working temperature is of great importance, as it constitutes the only way in which the emission of the heat produced is ensured.
  • This pressure furthermore ensures, in conjunction with the close fit of the contraction joint, that the basic geometry of the heating body is maintained. This is an important improvement as compared with electrical heating elements of prior art, which often showed local cavities due to deficient surface contact, or asymmetrical geometry, as a result of the swaging process to which the element had been subjected. Such asymmetrical configurations and local cavities invariably gave rise in practice to local overheating (hot spots), which adversely affected the loading level.
  • the insulating layer is made of boron nitride, while both the resistance conductor and the metal outer jacket are made of molybdenum, tantalum or columhium, or of alloys of these metals.
  • the advantageous effect that is obtained in this Way, especially with the preferred materials boron nitride and molybdenum, is enhanced by the fact that the coeificients of thermal expansion of boron nitride and molybdenum are of approximately the same magnitude. The result is that, when the heating element has heated up, its temperature gradient gives rise to such an expansion of the component materials that a mutual surface pressure is maintained.
  • beryllium oxide may be used to advantage as an electrical insulating material.
  • the most efficacious way of obtaining the said contraction joint in a heating element is by first selecting a tube of molybdenum, tantalum or columhium or of alloys of these metals, after which this tube is firmly shrunk around a solid cylinder of the electrical insulating material consisting essentially of boron nitride or beryllium oxide. Owing to the fact that this cylinder is solid, the required contraction joint or shrink fit may 'be elfected so as to have a firm contraction fit at about 700 to 800 C., without there being any need to fear that the boron nitride or the beryllium oxide might show dislocations.
  • the central part of the cylinder made of the electrical insulating material is drilled out, with consequent formation of a cylindrical jacket of the electrical insulating material which is surrounded, via a contraction joint, by a cylindrical jacket of molybdenum, tantalum, columhium or alloys of these metals.
  • this structure of coaxial cylinder and jacket is shrunk at a temperature of C. with a light contraction fit around a resistance conductor which is likewise composed of molybdenum, tantalum, columhium or an alloy of these metals.
  • the heating element made in this way proves capable of emitting a very high heating current, resulting in a thermal load up to about 500 watts/cm. at temperatures in the neighborhood of 600 C.
  • This heating element is very well adapted for heating liquid metals such as sodium, potassium, lithium or alloys thereof.
  • the heating elements according to the invention will have an external diameter of about mm. or slightly higher. With this diameter it is possible to obtain a length of such a heating body of about 50 cm.
  • FIGURE 1 is a transverse cross-sectional view of one form of a heating element embodying the principles of the present invention.
  • FIGURE 2 is a similar view of a modified form of heating element.
  • FIGURE 1 there is shown a heating element constructed of a central rod-shaped resistance conductor 1, a surrounding layer of insulating material 2, such as boron nitride or beryllium oxide and an outer metal jacket 3 of molybdenum, tantalum, columbium or alloys thereof.
  • the heating element is fabricated by the steps previously described.
  • FIGURE 2 differs from the embodiment represented in FIGURE 1 only insofar as the central resistance conductor 1 possesses the form of a cylindrical jacket having inside it a cylinder 4 in which other possible components (not shown in the drawing) may be incorporated.
  • this cylinder 4 may be fitted, for instance, channels for electrical conductors or for a fluid.
  • Cylinder 4 may be made of a material having qualities suitable for this purpose.
  • An electrical resistance heating element comprising: an elongated resistance conductor having a closed cylindrical outer layer and constructed of a metal selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, tantalum and columbium and alloys thereof, a solid tube of solid insulating material concentrically surrounding said resistance conductor and being shrink-fitted in tight engagement therewith so as to establish a contraction joint at room temperature, said insulating material being selected from the group consisting of boron nitride and beryllium oxide, and an outer tubular jacket concentrically surrounding said layer of insulating material and shrink-fitted in tight engagement therewith so as to establish a contraction joint at the working temperature of said heating element in the range of 700 to 800 C., said jacket being constructed of a metal selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, tantalum and columbium and alloys thereof.

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  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
US676595A 1966-10-20 1967-10-19 Electrical resistance heater Expired - Lifetime US3492463A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL666614751A NL153755C (nl) 1966-10-20 1966-10-20 Werkwijze voor het vervaardigen van een elektrisch verwarmingselement, alsmede verwarmingselement vervaardigd met toepassing van deze werkwijze.

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3492463A true US3492463A (en) 1970-01-27

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ID=19797967

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US676595A Expired - Lifetime US3492463A (en) 1966-10-20 1967-10-19 Electrical resistance heater

Country Status (5)

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US (1) US3492463A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE705286A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE1690665C2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1136368A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL153755C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (41)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3665598A (en) * 1970-12-17 1972-05-30 Meindert Willem Brieko Method of making a heating body
EP0057172A3 (en) * 1981-01-26 1982-09-01 Walther Dr. Menhardt Self-regulating heating element
US4998006A (en) * 1990-02-23 1991-03-05 Brandeis University Electric heating elements free of electromagnetic fields
US5976333A (en) * 1998-01-06 1999-11-02 Pate; Ray H. Collector bar
EP1145842A3 (fr) * 2000-04-13 2002-05-02 Saint-Gobain Glass France Vitre feuilletée
WO2005103445A1 (en) 2004-04-23 2005-11-03 Shell Oil Company Subsurface electrical heaters using nitride insulation
US20070137857A1 (en) * 2005-04-22 2007-06-21 Vinegar Harold J Low temperature monitoring system for subsurface barriers
US20080035347A1 (en) * 2006-04-21 2008-02-14 Brady Michael P Adjusting alloy compositions for selected properties in temperature limited heaters
US20090090158A1 (en) * 2007-04-20 2009-04-09 Ian Alexander Davidson Wellbore manufacturing processes for in situ heat treatment processes
US7559367B2 (en) 2005-10-24 2009-07-14 Shell Oil Company Temperature limited heater with a conduit substantially electrically isolated from the formation
US20090194286A1 (en) * 2007-10-19 2009-08-06 Stanley Leroy Mason Multi-step heater deployment in a subsurface formation
US20090272526A1 (en) * 2008-04-18 2009-11-05 David Booth Burns Electrical current flow between tunnels for use in heating subsurface hydrocarbon containing formations
US7640980B2 (en) 2003-04-24 2010-01-05 Shell Oil Company Thermal processes for subsurface formations
US20100126727A1 (en) * 2001-10-24 2010-05-27 Shell Oil Company In situ recovery from a hydrocarbon containing formation
US7735935B2 (en) 2001-04-24 2010-06-15 Shell Oil Company In situ thermal processing of an oil shale formation containing carbonate minerals
US7831133B2 (en) 2005-04-22 2010-11-09 Shell Oil Company Insulated conductor temperature limited heater for subsurface heating coupled in a three-phase WYE configuration
US20110124223A1 (en) * 2009-10-09 2011-05-26 David Jon Tilley Press-fit coupling joint for joining insulated conductors
US20110132661A1 (en) * 2009-10-09 2011-06-09 Patrick Silas Harmason Parallelogram coupling joint for coupling insulated conductors
US20110134958A1 (en) * 2009-10-09 2011-06-09 Dhruv Arora Methods for assessing a temperature in a subsurface formation
US8224163B2 (en) 2002-10-24 2012-07-17 Shell Oil Company Variable frequency temperature limited heaters
US8220539B2 (en) 2008-10-13 2012-07-17 Shell Oil Company Controlling hydrogen pressure in self-regulating nuclear reactors used to treat a subsurface formation
US8225866B2 (en) 2000-04-24 2012-07-24 Shell Oil Company In situ recovery from a hydrocarbon containing formation
US8327932B2 (en) 2009-04-10 2012-12-11 Shell Oil Company Recovering energy from a subsurface formation
US8485256B2 (en) 2010-04-09 2013-07-16 Shell Oil Company Variable thickness insulated conductors
US8586866B2 (en) 2010-10-08 2013-11-19 Shell Oil Company Hydroformed splice for insulated conductors
US8631866B2 (en) 2010-04-09 2014-01-21 Shell Oil Company Leak detection in circulated fluid systems for heating subsurface formations
US8701768B2 (en) 2010-04-09 2014-04-22 Shell Oil Company Methods for treating hydrocarbon formations
US8820406B2 (en) 2010-04-09 2014-09-02 Shell Oil Company Electrodes for electrical current flow heating of subsurface formations with conductive material in wellbore
US8857051B2 (en) 2010-10-08 2014-10-14 Shell Oil Company System and method for coupling lead-in conductor to insulated conductor
US8939207B2 (en) 2010-04-09 2015-01-27 Shell Oil Company Insulated conductor heaters with semiconductor layers
US8943686B2 (en) 2010-10-08 2015-02-03 Shell Oil Company Compaction of electrical insulation for joining insulated conductors
US9016370B2 (en) 2011-04-08 2015-04-28 Shell Oil Company Partial solution mining of hydrocarbon containing layers prior to in situ heat treatment
US9033042B2 (en) 2010-04-09 2015-05-19 Shell Oil Company Forming bitumen barriers in subsurface hydrocarbon formations
US9048653B2 (en) 2011-04-08 2015-06-02 Shell Oil Company Systems for joining insulated conductors
US9080409B2 (en) 2011-10-07 2015-07-14 Shell Oil Company Integral splice for insulated conductors
US9080917B2 (en) 2011-10-07 2015-07-14 Shell Oil Company System and methods for using dielectric properties of an insulated conductor in a subsurface formation to assess properties of the insulated conductor
US9226341B2 (en) 2011-10-07 2015-12-29 Shell Oil Company Forming insulated conductors using a final reduction step after heat treating
US9309755B2 (en) 2011-10-07 2016-04-12 Shell Oil Company Thermal expansion accommodation for circulated fluid systems used to heat subsurface formations
US20180176991A1 (en) * 2015-12-08 2018-06-21 Temp4 Inc. Efficient Assembled Heating Elements of Large Sizes and of Metallic Tubular Designs for Electric Radiant Heaters
US10047594B2 (en) 2012-01-23 2018-08-14 Genie Ip B.V. Heater pattern for in situ thermal processing of a subsurface hydrocarbon containing formation
WO2023046943A1 (de) 2021-09-27 2023-03-30 Basf Se Mehrfachzylinder

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EP0811303A4 (en) * 1995-02-21 1998-09-02 Hoskins Mfg Co PIPE RADIATOR WITH INSULATED CORE

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US1981878A (en) * 1929-09-23 1934-11-27 Sirian Lamp Co Lamp, filament, and process of making the same
US3121154A (en) * 1959-10-30 1964-02-11 Babcock & Wilcox Ltd Electric heaters
US3205467A (en) * 1962-07-27 1965-09-07 Ward Leonard Electric Co Plastic encapsulated resistor
US3217280A (en) * 1962-11-29 1965-11-09 Thermel Inc Heating element
US3254320A (en) * 1963-08-15 1966-05-31 Babcock & Wilcox Co Electric heaters
US3356834A (en) * 1964-05-11 1967-12-05 Hooker Chemical Corp Process and apparatus for storing heat

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3665598A (en) * 1970-12-17 1972-05-30 Meindert Willem Brieko Method of making a heating body
EP0057172A3 (en) * 1981-01-26 1982-09-01 Walther Dr. Menhardt Self-regulating heating element
US4998006A (en) * 1990-02-23 1991-03-05 Brandeis University Electric heating elements free of electromagnetic fields
US5976333A (en) * 1998-01-06 1999-11-02 Pate; Ray H. Collector bar
EP1145842A3 (fr) * 2000-04-13 2002-05-02 Saint-Gobain Glass France Vitre feuilletée
US8485252B2 (en) 2000-04-24 2013-07-16 Shell Oil Company In situ recovery from a hydrocarbon containing formation
US8225866B2 (en) 2000-04-24 2012-07-24 Shell Oil Company In situ recovery from a hydrocarbon containing formation
US8789586B2 (en) 2000-04-24 2014-07-29 Shell Oil Company In situ recovery from a hydrocarbon containing formation
US7735935B2 (en) 2001-04-24 2010-06-15 Shell Oil Company In situ thermal processing of an oil shale formation containing carbonate minerals
US20100126727A1 (en) * 2001-10-24 2010-05-27 Shell Oil Company In situ recovery from a hydrocarbon containing formation
US8627887B2 (en) 2001-10-24 2014-01-14 Shell Oil Company In situ recovery from a hydrocarbon containing formation
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AU2005236490B2 (en) * 2004-04-23 2009-01-29 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. Subsurface electrical heaters using nitride insulation
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US20060289536A1 (en) * 2004-04-23 2006-12-28 Vinegar Harold J Subsurface electrical heaters using nitride insulation
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NL153755C (nl) 1977-11-15
GB1136368A (en) 1968-12-11
DE1690665C2 (de) 1975-12-04
DE1690665B1 (de) 1971-07-29
BE705286A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1968-03-01
NL6614751A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1968-04-22

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