US3406006A - Process for the treatment of fabrics containing cellulose fibres with liquid ammonia - Google Patents

Process for the treatment of fabrics containing cellulose fibres with liquid ammonia Download PDF

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Publication number
US3406006A
US3406006A US450299A US45029965A US3406006A US 3406006 A US3406006 A US 3406006A US 450299 A US450299 A US 450299A US 45029965 A US45029965 A US 45029965A US 3406006 A US3406006 A US 3406006A
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Prior art keywords
fabric
tension
liquid ammonia
ammonia
treatment
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Expired - Lifetime
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US450299A
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English (en)
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Lindberg Karl Joel
Stranger-Johannessen Per
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Sentralinstitutt for Industriell Forskning
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Sentralinstitutt for Industriell Forskning
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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06B—TREATING TEXTILE MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS, GASES OR VAPOURS
    • D06B7/00—Mercerising, e.g. lustring by mercerising
    • D06B7/08—Mercerising, e.g. lustring by mercerising of fabrics of indefinite length
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M11/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising
    • D06M11/58—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with nitrogen or compounds thereof, e.g. with nitrides
    • D06M11/59—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with nitrogen or compounds thereof, e.g. with nitrides with ammonia; with complexes of organic amines with inorganic substances
    • D06M11/61—Liquid ammonia
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M2101/00—Chemical constitution of the fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, to be treated
    • D06M2101/02—Natural fibres, other than mineral fibres
    • D06M2101/04—Vegetal fibres
    • D06M2101/06—Vegetal fibres cellulosic

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a process for imparting to woven and knitted fabrics which contain natural or regenerated cellulosic fibers a combination of increased extensibility or stretch, resistance to shrinkage and a nonironing quality by treatment of the fabrics with ammonia.
  • liquid ammonia containing less than 10% of water on cellulosic fibers is utilized in such a way that a process is obtained which in comparison with previously known methods is far more eifective and economic in producing fabrics with moderate to high extensibility, shrink resistance and noniron properties.
  • the fibers can be swelled, which leads to a contraction of yarn and fabric.
  • the yarn contraction depends on the degree of twist and the contraction of fabric depends on the type of weave, spacing of warp and filling, and on the yarn number.
  • the only method which is used in practice is slack mercerization, i.e. a treatment with about 25% NaOH at room temperature and subsequent rinsing. This method is not used for ordinary rayon fibers or linen.
  • the fabric material is subjected to repeated stresses in the warp direction. If such a fabric is immersed in water, the fabric is subject to relaxation shrinkage, and if it is washed in a washing machine, the fabric is further subjected to washing shrinkage. In the washing machine the fabric is also subjected to compressive forces, in contrast to what is the case during production. There are several known methods of counteracting this shrinkage, and all are based on the practice that in the last processing stage the fabric is given a mechanical compression in the warp direction.
  • non-ironing signifies that it is not necessary to iron the garment after washing. That is, the fabric dries smooth when it is hung up wet after washing or after being dried in a tumble-drier. In the former case the fabric must both be set in a smooth stage and have a good resistance to wet-creasing. In the latter case the fabric, in addition, must have good resistance to dry-creasing.
  • a hydrogen bond breaking agent e.g. NaOH
  • cross-linking agents such as formaldehyde, epichlorohydrin, dichloropropanol, etc.
  • the present invention relates to a process for treating fabrics containing cellulosic fibers, such as cotton, linen, hemp, jute or rayon, by mechanical and chemical means.
  • the characteristic feature of the process is that, in order to impart to the fabric a given combination of (a) non-ironing quality, (b) resistance to shrinkage and (c) extensibility, the fabric is impregnated with liquid ammonia; whereby the fibers swell, the ammonia is evaporated, and the fabric during the swelling and/or evaporation:
  • (A) is kept under a certain load or tension or alternatively a normal pressure which, in order to obtain a material which needs no ironing, is at least sufficient to obtain a fabric which is free from mussiness after the treatment,
  • (B) is kept under a tension which, in order to obtain a shrink-resistant material, is lower than the tension which results in the maximum allowed shrinkage in the finished fabric conforming with the regulations and norms for washing shrinkage which have to be satisfied,
  • (C) is kept under a tension which, in order to get maximum extensibility in the warp direction, is maximum in the filling direction and minimum in the warp direction, and in order to get minimum extensibility in the warp direction, is minimum in the filling direction and maximum in the Warp direction, and in order to get maximum extensibility in the filling direction, is maximum in the warp direction and minimum in the filling direction, and in order to get minimum extensibility in the filling direction, is minimum in the warp direction and maximum in the filling direction, and in order to get maximum extensibility in both directions, is minimum in both directions, and in order to get minimum extensibility in both directions, is maximum in both directions,
  • the proposed process eliminates entirely or partially the mussiness due to relaxation of the fabric.
  • the fabric becomes more resistant to dirt, and a color, if it exists, acquires a deeper shade, provided that the dyestuff is fast toward liquid ammonia.
  • the fabric is impregnated and swelled either (I) by being conveyed continuously through a liquid ammonia bath and kept immersed in the bath during the whole time the swelling of the fibers proceeds, or (II) by applying the liquid ammonia, to the extent of at least 50 percent by weight, preferably 50-500% by weight, based on the weight of the untreated material, to the fabric either by immersion in a liquid ammonia bath with or without subsequent compression, or by spraying, after which the swelling is allowed to proceed in a chamber for at least 15 seconds at pressures between 0.5 and 20 atmospheres abs.
  • the conditions should be arranged in such a manner that liquid ammonia in all essential respects remains in the material during the swelling, and finally the ammonia is evaporated, viz. by hot air, by overheated ammonia vapor, by pressing the fabric against a hot cylinder with or without the aid of felt, with hot or cold water, or with steam, in the course of which the tension of the fabric in either direction during the swelling and/or the evaporation can be regulated by means of any known technical method.
  • the residue of the ammonia gas in the material after evaporation can be removed by suction with air or by steaming with superheated steam for a few seconds.
  • the swelling takes place while the fabric is completely immersed in the ammonia bath, as described under item (I) above, it presents greater technical difficulties to control the tension or dimensions than if the swelling takes place in an ammonia atmosphere, as described under item (II).
  • the swelling must proceed for at least 15 seconds, e.g. from 15 seconds to 10 minutes, in order to obtain an acceptable result. This, however, is not critical.
  • the necessary tension is adapted to a level which lies as near as possible to the limit where mussiness is just eliminated.
  • This limit is, as already mentioned, dependent on the type of material and the production control during spinning and weaving.
  • Mussiness can be removed or prevented from forming by passing the fabric between a drying cylinder and a drying felt, or being pressed against the drying cylinder by means of rollers, in which the pressure against the cylinder is suificient to render the fabric smooth.
  • the degree of mussiness or creasing can be measured by means of a reference standard consisting of photographs of fabrics with different degrees of mussiness.
  • the tension in any of the directions during treatment must not exceed a value which has the effect that a subsequent single washing of the woven materials performed in accordance with a method which is described in a proposed Swedish textile standard, Standard sheet No. 76: Determination of dimension changes in textile goods, and which is applied and recommended for the types of material in question, will give a washing shrinkage exceeding :5% in any of the directions, and of knitted materials in accordance with the method which is described in Swedish Standard SIS 650040, affords a washing shrinkage exceeding :7% in any of the directions.
  • FIG. 1 it is shown how the necessary and suflicient tension during the treatment in order to obtain non-ironing quality (FIG. 1a) and/or shrink-resistance (1b) is determined. If the tension is kept above the tension that is required in order to obtain non-ironing quality and below the tension which must not be exceeded in order to obtain adequate shrink-resistance, a fabric is obtained that has both non-ironing quality and adequate shrinkresistance. Outside the said range there will be obtained only one of the two properties.
  • FIG. 1a shows mussiness of the finished material according to a visual appraisement in points (ordinate) as a function of the tension during the treatment (abscissa). Further, a limit is given for acceptable mussiness (k) and the minimum tension consequent thereof (1).
  • FIG. lb shows washing shrinkage in percent (ordinate) as a function of the tension (abscissa), and the limit for shrink-resistance according to definition (m) and the maximum tension consequent thereof (11)-
  • FIG. 1c shows the effect of the tension on the properties of the finished material, wherein I designates shrinkresistant fabric, II shrink-resistant and non-ironing fabric, and III non-ironing fabric.
  • the extensibility (alternative terms used in practice are stretch or elasticity) is directly dependent on the collective shrinkage during swelling and evaporation which is obtained.
  • the degree of extensibility obtained depends on the construction and type of fiber.
  • the maximum and minimum tension in any direction will depend on the tension condition(s) to be satisfied with respect to the desired mussiness and/or to the desired resistance to shrinkage. If, for example, maximum extensibility or stretch in the warp direction of the treated material is desired, the tension during the treatment should be minimum in the warp direction and maximum in the filling direction.
  • Example 1 Specimens of a fabric were immersed in liquid ammonia, and were thereafter directly transferred to a new container, where they were allowed to remain for 3 minutes in a NH atmosphere. During this process the material is not subjected to any external form of pressure, i.e., the swelling proceeds free from tension.
  • the ammonia is removed by pressing the fabric against a hot cylinder surface by means of a cloth which is stretched firmly over the cylinder, thereby fixing the dimensions of the fabric by expulsion of the ammonia.
  • linen and rayon this may be compared to an ordinary drying under tension. (According to the results given in Example 2, rayon and linen show that the evaporation proceeds under tension).
  • the specimens were mounted between two clamps.
  • the one clamp was fastened to a rack, while the other clamp was allowed to hang freely to the specimen.
  • To the free clamp were attached different loads, which were constant during the whole test.
  • the loaded specimen was immersed in liquid ammonia, and the change in length of the specimen was recorded each /2 minute.
  • the ammonia was evaporated at room temperature, and the alteration in length was registered in the same way as mentioned earlier.
  • FIGS. 2-5 show the change in dimension percent (ordinate) as a function of the time (minutes, abscissa) spent during treatment (A) and during evaporation (B) at a certain loading in g. per cm. width of material, for cotton, sheeting (FIG. 2), dungaree (FIG. 3), rayon staple (FIG. 4) and linen (FIG. 5).
  • Table 1 shows the shrinkage of treated specimens after a single washing.
  • a visual appraisement shows that cotton, sheeting, rayon and linen had a non-acceptable mussiness with the lowest loading, while the surface smoothness was acceptable with a loading of 50 g./cm. in the case of all the specimens.
  • Example 3 In the first stage the fabrics were treated with ammonia on a frame. This consists of two rollers which can rotate freely. These are fastened to a rack at a distant of about 20 cm. The fabrics were laid round the rollers and sewn together. The purpose of this arrangement was to prevent treatment shrinkage in the longitudinal direction and at the same time obtain maximum treatment shrinkage in the transverse direction. During the whole process the rollers were rotated, so as to obtain uniform shrinkage in the transverse direction. The treatment period was 3 minutes and evaporation was effected at room temperature (15- 30 C.).
  • a method of treating woven or knitted fabric containing natural or regenerated cellulosic fibers including the steps of (a) impregnating said fabric with liquid ammonia in an impregnating zone, (b) removing the saturated impregnated fabric to an atmosphere having an ammonia vapor pressure sufficient to retain said liquid ammonia in the fabric until ensuing swell ing of the fabric has taken place, (c) removing the ammonia from the swollen fabric, and (d) applying tension to said fabric during at least one of steps (b) and (c), then tension being sufiicient to prevent the formation of mussiness in said fabric but being less than the tension which causes a substantial washing shrinkage and being minimum in the direction in which maximum extensibility is desired and maximum in the direction perpendicular thereto, and being minimum in both directions when maximum extensibility in both directions is desired.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Or Physical Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Fiber Materials (AREA)
  • Treatment And Processing Of Natural Fur Or Leather (AREA)
  • Footwear And Its Accessory, Manufacturing Method And Apparatuses (AREA)
  • Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
US450299A 1964-04-25 1965-04-23 Process for the treatment of fabrics containing cellulose fibres with liquid ammonia Expired - Lifetime US3406006A (en)

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NO152995A NO118847B (is") 1964-04-25 1964-04-25

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US (1) US3406006A (is")
JP (1) JPS5131320B1 (is")
AT (1) AT263693B (is")
BE (1) BE662980A (is")
CH (1) CH458277A (is")
DE (1) DE1469477A1 (is")
DK (1) DK114614B (is")
ES (1) ES312165A1 (is")
FI (1) FI43865B (is")
GB (1) GB1084612A (is")
NL (1) NL6505206A (is")
NO (1) NO118847B (is")
SE (1) SE7614625L (is")

Cited By (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3767359A (en) * 1971-05-07 1973-10-23 Us Agriculture Process for the liquid ammonia treatment of yarns
US3849067A (en) * 1971-05-07 1974-11-19 Us Agriculture Process for the mercerization of cotton fabrics with liquid ammonia and ammonia/amine solutions
US3905763A (en) * 1972-03-14 1975-09-16 Omnium De Prospective Ind Sa Processes for treating polyamides
US3942948A (en) * 1972-11-27 1976-03-09 Omnium De Prospective Industrielle, S.A. Process for treating cellulosic materials by liquid ammonia
US3942949A (en) * 1973-08-02 1976-03-09 Dalle Jean Paul Process for the treatment with a fluid of textile materials in the form of threads, sheets of threads, sheets of webbing or in any other continuous form
US4051699A (en) * 1975-09-25 1977-10-04 Burlington Industries, Inc. Liquid ammonia mercerization
US4054431A (en) * 1974-11-27 1977-10-18 Technigaz Method and device for regenerating an impure effluent fluid and product obtained thereby
DE2654180A1 (de) * 1976-06-14 1977-12-22 Cluett Peabody & Co Inc Verfahren und vorrichtung zum entfernen ueberschuessigen restammoniaks aus geweben nach einer behandlung mit fluessigem ammoniak
US4074969A (en) * 1974-07-19 1978-02-21 Cluett, Peabody & Co., Inc. Process for recovery and reuse of ammonia in a liquid ammonia fabric treating system
US4213761A (en) * 1974-05-28 1980-07-22 Dalle Jean Paul Process for treating cellulosic materials with liquid ammonia
US4295847A (en) * 1980-01-25 1981-10-20 Basf Aktiengesellschaft Finishing process for textiles
US4345908A (en) * 1979-11-28 1982-08-24 Joshua L. Baily & Co., Inc. Stretchable woven cellulosic fabric and process for making same
DE3235002A1 (de) * 1981-09-24 1983-04-07 Asahi Kasei Kogyo K.K., Osaka Verfahren zur modifizierung regenerierter cellulose-faser
US4451262A (en) * 1979-07-16 1984-05-29 Ciba-Geigy Corporation After-treatment of finished, cellulose-containing fibrous materials with liquid ammonia
EP0808939A1 (en) * 1996-05-23 1997-11-26 Nisshinbo Industries, Inc. Shrink-proof treatment of cellulosic fiber textile
KR19980032132A (ko) * 1996-05-23 1998-07-25 모치즈키아키히로 셀룰로스계 섬유함유 구조물의 방축가공방법
US6203577B1 (en) * 1996-05-23 2001-03-20 Nisshinbo Industries, Inc. Shrink-proof treatment of cellulosic fiber textile
EP0787850B1 (en) * 1995-08-18 2001-05-16 New Japan Chemical Co.,Ltd. Modified fiber, process for producing the same, and fiber product
EP1795640A3 (en) * 2005-12-07 2008-05-14 LAFER SpA Device and method to remove residual processing liquid from a fabric
CN101220555B (zh) * 2007-12-29 2010-09-29 宁波雅戈尔日中纺织印染有限公司 一种棉丝交织织物的液氨处理方法
US20160194798A1 (en) * 2015-01-05 2016-07-07 Tat Fung Textile Company Limited Production process of environment-friendly denim fabric and production line thereof

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
IE34124B1 (en) * 1969-05-08 1975-02-05 Tedeco Textile Dev Co As Apparatus for treatment of fabrics with liquid ammonia
US4189847A (en) * 1977-12-15 1980-02-26 Cluett, Peabody & Co., Inc. Process and apparatus for removal of ammonia in a liquid ammonia fabric treating system
DE4312219C2 (de) * 1993-04-14 2002-05-08 Thueringisches Inst Textil Verfahren zur Reduzierung der Fibrillierbarkeit von lösungsgesponnenen Cellulosefasern
EP0913516A3 (en) * 1997-10-30 2000-12-06 Nisshinbo Industries, Inc. Shrink-proof treatment of cellulosic fiber textile
CN101864667B (zh) * 2010-07-05 2013-01-23 无锡市天然绿色纤维科技有限公司 一种双丝光纱线的生产方法

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR726293A (fr) * 1931-04-01 1932-05-26 Ig Farbenindustrie Ag Procédé de mercerisage de matières textiles

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR726293A (fr) * 1931-04-01 1932-05-26 Ig Farbenindustrie Ag Procédé de mercerisage de matières textiles
US1998551A (en) * 1931-04-01 1935-04-23 Ig Farbenindustrie Ag Mercerizing process

Cited By (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3767359A (en) * 1971-05-07 1973-10-23 Us Agriculture Process for the liquid ammonia treatment of yarns
US3849067A (en) * 1971-05-07 1974-11-19 Us Agriculture Process for the mercerization of cotton fabrics with liquid ammonia and ammonia/amine solutions
US3905763A (en) * 1972-03-14 1975-09-16 Omnium De Prospective Ind Sa Processes for treating polyamides
US3942948A (en) * 1972-11-27 1976-03-09 Omnium De Prospective Industrielle, S.A. Process for treating cellulosic materials by liquid ammonia
US3942949A (en) * 1973-08-02 1976-03-09 Dalle Jean Paul Process for the treatment with a fluid of textile materials in the form of threads, sheets of threads, sheets of webbing or in any other continuous form
US4213761A (en) * 1974-05-28 1980-07-22 Dalle Jean Paul Process for treating cellulosic materials with liquid ammonia
US4074969A (en) * 1974-07-19 1978-02-21 Cluett, Peabody & Co., Inc. Process for recovery and reuse of ammonia in a liquid ammonia fabric treating system
US4054431A (en) * 1974-11-27 1977-10-18 Technigaz Method and device for regenerating an impure effluent fluid and product obtained thereby
US4051699A (en) * 1975-09-25 1977-10-04 Burlington Industries, Inc. Liquid ammonia mercerization
DE2654180A1 (de) * 1976-06-14 1977-12-22 Cluett Peabody & Co Inc Verfahren und vorrichtung zum entfernen ueberschuessigen restammoniaks aus geweben nach einer behandlung mit fluessigem ammoniak
US4099911A (en) * 1976-06-14 1978-07-11 Cluett, Peabody & Co., Inc. Ammonia processing of fabrics-effective removal of residual ammonia
US4451262A (en) * 1979-07-16 1984-05-29 Ciba-Geigy Corporation After-treatment of finished, cellulose-containing fibrous materials with liquid ammonia
US4345908A (en) * 1979-11-28 1982-08-24 Joshua L. Baily & Co., Inc. Stretchable woven cellulosic fabric and process for making same
US4295847A (en) * 1980-01-25 1981-10-20 Basf Aktiengesellschaft Finishing process for textiles
DE3235002A1 (de) * 1981-09-24 1983-04-07 Asahi Kasei Kogyo K.K., Osaka Verfahren zur modifizierung regenerierter cellulose-faser
US4475917A (en) * 1981-09-24 1984-10-09 Asahi Kasei Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Process for modifying regenerated cellulose fiber
EP0787850B1 (en) * 1995-08-18 2001-05-16 New Japan Chemical Co.,Ltd. Modified fiber, process for producing the same, and fiber product
EP0808939A1 (en) * 1996-05-23 1997-11-26 Nisshinbo Industries, Inc. Shrink-proof treatment of cellulosic fiber textile
KR19980032132A (ko) * 1996-05-23 1998-07-25 모치즈키아키히로 셀룰로스계 섬유함유 구조물의 방축가공방법
US6203577B1 (en) * 1996-05-23 2001-03-20 Nisshinbo Industries, Inc. Shrink-proof treatment of cellulosic fiber textile
EP1795640A3 (en) * 2005-12-07 2008-05-14 LAFER SpA Device and method to remove residual processing liquid from a fabric
CN101220555B (zh) * 2007-12-29 2010-09-29 宁波雅戈尔日中纺织印染有限公司 一种棉丝交织织物的液氨处理方法
US20160194798A1 (en) * 2015-01-05 2016-07-07 Tat Fung Textile Company Limited Production process of environment-friendly denim fabric and production line thereof
US10167586B2 (en) * 2015-01-05 2019-01-01 Tat Fung Textile Company Limited Production process of environment-friendly denim fabric and production line thereof

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
BE662980A (is") 1965-08-17
SE7614625L (sv) 1976-12-28
NL6505206A (is") 1965-10-26
AT263693B (de) 1968-07-25
NO118847B (is") 1970-02-23
ES312165A1 (es) 1966-01-01
FI43865B (is") 1971-03-31
GB1084612A (en) 1967-09-27
JPS5131320B1 (is") 1976-09-06
DE1469477A1 (de) 1969-01-02
DK114614B (da) 1969-07-21
CH458277A (de) 1968-03-15

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