US3370939A - Method for homogeneous germination inoculation of cast iron and steel and product - Google Patents
Method for homogeneous germination inoculation of cast iron and steel and product Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3370939A US3370939A US518784A US51878466A US3370939A US 3370939 A US3370939 A US 3370939A US 518784 A US518784 A US 518784A US 51878466 A US51878466 A US 51878466A US 3370939 A US3370939 A US 3370939A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- iron
- steel
- cast iron
- inoculation
- homogeneous
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 24
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 23
- 238000011081 inoculation Methods 0.000 title claims description 12
- 230000035784 germination Effects 0.000 title claims description 9
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title description 32
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 title description 14
- 229910001208 Crucible steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 13
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 77
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 36
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron oxide Inorganic materials [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 23
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 19
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 15
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000000396 iron Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001209 Low-carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 244000052616 bacterial pathogen Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 2
- ZVNPWFOVUDMGRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methylaminophenol sulfate Chemical group OS(O)(=O)=O.CNC1=CC=C(O)C=C1.CNC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 ZVNPWFOVUDMGRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000519 Ferrosilicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910018487 Ni—Cr Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001174 ascending effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001567 cementite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- VNNRSPGTAMTISX-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium nickel Chemical compound [Cr].[Ni] VNNRSPGTAMTISX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007596 consolidation process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009749 continuous casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PMHQVHHXPFUNSP-UHFFFAOYSA-M copper(1+);methylsulfanylmethane;bromide Chemical compound Br[Cu].CSC PMHQVHHXPFUNSP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005261 decarburization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000001787 dendrite Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005593 dissociations Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000407 epitaxy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- -1 iron carbides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- KSOKAHYVTMZFBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron;methane Chemical compound C.[Fe].[Fe].[Fe] KSOKAHYVTMZFBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010451 perlite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019362 perlite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005502 peroxidation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008092 positive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008707 rearrangement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011946 reduction process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003303 reheating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001846 repelling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005491 wire drawing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21B—MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
- C21B13/00—Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C1/00—Refining of pig-iron; Cast iron
- C21C1/08—Manufacture of cast-iron
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01C—RESISTORS
- H01C1/00—Details
- H01C1/02—Housing; Enclosing; Embedding; Filling the housing or enclosure
- H01C1/034—Housing; Enclosing; Embedding; Filling the housing or enclosure the housing or enclosure being formed as coating or mould without outer sheath
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01C—RESISTORS
- H01C1/00—Details
- H01C1/14—Terminals or tapping points or electrodes specially adapted for resistors; Arrangements of terminals or tapping points or electrodes on resistors
- H01C1/148—Terminals or tapping points or electrodes specially adapted for resistors; Arrangements of terminals or tapping points or electrodes on resistors the terminals embracing or surrounding the resistive element
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01C—RESISTORS
- H01C17/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing resistors
- H01C17/28—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing resistors adapted for applying terminals
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01C—RESISTORS
- H01C7/00—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/10—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions
- Y02P10/134—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions by avoiding CO2, e.g. using hydrogen
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for the production of improved cast iron and steel and more par ticularly to a homogeneous germination inoculation process for liquid cast iron and steel and the product obtained thereby.
- the iron and steel industry has carried out many tests to alter the cooling and crystallization of steel cast in ingot molds, particularly effervescent steel, by adding various materials, such as scales or iron ore, to the bath. The results are not conclusive either because the added material does not blend with the bath or the steel obtained is contaminated with undesirable inclusions after solidifying.
- an improved homogeneous germination inoculation is obtained by adding to the ingot molds or the casting ladle specific and controlled amounts of highly pure powdered sponge iron of a given composition, crystal structure and particle size.
- the powdered sponge iron inoculating agent particularly suitable for the homogeneous germination of cast iron and steel have particular characteristics which are defined within rather narrow limits.
- the characteristics of the sponge iron de pend upon the nature of the starting material and the operating conditions during the manufacture thereof.
- a material that may be prepared by the direct iron ore reduction process is described in US. patent application Ser. No. 444,607, filed Apr. 1, 1965. This process includes the following successive steps:
- This material which may be the product of step 2 or step 5 above, has the following characteristics.
- FeO total iron 77.0 to 99.0%. FeO 0.0 to 100.0%. Fe O 0.0%. Sn, Zn, Cu, As etc Indeterminable traces. Mn $0.271. Ni, Cr, Co 0.0 to 0.01%. Si, S, P 0.0l%. Ogygen (in the form of FeO) 0.0 to 22.0%.
- Particle size 40 to 2,000 microns (preferably 40 to 400 microns). Apparent density 2.3 to 3.0.
- the amount of inoculating agent which should be added to liquid cast iron or steel baths may be as high as 5.0% by weight, depending upon the Foo content thereof and the required characteristics of the final product.
- the elemental particles consisting of reticular piling of number of atoms according to the bodycentered cubic system have a homogeneous germinative action owing to the structure analogy thereof with the major constituent of the bath both by epitaxy during the solidification and by modification of bath concentration in the vicinity of each inoculating graint Among the specific effects resulting from such an inoculation is the degassing of the cast iron and steel. It
- the endothermicity of the reaction together with the mass cooling due to the inoculating agent causes an immediate and sensible lowering of dissolved gas solubil ity while carbon monoxide bubbles ascending to the surface swirl along a large proportion of the gases.
- degassing should be carried out by adding an amount of finely divided carbon to the inoculating agent to start the reactions.
- the treatment of the present invention is applied to quarter hard steels, such as the effervescent steels for deep stamping, high magnetic permeability steels or some alloy steels of austenitic nickel-chromium 18/8 grade, wherein it is difficult to lower the carbon content to values under 0.05% on account of peroxidation hazards, this outstanding reactivity of the iron powder with respect to carbon permits the simultaneous degassing and decarburization under excellent conditions without other bath elements being affected at casting temperature, especially silicon and manganese.
- each elemental particle of inoculating agent liberated by dissociation of the powdery aggregates causes the initiation of homogeneous crystallization due to mass cooling, a change in the iron concentration in the vicinity of the particles and epitactic rearrangement from the particles.
- the finely divided state of the iron powder has a positive effect upon germination and the growth rates of the germs while imparting to the finished product a finer structure with smaller intercrystal interstices corresponding to the absence of microporosities.
- the dendritic segregation process is considerably altered due to the shortening of the solidification front and the final product is sounder and less liable to internal stresses.
- the inoculation according to the present invention has a very important influence on the crystal texture itself of the cast iron and steel.
- the ferritizing effect of these iron powders on cast iron results from the evolution of some amount of nitrogen and hydrogen, which gases are stabilizers for iron carbides in the form of cementite and perlite.
- a 1.5% by weight inoculation of pure sponge iron containing 24.0% of FeO causes the direct formation of from 12.0% to more than 20.0% of ferrite according to the operating temperature.
- the treatment is far more effective where it is carried out on spheroidal-graphite cast irons, ferritization being then facilitated to such an extent that it is possible in many cases to avoid the subsequent thermal ferritizing treatment of castings with all the hazards; of deformation involved, especially for thin castings.
- This homogeneous germination inoculation procedure permits the casting of effervescent steel ingots having heights exceeding 1.8-2.0 meters, and the use of continuous casting in blooms or slabs.
- the second effervescence affects the molten metol core to a rather great depth by a thermosiphon effect due to the endothermicity of the reactions and heat absorption by the cold iron powder introduced into the bath, involving gas bubbles and, should the occasion arise, inclusions towards the top.
- the reaction takes place at high speed and pure iron grains then act as homogeneous germs of equiaxed crystallization.
- the solidification front of dendrites being shortened, the accelerated solidification is carried out without austenitic grains becomng larger. Effervescence is then quickly blocked and segregation occurs no longer as consolidation proceeds.
- the amount of sponge iron used with effervescent steels may run as high as 5% of the ingot weight according to the FeO content thereof, but excellent results are achieved with much smaller amounts of about 0.2% to 0.7%.
- sponge iron containing 36.3% of ferrous oxide to a 5-ton steel ingot, 8 minutes after casting, a decrease of 0.02% of initial carbon, of 0.1% of manganese and of 0.01% of sulphur in the ingot top is noted which results in a higher homogeneity of the mass. Further, total solidification time is reduced by a fourth to a third.
- a process for the homogeneous germination inoculation of liquid cast iron and steel which comprises adding thereto up to approximately 5% by weight of non-pyrophoric powdered sponge iron prepared by the reduction of iron ore and containing from 77.0% to 99.0% of free and oxidized iron, the oxygen in the form of FeO being present from 022% by Weight.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Refinement Of Pig-Iron, Manufacture Of Cast Iron, And Steel Manufacture Other Than In Revolving Furnaces (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2307A FR1449616A (fr) | 1965-01-18 | 1965-01-18 | Inoculation à germination homogène des fontes et aciers |
| FR23977A FR88294E (fr) | 1965-01-18 | 1965-07-08 | Inoculation à germination homogène des fontes et aciers |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3370939A true US3370939A (en) | 1968-02-27 |
Family
ID=26161575
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US518784A Expired - Lifetime US3370939A (en) | 1965-01-18 | 1966-01-05 | Method for homogeneous germination inoculation of cast iron and steel and product |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3370939A (OSRAM) |
| BE (1) | BE675222A (OSRAM) |
| DE (1) | DE1508229B1 (OSRAM) |
| ES (1) | ES322166A1 (OSRAM) |
| FR (2) | FR1449616A (OSRAM) |
| GB (1) | GB1138631A (OSRAM) |
| NL (1) | NL6600612A (OSRAM) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3617259A (en) * | 1968-03-20 | 1971-11-02 | Degussa | Process of making cast iron of improved strength and machining properties |
| CN120182277A (zh) * | 2025-05-22 | 2025-06-20 | 宝鸡拓普达钛业有限公司 | 基于钛合金铸锭微观图像的成分均匀性检测方法 |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE10118261A1 (de) * | 2001-04-11 | 2002-10-17 | Fischer Georg Automobilguss | Zusatz zu Impfmitteln zum Animpfen von in einem Konverter mit Magnesium behandelten Gusseisenschmelzen |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE973145C (de) * | 1944-11-10 | 1959-12-10 | Ruhrstahl Ag | Verfahren zum Verbessern von Stahlschmelzen |
-
1965
- 1965-01-18 FR FR2307A patent/FR1449616A/fr not_active Expired
- 1965-07-08 FR FR23977A patent/FR88294E/fr not_active Expired
-
1966
- 1966-01-05 US US518784A patent/US3370939A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1966-01-05 GB GB502/66A patent/GB1138631A/en not_active Expired
- 1966-01-14 ES ES0322166A patent/ES322166A1/es not_active Expired
- 1966-01-17 BE BE675222D patent/BE675222A/xx unknown
- 1966-01-18 NL NL6600612A patent/NL6600612A/xx unknown
- 1966-01-18 DE DE19661508229 patent/DE1508229B1/de active Pending
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| None * |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3617259A (en) * | 1968-03-20 | 1971-11-02 | Degussa | Process of making cast iron of improved strength and machining properties |
| CN120182277A (zh) * | 2025-05-22 | 2025-06-20 | 宝鸡拓普达钛业有限公司 | 基于钛合金铸锭微观图像的成分均匀性检测方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB1138631A (en) | 1969-01-01 |
| DE1508229B1 (de) | 1970-12-10 |
| NL6600612A (OSRAM) | 1966-07-19 |
| BE675222A (OSRAM) | 1966-05-16 |
| FR88294E (fr) | 1967-01-06 |
| ES322166A1 (es) | 1966-11-01 |
| FR1449616A (fr) | 1966-05-06 |
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