US3363668A - Method of vibrating metal during casting - Google Patents

Method of vibrating metal during casting Download PDF

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Publication number
US3363668A
US3363668A US513014A US51301465A US3363668A US 3363668 A US3363668 A US 3363668A US 513014 A US513014 A US 513014A US 51301465 A US51301465 A US 51301465A US 3363668 A US3363668 A US 3363668A
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United States
Prior art keywords
ingot
frequency
metal
value
constantly
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Expired - Lifetime
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US513014A
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English (en)
Inventor
Petit Jean
Schaub Bernard
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Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA
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Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique CEA
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
    • C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C30B13/00—Single-crystal growth by zone-melting; Refining by zone-melting
    • C30B13/26—Stirring of the molten zone
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/12—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ
    • B22D11/124—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ for cooling
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D27/00—Treating the metal in the mould while it is molten or ductile ; Pressure or vacuum casting
    • B22D27/02—Use of electric or magnetic effects
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D27/00—Treating the metal in the mould while it is molten or ductile ; Pressure or vacuum casting
    • B22D27/08—Shaking, vibrating, or turning of moulds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C22F3/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by special physical methods, e.g. treatment with neutrons
    • C22F3/02—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by special physical methods, e.g. treatment with neutrons by solidifying a melt controlled by supersonic waves or electric or magnetic fields

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method of refining metals comprising simultaneously casting and refining an ingot of metal maintained in a vertical position in a mold, feeding the upper end of the ingot progressively with molten metal to be refined while imparting to the ingot mechanical vibrations having a frequency preferably Within a supersonic frequency range while the solid part of the ingot is constantly cooled so as to solidif the molten portion of metal, the solid portion of the ingot constantly acting as a support for the molten portion, and moving in a continuous manner the ingot and/ or the mold relative to each other so as to constantly maintain within the mold the portion of the ingot which is in course of solidification.
  • the most usual method comprises coupling the solid end of the bar to the vibrating core of a magnetostrictive vibrator, this coupling being a direct coupling or including an insertion between the bar and the core of rigidly interconnected rigid intermediate bars so that the vibrations are always transmitted exclusively through a solid structure.
  • This vibrator is of the general type having a core (or cores) of nickel, this core, or each of the cores, being excited by a coil fed with a current having an acoustic frequency or preferably a supersonic frequency, said core being if desired rigidly secured to a steel rod acting as an intermediate transmitting means.
  • the mechanical waves which are propagated in a bar, such as the ingot to be refined, and reflected at the free end of the bar constitute waves which can be termed reflected waves which interfere with the waves of the same frequency, which can be termed incident waves, coming from the other end of the bar moved by the vibrator.
  • a standing wave system comprising a number of nodes and antinodes arranged in fixed positions and at fixed intervals along the bar, the distance between two consecutive nodes (or two antinodes) being equal to M2 in which is the length of the vibration and equals, as is well known V/ in which V is the velocity of propagation of the waves in the metal of the bar and f the frequency of these Waves.
  • the energy transmitted to the metal of the bar is maximum at the antinode position points whereas at the node position points this energy is theoretically nil.
  • the value of the frequency F of the forced oscillation is regulated stepwise each time the length of the ingot to be treated has increased a certain value I and the frequency F is modulated in accordance with a periodic law so as to cause it to vary between two limits F and F on each side of the resonance value F0 of the ingot so that the value Fo/F is constantly Within a range corresponding to high values of oscillation amplitude.
  • a system of complex waves which, strictly speaking, is not a standing wave system but a system which has interference fringes which for convenience sake may be designated by the terms antinode and node according, as they correspond, to a amplitude maximum or minimum, it. being however understood that these antinodes, for example, are mobiles owing to the fact that the reflected waves have frequencies which differ from those of the incident waves and have amplitudes which are also variable as a result of the damping of the waves in the ingot.
  • FIG. 1 is the curve hereinabove referred to
  • FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view of an apparatus for carrying out the method of the invention.
  • the metal ingot which is being continuously cast and processed, shown at 1 is rigidly connected, through a coupling medium 2, to a coupling steel bar 3 called piston; this assembly is maintained vertically, the lower face of the steel piston being rigidly fixed to the laminated nickel bars 4 of an oscillator generator of the magnetostrictive type further comprising a magnet (not shown) and energizing windings 5 fed from a sonic or supersonic frequen y current generator 6.
  • the coupling between the various materials ll234 must be as perfect as possible. Further it can be provcn that, in order to avoid reflections, it is advantageous to couple two successive media of acoustic impedances a and b by means of an intermediary material WhOSe acoustic impedance is equal to Vab, the acoustic impedance being the product DV of the density D of the medium and the propagation velocity V in said medium of longitudinal Waves generated by the vibration.
  • a perfect coupling can be achieved by brazing or screwing.
  • the intermediary coupling element 2 may consist of a thin pellet of annealed palladium which is highly suitable for the purpose.
  • This palladium pellet may be pressed between the outermost faces of the steel member 3 and of the ingot 1 which are prearranged and are clamped together by any clamping means (not shown), the transmission of the vibrations between element 1 and 3 being effected through the palladium pellet 2.
  • the upper face of the ingot is fed through a consumable electrode 7 which is heated by heating means (not shown), and has a continuous downward vertical motion imparted thereto so that the metal thereof feeds by fusion the ingot being formed.
  • the solidification of the ingot 1 is achieved in an ingot mold 8 which has a cylindrical shape having a vertical axis and is watercooled through a coil of metal tubing 9 connected to flexible water-hoses 10.
  • the ingot and the ingot mold are vertically movable relative to each other, whereby the ingot gradually solidifies.
  • it is the ingot mold 8 which is raised.
  • the entire unit is housed in a furnace casing 11 sealed by means of flexible joints 12.
  • the molten upper porti n of the ingot While the molten upper porti n of the ingot is solidifying, it is subjectedto the elastic waves generated by the magnetostriotive generators 4*S6.
  • the frequency F of these waves is roughly adjusted so as to be approximately equal to the natural frequency F0 of the ingot, whereby, when this equalization occurs, a maximum of vibration, or antinode, appears at the free end of the ingot, in space coincidence with the molten metal. Due to the fact that in practice such a coincidence or tuning is hardly possible, the frequency F is modulated, the frequency swing being equal to about :25% of the frequency F.
  • the frequency F is stepWise, manually readjusted every time that the length of the ingot increases by M2, A being the wavelength of the elastic wave in the ingot.
  • the sonic or supersonic frequency current generator 6 may comprise an oscillator 13 which can be tuned to generate an adjustable frequency within a range comprising the extreme values of the natural frequency F0, corresponding respectively to the extreme lengths of the ingot at the beginning and at the end of the casting operation, a frequency selector 14 for adjusting the value of F to equalize, at least roughly, every time that this adjustment is necessary, said frequence F with the value of F0 at that time by means of a tuning knob 15 and an index 16; and a frequency modulator 17 which modulates the frequency F thus selected, the frequency swing being about i25%.
  • This method has proved advantageous in that it results, for a given degree of refinement of the metal, in a large increase in the efficiency in the art of refining metal, the possible rate of production of refined metal of this method being about ten times that of the known method.
  • a process of simultaneously casting and vibrating an ingot of metal for the purpose of refining the grain of said metal comprising the simultaneous application of the following treatments:
  • period of the frequency swing is of the order of t/n, t being the time in which the length of the ingot increases by Zkk, n being a number comprised between 5 and 20.
  • a process of simultaneously casting and vibrating an ingot of metal for the purpose of refining the grain of said metal comprising the simultaneous application of the following treatments:
  • step-Wise controlling the value of the frequency F P ma y Cooling the S01id P l Q of e ingot every time that the ingot length has increased by to solldify the molten metal while said ingot is being MA, A being the wavelength of the elastic wave in the vibrated, 831d sohd Pomon aetmg constantly as 3 pingot, to equalize, at least roughly, said frequency F P011forthesupplyoflpoltel ⁇ l; with the natural frequency P0 of the ingot, at that f f ously displacing said ingot mold and time, whereby the value Fo/F is constantly mainsaid ingot relatively to each other, thereby constantly tained between two limits sufficiently close to unity malntammg 1n Sald lngol mold the POTUOD 0f llhe and to each other to correspond to relatively high values of the oscillation amplitude;
  • references Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS said ingot relatively to each other, thereby constantly 2 848 775 8/1958 Ettenreich X maintaining in said ingot mold the portion of the 3193889 7 /1965 Lane et a1 164 48 ingot in the process of solidification. l u 4. A process of simultaneously casting and vibrating FOREIGN PATENTS; an ingot of metal for the purpose of refining the grain of 1,263,935 5/1961 France.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
US513014A 1959-05-29 1965-12-10 Method of vibrating metal during casting Expired - Lifetime US3363668A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR796106A FR1243417A (fr) 1959-05-29 1959-05-29 Procédé de mise en vibration ultrasonore d'une masse de métal en fusion, et dispositif pour la mise en oeuvre dudit procédé

Publications (1)

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US3363668A true US3363668A (en) 1968-01-16

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US513014A Expired - Lifetime US3363668A (en) 1959-05-29 1965-12-10 Method of vibrating metal during casting

Country Status (7)

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US (1) US3363668A (pl)
BE (1) BE591094A (pl)
CH (1) CH365181A (pl)
FR (1) FR1243417A (pl)
GB (1) GB944335A (pl)
LU (1) LU38685A1 (pl)
NL (1) NL252085A (pl)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3447480A (en) * 1967-07-24 1969-06-03 Bodine Albert G Method and apparatus for gravity flow casting utilizing sonic energization
US3447587A (en) * 1967-07-24 1969-06-03 Bodine Albert G Method and device for mold casting utilizing sonic energization
US3599319A (en) * 1968-03-15 1971-08-17 Martin Weinstein Method and apparatus for producing fine-grained thermoelectric material
US20060157219A1 (en) * 2005-01-18 2006-07-20 Bampton Clifford C Method and system for enhancing the quality of deposited metal
US20080292259A1 (en) * 2007-02-01 2008-11-27 The Boeing Company Multi-color curved multi-light generating apparatus
US20140255620A1 (en) * 2013-03-06 2014-09-11 Rolls-Royce Corporation Sonic grain refinement of laser deposits
WO2019002563A2 (en) 2017-06-30 2019-01-03 Norsk Titanium As IN-SOLIDIFICATION REFINING AND GENERAL PHASE TRANSFORMATION CONTROL BY APPLYING IN SITU GAS IMPACT IMPACT IN THE ADDITIVE MANUFACTURE OF METALLIC PRODUCTS
CN117245076A (zh) * 2023-08-28 2023-12-19 无锡市雪浪合金科技有限公司 一种铸件的铸造装置及其铸造工艺

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH626282A5 (en) * 1976-12-29 1981-11-13 Langenecker Bertwin Method and apparatus for the treatment of metal and metal-alloy melts by means of macrosonic sound
CN116079035B (zh) * 2023-01-06 2023-08-15 浏阳鑫康新材料有限公司 一种金属靶材毛坯料浇铸设备及方法

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2848775A (en) * 1953-09-17 1958-08-26 Etma S A Method of controlling the properties of metals and metal alloys by irradiation with vibrations
FR1263935A (fr) * 1960-05-03 1961-06-19 Westinghouse Electric Corp Vibration des lingots par énergie ultrasonore
US3193889A (en) * 1961-07-24 1965-07-13 Westinghouse Electric Corp Method and apparatus for producing uniform grain refinement in metal ingots

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2848775A (en) * 1953-09-17 1958-08-26 Etma S A Method of controlling the properties of metals and metal alloys by irradiation with vibrations
FR1263935A (fr) * 1960-05-03 1961-06-19 Westinghouse Electric Corp Vibration des lingots par énergie ultrasonore
US3193889A (en) * 1961-07-24 1965-07-13 Westinghouse Electric Corp Method and apparatus for producing uniform grain refinement in metal ingots

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3447480A (en) * 1967-07-24 1969-06-03 Bodine Albert G Method and apparatus for gravity flow casting utilizing sonic energization
US3447587A (en) * 1967-07-24 1969-06-03 Bodine Albert G Method and device for mold casting utilizing sonic energization
US3599319A (en) * 1968-03-15 1971-08-17 Martin Weinstein Method and apparatus for producing fine-grained thermoelectric material
US20060157219A1 (en) * 2005-01-18 2006-07-20 Bampton Clifford C Method and system for enhancing the quality of deposited metal
US20080292259A1 (en) * 2007-02-01 2008-11-27 The Boeing Company Multi-color curved multi-light generating apparatus
US7603017B2 (en) 2007-02-01 2009-10-13 The Boeing Company Multi-color curved multi-light generating apparatus
US20140255620A1 (en) * 2013-03-06 2014-09-11 Rolls-Royce Corporation Sonic grain refinement of laser deposits
WO2019002563A2 (en) 2017-06-30 2019-01-03 Norsk Titanium As IN-SOLIDIFICATION REFINING AND GENERAL PHASE TRANSFORMATION CONTROL BY APPLYING IN SITU GAS IMPACT IMPACT IN THE ADDITIVE MANUFACTURE OF METALLIC PRODUCTS
CN117245076A (zh) * 2023-08-28 2023-12-19 无锡市雪浪合金科技有限公司 一种铸件的铸造装置及其铸造工艺
CN117245076B (zh) * 2023-08-28 2024-04-05 无锡市雪浪合金科技有限公司 一种铸件的铸造装置及其铸造工艺

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB944335A (en) 1963-12-11
NL252085A (pl)
FR1243417A (fr) 1960-10-14
BE591094A (fr) 1960-09-16
LU38685A1 (pl)
CH365181A (fr) 1962-10-31

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