US3321338A - Friction elements especially resistant to wear by abrasion - Google Patents
Friction elements especially resistant to wear by abrasion Download PDFInfo
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- US3321338A US3321338A US417495A US41749564A US3321338A US 3321338 A US3321338 A US 3321338A US 417495 A US417495 A US 417495A US 41749564 A US41749564 A US 41749564A US 3321338 A US3321338 A US 3321338A
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- titanium
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- group
- wear
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- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 title description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000002738 metalloids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052752 metalloid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000008040 ionic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium atom Chemical compound [Te] PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 24
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 14
- 229910000617 Mangalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005121 nitriding Methods 0.000 description 5
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000001913 cyanates Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003841 chloride salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005097 cold rolling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GKKCIDNWFBPDBW-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium cyanate Chemical compound [K]OC#N GKKCIDNWFBPDBW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000997 High-speed steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006061 abrasive grain Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001567 cementite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001651 emery Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001337 iron nitride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005088 metallography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011505 plaster Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- NNFCIKHAZHQZJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium cyanide Chemical compound [K+].N#[C-] NNFCIKHAZHQZJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D7/00—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation
- C21D7/02—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working
- C21D7/04—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working of the surface
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C14/00—Alloys based on titanium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C16/00—Alloys based on zirconium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
- C23C8/34—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases more than one element being applied in more than one step
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/40—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using liquids, e.g. salt baths, liquid suspensions
- C23C8/58—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using liquids, e.g. salt baths, liquid suspensions more than one element being applied in more than one step
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
- C23F17/00—Multi-step processes for surface treatment of metallic material involving at least one process provided for in class C23 and at least one process covered by subclass C21D or C22F or class C25
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
- F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
- F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
- F16C33/06—Sliding surface mainly made of metal
- F16C33/12—Structural composition; Use of special materials or surface treatments, e.g. for rust-proofing
- F16C33/121—Use of special materials
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
- F16D69/00—Friction linings; Attachment thereof; Selection of coacting friction substances or surfaces
- F16D69/02—Composition of linings ; Methods of manufacturing
- F16D69/027—Compositions based on metals or inorganic oxides
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
- F16D2250/00—Manufacturing; Assembly
- F16D2250/0038—Surface treatment
Definitions
- austenitic stainless steels such as for example the common stainless steels comprising substantial proportions of addition elements such as chromium and nickel, and on the hypereutectoid alloy steels containing by weight 11 to 14% of magnanese, l to 1.3% of carbon, not more than 0.6% of silicon, impurities in the usual proportions, the remainder being constituted by iron.
- titanium and its alloys exhibit similar properties together with the drawbacks which result from them.
- All the metals and alloys enumerated above have the common property of hardening by cold-hammering, subsequently showing a great density of planes of slip in their superficial crystalline structure.
- the object of the present invention is to obtain parts which present immediately, as soon as they are put to use, a good resistance to seizure and to wear.
- parts made of a metallic material capable of hardening by cold-hammering or coldrolling and having in its superficial crystalline structure a high density of plane of slip to a deep cold-hammer- 3,321,338 Patented May 23, 1967 ing carried out in such manner that it produces on the surface of the parts striations which are substantially perpendicular to the direction of application of the friction.
- the cold-hammering can be carried out either by knurling or by hammering.
- knurling which is preferably used when the parts to be cold-hammered are flat or round surfaces
- the rollers must be cut so that the striations which they impress by forging on the surface of the part are arranged in a direction substantially perpendicular to the direction of application of the friction.
- a hammer with a striated striking face In the case where the parts to be cold-hardened are neither flat nor round, it is preferable to employ a hammer with a striated striking face.
- the thermal treatment or treatments are carried out in such manner that there is obtained a superficial incorporation of one or of two metalloids, or of a transition metal capable either of depositing on the surface of the part an ionic compound by reaction with the underlying metal, or of inserting its atoms into the" structure of the underlying metal while forming a solid insertion solution.
- transition metals or these metalloids may be, for example, nitrogen, sulphur, selenium, 'telluriu-m, amongst others.
- the introduction of a metalloid or of a transition metal as defined above, into the cold-hardened layer is obtained by a heat treatment of the knurled part in a salt bath or in gaseous atmosphere for a period of time anywhere from one hour to as long as six hours at a temperature between 400 C. and 590 C.
- the coldhardened part is treated with a bath of sulphur salts or a gaseous sulphur atmosphere for a period of time of at least two hours and at a temperature higher than 500 C.
- a treatment of this kind can for example be ap lied by means of a process known in France under the commercial name of Sulfinuz.
- all the identical or similar processes using salt baths or a gaseous medium producing superficial structure layers of compositions similar or identical with those which are obtained by the Sulfinuz process may be employed.
- the parts are preheated to about 300 to 350 C. and are then immersed for a period of 2 to 6 hours in a salt bath maintained at an approximate temperature of 570 C. and are composed of an inactive base such as the alkali and alkaline earth chlorides and carbonates, permitting a melting point to be obtained of less than 500 C. of sulphur compounds, the action of which is preponderant and buffer cyanides or cyanates which protect the sulphur compounds by keeping the bath in a reducing medium.
- a salt bath maintained at an approximate temperature of 570 C. and are composed of an inactive base such as the alkali and alkaline earth chlorides and carbonates, permitting a melting point to be obtained of less than 500 C. of sulphur compounds, the action of which is preponderant and buffer cyanides or cyanates which protect the sulphur compounds by keeping the bath in a reducing medium.
- the treatment temperature in salt baths or in a gaseous atmosphere may, depending on the composition of the bath, for example when it contains a sulphide and a ferro-cy-anide, be less than 570 C., the sulphuretting action being then capable of taking place from 400 C.
- the incorporation of nitrogen can be effected by means of any nitriding process which is effective below a maximum temperature of 580 C., beyond which temperature the decomposition of the austenite is too great and introduces excessive brittleness.
- Tufftride also known in the anglo-saxon countries by the name of Tufftride is a process of mild nitridation which makes it possible to obtain on the steel parts, an outer layer comprising iron carbide and iron nitride covering a ditfusionlayer of nitrogen in the steel.
- This result can be obtained for example by immersing the part for a sufficient pre-determined period, for example for two hours, in a salt bath heated to a temperature comprised between 550 and 580 C., for erample 565 C., comprising about 32 to 35% of alkali cyanates, for example 45 of potassium cyanate, and 50 to 55% approx. of alkali cyanides, for example 55 of potassium cyanide, the bath being stirred by blowing-in air.
- results obtained are substantially identical with those which are recorded after a sulphurizing treatment, such as the Sulfinuz process.
- the cold-hardened parts can advantageously be successively subjected to a nitridation such as the Tenifer treatment and then to a sulphurizing treatment, for example according to the Sulfinuz process.
- a nitridation such as the Tenifer treatment
- a sulphurizing treatment for example according to the Sulfinuz process.
- Example 1 A shaft and rings of 15 40 mm. were machined from a steel in the super-tempered state containing, by weight, 1.2% of carbon and 14.5% of manganese. Immediately after the lathe operation, the bearing surfaces of the shaft and the corresponding surfaces of the rings were knurled with a tool which pressed two rollers of 20 mm. against the parts with a force of 400 kg., giving two families of striations of 0.15 mm. in depth and 1 mm. apart, respectively inclined by -15 to the direction of the gen erator lines.
- the knurled wheels made 14 to-and-fro passages under these conditions.
- the part is easily brought back to its initial dimension by a light polishing with emery cloth.
- the parts, shaft and rings, cold-hardened in this way have in section under metallographic examination, extremely dense networks of lines of shear, this is to say having for example four lines of shear per square of 0.01 mm. sides, and penetrating to a depth of more than 0.3 mm.
- the micro-hardness indicates that in the zone of shear, the initial hardness of 70 kg./sq. mm. has increased to 190 kg./sq. mm., the hardness of the core not being modified.
- the whole was assembled without lubrication and immersed in water.
- the amplitude of the oscillations was 90 and their frequency was 2 cycles/sec.
- the load was 2,000 kp.
- Example 2 A part of Hadfield steel, cold-hardened and knurled, was plunged into a bath of molten salts at 560 C., containing cyanides and unstable isomers of potassium cyanate. After immersion in this bath, of which one of the types is known by the commercial name of Tenifer, the same precipitates are found along the planes of shear, without increase in the micro-hardness, over the first four-tenths of a millimeter of the surface of the part, as those which were observed on the cold-hardened parts subjected to a sulphurizing treatment.
- Example 3 A shaft and rings of the same dimensions as those of Example 1 were machined from a standard stainless steel containing, by weight, 18% of chromium, 8% of nickel and 3% of molybdenum. Tested under the treatments according to the invention, substantially under the same conditions of tests as the parts of Example 1, that is to say with an amplitude of oscillations of a frequency of one cycle per sec. and a load of 2,000 kp., the whole immersed in water at 20 C., seizure inevitably occurs in less than a few minutes. On the other hand, when knurled and subjected to the sulphurizing treatment, an identical shaft can oscillate for more than 50 hours while retaining a satisfactory surface condition. The same advantage was obtained by means of nitridation.
- Example 4 Parts of titanium or of titanium alloy were subjected to cold-hardening followed in some cases by a sulphurizing thermal treatment and in the other cases by a nitriding treatment. After these applications of the process according to the invention, they all showed equally as soon as they were put into use, a good resistance to seizure and to wear.
- Example 5 A piece of Hadfield steel, after the cold-hardening operation, is immersed for two hours in a bath of nitriding salts at 560 C., the bath being constituted by a mixture of alkali cyanates and cyanides following the Tenifer process. After this mild nitridation, the part is subjected to the sulphurizing action of a bath such as that of the process known "by the commercial name of Sulfinuz, this process comprising a treatment of at least two hours in a sulphurizing 'bath or a sulphurizing atmosphere at a temperature exceeding 500 C. The results obtained are superior to those which are recorded on cold-hardened parts subjected only either to a sulphurizing treatment or to a nitriding treatment.
- a method for producing metallic parts having a high resistance to seizure and to wear by friction wherein parts made from a metallic material chosen from the group of metals capable of hardening by cold-hammering While exhibiting in its superficial crystalline structure a high density of planes of shear, and consisting of austenitic stainless steels, hyper-eutectoid alloy steels containing at least 11% by weight of manganese, titanium, and titanium alloys containing a major part of titanium, are subjected to a deep cold-hardening executed in such manner that it produces, on the surface of the part, striations substantially perpendicular to the direction of the friction, following which the part is subjected to the superficial incorporation of at least one element chosen from the group of the metalloids and transition metals, which metalloids and transition metals possess one of the two properties consisting firstly in the capacity of depositing at the surface of the parts an ionic compound by reaction with the underlying metal, and secondly of the capacity of inserting its atoms into the structure
- a method for producing metallic parts having a high resistance to seizure and to wear by friction which comprises forming a metallic part of a metal capable of hardening by cold-hammering while exhibiting in its superficial crystalline structure a high density of planes of shear and selected from the group consisting of austenitic stainless steels, hyper-eutectoid alloy steels containing at least 11% by weight manganese, titanium, and titanium alloys containing a major part of titanium; subjecting the part to a deep cold-hardening executed in such a manner that it produces on the surface of the part striations substantially perpendicular to the direction of frictional wear; subjecting the striated part to superficial incorporation of at least one element selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, carbon, sulfur, selenium, and tellurium, by maintaining contact between said metal part and a fluid containing such element for a period of time between one and six hours at a temperature of about 400 to 590 C.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Solid-Phase Diffusion Into Metallic Material Surfaces (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
Description
United States Patent 3,321,338 FRICTION ELEMENTS ESPECIALLY RESISTANT TO WEAR BY ABRASION Jacques Caubet, Saint-Etienne, France, assignor to Automobiles M. Berliet, Lyon, France, and Hydromecanique et Frottement, Saint-Etienne, France, both French corporations No Drawing. Filed Dec. 10, 1964, Ser. No. 417,495 Claims priority, application France, Dec. 11, 1963, 956,874, Patent 1,386,446; Feb. 27, 1964, 965,390, Patent 85,297; Feb. 28, 1964, 965,616, Patent 85,370; June 22, 1964, 979,152, Patent 85,994; June 23, 1964, 979,316, Patent 86,012
7 Claims. (Cl. 14811.5)
For a long time past, efforts have been made to produce friction elements, the rate of wear of which would remain low with no or very doubtful lubrication, and in the presence of abrasive grains. This preoccupation has been common to numerous industries which have found themselves facing the problems presented, for example, by the wear of parts such as gears and bearings working in the atmosphere of cement works, the oscillation shafts of springs on railway rolling stock, the oscillation shafts of the suspension of road vehicles or of public works machines, mining equipment, amongst others.
The properties of resistance to Wear of hypereutectoid steels containing at least 12% of manganese, commonly known as Hadfield steels have been known for a very long time. At the present time, these steels are generally employed in the condition of super-temper, that is to say with a stable austenitic structure and then, under the effect of the forces due to friction, to abrasion or to shocks, the superficial austenite becomes converted to a kind of very hard martensite which has a remarkable resistance to wear.
However, this method of utilization is subject to two conditions which limit its use. On the one hand, the initial forces must exceed a certain threshold below which the cold-hammering does not take place, and on the other hand, an initial wear must be permitted which is generally very considerable during the period of time necessary for the formation of the cold-hammered layer. An example of the first disadvantage is given by the balls of ball-mills, which have a good resistance in cement ball-mills, but remain austenitic and Wear rapidly in plaster mills.
The second disadvantage makes it impossible to utilize Hadfield steels for parts, the precise initial dimensions of which must be preserved as far as possible.
Similar phenomena are observed on austenitic stainless steels, such as for example the common stainless steels comprising substantial proportions of addition elements such as chromium and nickel, and on the hypereutectoid alloy steels containing by weight 11 to 14% of magnanese, l to 1.3% of carbon, not more than 0.6% of silicon, impurities in the usual proportions, the remainder being constituted by iron.
Finally, as regards hardening, titanium and its alloys exhibit similar properties together with the drawbacks which result from them.
All the metals and alloys enumerated above have the common property of hardening by cold-hammering, subsequently showing a great density of planes of slip in their superficial crystalline structure.
Starting from a metallic material having the above properties, the object of the present invention is to obtain parts which present immediately, as soon as they are put to use, a good resistance to seizure and to wear.
According to the invention, parts made of a metallic material capable of hardening by cold-hammering or coldrolling and having in its superficial crystalline structure a high density of plane of slip, to a deep cold-hammer- 3,321,338 Patented May 23, 1967 ing carried out in such manner that it produces on the surface of the parts striations which are substantially perpendicular to the direction of application of the friction. After the cold-hammering or cold-rolling operation, there is effected a superficial incorporation of at least one element chosen from the groups of metalloids and transition metals, metalloids and transition metals possessing one of two properties, one of which consists of the capacity to deposit on the surface of the parts an ionic compound produced by reaction with the underlying metal, while the other has the capacity of inserting its atoms in the structure of the underlying metal, forming a solid insertion solution. This incorporation is obtained by means of at least one thermal treatment effected in a fluid, such as a salt bath or a gaseous atmosphere, which contains the element to be incorporated.
The cold-hammering can be carried out either by knurling or by hammering. In the case of knurling, which is preferably used when the parts to be cold-hammered are flat or round surfaces, the rollers must be cut so that the striations which they impress by forging on the surface of the part are arranged in a direction substantially perpendicular to the direction of application of the friction. In the case where the parts to be cold-hardened are neither flat nor round, it is preferable to employ a hammer with a striated striking face.
There will be employed with advantage as an approximate minimum cold-hardening load on a roller a diameter 20 mm. and a length of 10 mm., a load substantially equal in kilopond (9.81 Newton) to the elastic limit of the material to be cold-hardened, in kp./ sq. mm. For the approximate maximum charge, there will preferably be chosen that which, taking account of the geometric form of the part to be cold-hardened and assuming the roller to be smooth, gives hertzian pressures equal to three times the elastic limit of the material.
The thermal treatment or treatments are carried out in such manner that there is obtained a superficial incorporation of one or of two metalloids, or of a transition metal capable either of depositing on the surface of the part an ionic compound by reaction with the underlying metal, or of inserting its atoms into the" structure of the underlying metal while forming a solid insertion solution. These transition metals or these metalloids may be, for example, nitrogen, sulphur, selenium, 'telluriu-m, amongst others.
The introduction of a metalloid or of a transition metal as defined above, into the cold-hardened layer is obtained by a heat treatment of the knurled part in a salt bath or in gaseous atmosphere for a period of time anywhere from one hour to as long as six hours at a temperature between 400 C. and 590 C.
For the superficial incorporation of sulphur, the coldhardened part is treated with a bath of sulphur salts or a gaseous sulphur atmosphere for a period of time of at least two hours and at a temperature higher than 500 C.
A treatment of this kind can for example be ap lied by means of a process known in France under the commercial name of Sulfinuz. However, all the identical or similar processes using salt baths or a gaseous medium producing superficial structure layers of compositions similar or identical with those which are obtained by the Sulfinuz process may be employed. 3
In the case of the Sulfinuz process, the parts are preheated to about 300 to 350 C. and are then immersed for a period of 2 to 6 hours in a salt bath maintained at an approximate temperature of 570 C. and are composed of an inactive base such as the alkali and alkaline earth chlorides and carbonates, permitting a melting point to be obtained of less than 500 C. of sulphur compounds, the action of which is preponderant and buffer cyanides or cyanates which protect the sulphur compounds by keeping the bath in a reducing medium. In certain particular cases, the treatment temperature in salt baths or in a gaseous atmosphere may, depending on the composition of the bath, for example when it contains a sulphide and a ferro-cy-anide, be less than 570 C., the sulphuretting action being then capable of taking place from 400 C.
The approximate composition of a Sulfinuz bath is given below by way .of example:
7 Percent Sulphide 0.5 Alkaline cyanides 8 Alkaline cyanates 27 Alkaline chlorides 33 Alkaline carbonates 31.5
As regards ferrous alloys, the incorporation of nitrogen can be effected by means of any nitriding process which is effective below a maximum temperature of 580 C., beyond which temperature the decomposition of the austenite is too great and introduces excessive brittleness.
According to the invention, it is also possible to make use of the process known by the commercial name of Tenifer or of all identical or similar processes using salt baths or gaseous media producing superfiicial layers of structures and of compositions similar or identical to those which are obtained by the Tenifer process.
The latter, also known in the anglo-saxon countries by the name of Tufftride is a process of mild nitridation which makes it possible to obtain on the steel parts, an outer layer comprising iron carbide and iron nitride covering a ditfusionlayer of nitrogen in the steel. This result can be obtained for example by immersing the part for a sufficient pre-determined period, for example for two hours, in a salt bath heated to a temperature comprised between 550 and 580 C., for erample 565 C., comprising about 32 to 35% of alkali cyanates, for example 45 of potassium cyanate, and 50 to 55% approx. of alkali cyanides, for example 55 of potassium cyanide, the bath being stirred by blowing-in air.
The results obtained are substantially identical with those which are recorded after a sulphurizing treatment, such as the Sulfinuz process.
Furthermore, and again in accordance with the invention, the cold-hardened parts can advantageously be successively subjected to a nitridation such as the Tenifer treatment and then to a sulphurizing treatment, for example according to the Sulfinuz process.
Various possibilities of the application of the method according to the invention will be brought out from the following examples:
Example 1 A shaft and rings of 15 40 mm. were machined from a steel in the super-tempered state containing, by weight, 1.2% of carbon and 14.5% of manganese. Immediately after the lathe operation, the bearing surfaces of the shaft and the corresponding surfaces of the rings were knurled with a tool which pressed two rollers of 20 mm. against the parts with a force of 400 kg., giving two families of striations of 0.15 mm. in depth and 1 mm. apart, respectively inclined by -15 to the direction of the gen erator lines.
The knurled wheels made 14 to-and-fro passages under these conditions.
As the knurling operation causes a slight swelling of about 0.05 mm., the part is easily brought back to its initial dimension by a light polishing with emery cloth.
The parts, shaft and rings, cold-hardened in this way, have in section under metallographic examination, extremely dense networks of lines of shear, this is to say having for example four lines of shear per square of 0.01 mm. sides, and penetrating to a depth of more than 0.3 mm. The micro-hardness indicates that in the zone of shear, the initial hardness of 70 kg./sq. mm. has increased to 190 kg./sq. mm., the hardness of the core not being modified.
The parts were then immersed for 3 hours in a sulphurizing and cyaniding bath of the Sulfinuz type at a temperature of 585 i-S C. After this treatment, a first examination of metallography and micro-hardness shows that the core-hardness has passed from 70 to 125 kg./ sq. mm., this increase being due to the conventional decomposition of the austenite and the precipitation of the carbides of iron and manganese. In the superficial zone of the lines of shear obtained by knurling, the hardness remains unchanged, and all the old shear lines, even the deepest, are the centres of fine and dense precipitations.
The tests of the shaft and the rings thus treated show performances which are extraordinarily improved and without common measure with those which are obtained, all other things being equal, either with non-Sulfinuzed knurled Hadfield steel or with non-knurled Sulfinuzed Hadfield steel.
In the example described above, the shaft of '40 mm. oscillated in a ring of 40 mm. in length with a clearance of 0.1 mm. on the diameter. The whole was assembled without lubrication and immersed in water. The amplitude of the oscillations was 90 and their frequency was 2 cycles/sec. The load was 2,000 kp.
Under these conditions, a shaft and a ring of knurled non-Sulfinuzed Hadfield steel showed traces of seizure with a great increase in the coefficient of friction at the end of 12 hours. A ring and a shaft of non-knurled but Sulfinuzed Hadfield steel showed defects by scaling at the end of 30 hours; on the other hand, the shaft and the ring treated according to the example of the process according to the invention were able to oscillate for 500 hours, while retaining a perfect state of surface and without variation of the coefiicient of friction.
Example 2 A part of Hadfield steel, cold-hardened and knurled, was plunged into a bath of molten salts at 560 C., containing cyanides and unstable isomers of potassium cyanate. After immersion in this bath, of which one of the types is known by the commercial name of Tenifer, the same precipitates are found along the planes of shear, without increase in the micro-hardness, over the first four-tenths of a millimeter of the surface of the part, as those which were observed on the cold-hardened parts subjected to a sulphurizing treatment.
Example 3 A shaft and rings of the same dimensions as those of Example 1 were machined from a standard stainless steel containing, by weight, 18% of chromium, 8% of nickel and 3% of molybdenum. Tested under the treatments according to the invention, substantially under the same conditions of tests as the parts of Example 1, that is to say with an amplitude of oscillations of a frequency of one cycle per sec. and a load of 2,000 kp., the whole immersed in water at 20 C., seizure inevitably occurs in less than a few minutes. On the other hand, when knurled and subjected to the sulphurizing treatment, an identical shaft can oscillate for more than 50 hours while retaining a satisfactory surface condition. The same advantage was obtained by means of nitridation.
Example 4 Parts of titanium or of titanium alloy were subjected to cold-hardening followed in some cases by a sulphurizing thermal treatment and in the other cases by a nitriding treatment. After these applications of the process according to the invention, they all showed equally as soon as they were put into use, a good resistance to seizure and to wear.
Thus, in a titanium alloy of the type Ti A, in accordance with French standards, there were taken two male and female oscillation test samples similar to those described in Example 1. These samples were knurled according to the invention with wheels of 20 mm. and 10 mm. in width, the striations being inclined by at least 60 to the direction of slip. The wheels must necessarily be made of high-speed steel previously Sulfinuzed so as to prevent them from adhering to the titanium. When Sulfinuzed, samples of this kind have been capable of oscillating without incident for 10 hours under a load of 200 kp., the amplitude being 90, the frequency one cycle/sec, the temperature ambient and the medium, water. Under the same conditions, the same sample pieces of titanium not treated according to the invention, seize-up instantly.
Example 5 A piece of Hadfield steel, after the cold-hardening operation, is immersed for two hours in a bath of nitriding salts at 560 C., the bath being constituted by a mixture of alkali cyanates and cyanides following the Tenifer process. After this mild nitridation, the part is subjected to the sulphurizing action of a bath such as that of the process known "by the commercial name of Sulfinuz, this process comprising a treatment of at least two hours in a sulphurizing 'bath or a sulphurizing atmosphere at a temperature exceeding 500 C. The results obtained are superior to those which are recorded on cold-hardened parts subjected only either to a sulphurizing treatment or to a nitriding treatment.
What is claimed is:
1. A method for producing metallic parts having a high resistance to seizure and to wear by friction, wherein parts made from a metallic material chosen from the group of metals capable of hardening by cold-hammering While exhibiting in its superficial crystalline structure a high density of planes of shear, and consisting of austenitic stainless steels, hyper-eutectoid alloy steels containing at least 11% by weight of manganese, titanium, and titanium alloys containing a major part of titanium, are subjected to a deep cold-hardening executed in such manner that it produces, on the surface of the part, striations substantially perpendicular to the direction of the friction, following which the part is subjected to the superficial incorporation of at least one element chosen from the group of the metalloids and transition metals, which metalloids and transition metals possess one of the two properties consisting firstly in the capacity of depositing at the surface of the parts an ionic compound by reaction with the underlying metal, and secondly of the capacity of inserting its atoms into the structure of the underlying metal while forming a solid insertion solution, the metalloid group consisting of nitrogen, carbon and sulphur and the transition metal group of selenium and tellurium, the superficial incorporation being obtained by maintaining a contact during a period comprised between 1 and 6 hours at a temperature from 400 to 590 C. between said part and a fluid such as a salt bath or a gaseous atmosphere, which contains the element to be incorporated.
2. A method for producing metallic parts having a high resistance to seizure and to wear by friction which comprises forming a metallic part of a metal capable of hardening by cold-hammering while exhibiting in its superficial crystalline structure a high density of planes of shear and selected from the group consisting of austenitic stainless steels, hyper-eutectoid alloy steels containing at least 11% by weight manganese, titanium, and titanium alloys containing a major part of titanium; subjecting the part to a deep cold-hardening executed in such a manner that it produces on the surface of the part striations substantially perpendicular to the direction of frictional wear; subjecting the striated part to superficial incorporation of at least one element selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, carbon, sulfur, selenium, and tellurium, by maintaining contact between said metal part and a fluid containing such element for a period of time between one and six hours at a temperature of about 400 to 590 C.
3. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein the deep cold-hardening is eifected by knurling.
4. A method according to claim 1 wherein the deep cold-hardening is effected 'by hammering with a striated hammer.
5. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the case where the element is sulphur, the parts are subjected to a thermal treatment of at least two hours in sulphurizing bath or a sulphurizing atmosphere at a temperature higher than 500 C.
6. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein in the case of incorporation of nitrogen, the said incorporation is obtained by means of any nitriding process which is eflt'ective below a maximum temperature of 580 C.
7. A method in accordance with claim 6, wherein after the nitridation, the part is subjected to a treatment for at least two hours in a sulphurizing bath at a temperature of at least 400 C.
References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,707,159 4/1955 Foucry et al. 1486.24 X 3,009,843 1l/l961 Nachtman et al. l48l2.1 3,022,204 2/ 1962 Muller et al. l48l5.5 3,208,885 9/1965 Muller 14815.5
FOREIGN PATENTS 782,263 9/1957 Great Britain.
DAVID L. RE'CK, Primary Examiner.
H. F. SAITO, Assistant Examiner.
Claims (1)
1. A METHOD FOR PRODUCING METALLIC PARTS HAVING A HIGH RESISTANCE TO SEIZURE AND TO WEAR BY FRICTION, WHEREIN PARTS MADE FROM A METALLIC MATERIAL CHOSEN FROM THE GROUP OF METALS CAPABLE OF HARDENING BYCOLD-HAMMERING WHILE EXHIBITING IN ITS SUPERFICIAL CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE A HIGH DENSITYOF PLANES OF SHEAR, AND CONSISTING OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS, HYPER-EUTECTOID ALLOY STEELS CONTAINING AT LEAST 11% BY WEIGHT OF MANGANESE, TITANIUM, AND TITANIUM ALLOYS CONTAINING AMOJOR PART OF TITANIUM, ARE SUBJECTED TO A DEEP COLD-HARDENING EXECUTED IN SUCH MANNER THAT IT PRODUCES, ON THE SURFACE OF THE PART, STRIATIONS SUBSTANTIALLY PERPENDICULAR TO THE DIRECTION OF THE FRICTION, FOLLOWING WHICH THE PART IS SUBJECTED TO THE SUPERFICIAL INCORPORATION OF AT LEAST ONE ELEMENT CHOSEN FROM THE GROUP OF THE METALLOIDS AND TRANSITION METALS, WHICH METALLOIDS AND TRANSITION METALS POSSESS ONE OF THE TWO PROPERTIES CONSISTING FIRSTLY IN THE CAPACITY OF DEPOSITING AT THE SURFACE OF THE PARTS AN IONIC COMPOUND BY REACTION WITH THE UNDERLYING METAL, AND SECONDLY OF THE CAPACITY OF INSERTING ITS ATOMS INTO THE STRUCTURE OF THE UNDERLYING METAL WHILE FORMING A SOLID INSERTION SOLUTION, THE METALLOID GROUP CONSISTING OF NITROGEN, CARON AND SULPHUR AND THE TRANSITION METAL GROUP OF SELENIUM AND TELLURIUM, THE SUPERFICIAL INCORPORATION BEING OBTAINED BY MAINTAINING A CONTACT DURING A PERIOD COMPRISED BETWEEN 1 AND 6 HOURS AT A TEMPERATURE FROM 400 TO 590*C. BETWEEN SAID PART AND A FLUID SUCH AS A SALT BATH OR A GASEOUS ATMOSPHERE, WHICH CONTAINS THE ELEMENT TO BE INCORPORATED.
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR956874A FR1386446A (en) | 1963-12-11 | 1963-12-11 | Friction elements particularly resistant to abrasion wear |
FR965390A FR85297E (en) | 1963-12-11 | 1964-02-27 | friction element particularly resistant to abrasion wear |
FR965616A FR85370E (en) | 1963-12-11 | 1964-02-28 | friction element particularly resistant to abrasion wear |
FR979152A FR85994E (en) | 1963-12-11 | 1964-06-22 | friction elements particularly resistant to abrasion wear |
FR979316A FR86012E (en) | 1963-12-11 | 1964-06-23 | friction elements particularly resistant to abrasion wear |
Publications (1)
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US3321338A true US3321338A (en) | 1967-05-23 |
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US417495A Expired - Lifetime US3321338A (en) | 1963-12-11 | 1964-12-10 | Friction elements especially resistant to wear by abrasion |
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US (1) | US3321338A (en) |
BE (1) | BE656607A (en) |
DE (1) | DE1521660A1 (en) |
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GB (1) | GB1088122A (en) |
LU (1) | LU47522A1 (en) |
OA (1) | OA00716A (en) |
SE (1) | SE321396B (en) |
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US3385739A (en) * | 1965-04-13 | 1968-05-28 | Eaton Yale & Towne | Alloy steel articles and the method of making |
US3398443A (en) * | 1963-03-07 | 1968-08-27 | Berliet Automobiles | Method of manufacturing an assembly of friction elements |
US3535169A (en) * | 1967-07-27 | 1970-10-20 | Berliet Automobiles | Friction elements especially resistant to wear by abrasion |
US3653990A (en) * | 1970-03-18 | 1972-04-04 | United States Steel Corp | Method for improving steel for carbonated beverage containers |
US3770595A (en) * | 1970-11-23 | 1973-11-06 | Stephanois Rech | Method of treatment of steel parts in order to increase their resistance to wear and abrasion |
US3817312A (en) * | 1972-08-30 | 1974-06-18 | Toyota Motor Co Ltd | Method of sulphurizing steel mold parts and parts produced thereby |
US3980506A (en) * | 1973-01-31 | 1976-09-14 | Carl Ullrich Peddinghaus | Process for manufacturing highly wear-resistant, undistorted, axially symmetrical parts |
US5955847A (en) * | 1994-06-10 | 1999-09-21 | Beacon Light Products, Inc. | Method for dimming a fluorescent lamp |
US6461448B1 (en) | 1998-08-12 | 2002-10-08 | Swagelok Company | Low temperature case hardening processes |
US20030155045A1 (en) * | 2002-02-05 | 2003-08-21 | Williams Peter C. | Lubricated low temperature carburized stainless steel parts |
US6746546B2 (en) * | 2001-11-02 | 2004-06-08 | Kolene Corporation | Low temperature nitriding salt and method of use |
EP2149617A1 (en) | 2008-07-29 | 2010-02-03 | Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation | Method and article for improved adhesion of fatigue-prone components |
US20110116931A1 (en) * | 2008-07-23 | 2011-05-19 | Snecma | Method for increasing the coefficient of adhesion between two parts rotating as one with a rotor |
CN105683404A (en) * | 2013-10-22 | 2016-06-15 | Dk-Lok公司 | Low temperature salt bath partial heat treatment method |
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FR2506339A1 (en) * | 1981-05-21 | 1982-11-26 | Creusot Loire | METHOD FOR THE ION NITRURATION OF A PLASTICALLY PREFORMED DEFORMED STEEL PART |
DE3142318A1 (en) * | 1981-10-24 | 1983-05-05 | Degussa Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | SALT BATH FOR NITRATING IRON MATERIALS |
US4820591A (en) * | 1987-05-11 | 1989-04-11 | Exxon Research And Engineering Company | Corrosion resistant article and method of manufacture |
US5447035A (en) * | 1993-04-19 | 1995-09-05 | Leading Edge, Incorporated | Method of treating brake pads |
JPH11344052A (en) * | 1998-04-02 | 1999-12-14 | Koyo Seiko Co Ltd | One-way clutch |
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1964
- 1964-06-23 FR FR979316A patent/FR86012E/en not_active Expired
- 1964-12-03 BE BE656607D patent/BE656607A/xx unknown
- 1964-12-04 LU LU47522A patent/LU47522A1/xx unknown
- 1964-12-09 GB GB50082/64A patent/GB1088122A/en not_active Expired
- 1964-12-10 DE DE19641521660 patent/DE1521660A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1964-12-10 SE SE14926/64A patent/SE321396B/xx unknown
- 1964-12-10 US US417495A patent/US3321338A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1964-12-11 OA OA50796A patent/OA00716A/en unknown
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US2707159A (en) * | 1947-02-19 | 1955-04-26 | Lubri Case Inc | Wear-resistant ferrous metal articles and their production |
GB782263A (en) * | 1953-12-01 | 1957-09-04 | Ici Ltd | Improvements in the production of a wear-resistant surface on ferrous metal parts |
US3009843A (en) * | 1956-10-22 | 1961-11-21 | Lasalle Steel Co | Steel products and method for producing same |
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Cited By (20)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3398443A (en) * | 1963-03-07 | 1968-08-27 | Berliet Automobiles | Method of manufacturing an assembly of friction elements |
US3385739A (en) * | 1965-04-13 | 1968-05-28 | Eaton Yale & Towne | Alloy steel articles and the method of making |
US3535169A (en) * | 1967-07-27 | 1970-10-20 | Berliet Automobiles | Friction elements especially resistant to wear by abrasion |
US3653990A (en) * | 1970-03-18 | 1972-04-04 | United States Steel Corp | Method for improving steel for carbonated beverage containers |
US3770595A (en) * | 1970-11-23 | 1973-11-06 | Stephanois Rech | Method of treatment of steel parts in order to increase their resistance to wear and abrasion |
US3817312A (en) * | 1972-08-30 | 1974-06-18 | Toyota Motor Co Ltd | Method of sulphurizing steel mold parts and parts produced thereby |
US3980506A (en) * | 1973-01-31 | 1976-09-14 | Carl Ullrich Peddinghaus | Process for manufacturing highly wear-resistant, undistorted, axially symmetrical parts |
US5955847A (en) * | 1994-06-10 | 1999-09-21 | Beacon Light Products, Inc. | Method for dimming a fluorescent lamp |
US6461448B1 (en) | 1998-08-12 | 2002-10-08 | Swagelok Company | Low temperature case hardening processes |
US6746546B2 (en) * | 2001-11-02 | 2004-06-08 | Kolene Corporation | Low temperature nitriding salt and method of use |
US20030155045A1 (en) * | 2002-02-05 | 2003-08-21 | Williams Peter C. | Lubricated low temperature carburized stainless steel parts |
US20110116931A1 (en) * | 2008-07-23 | 2011-05-19 | Snecma | Method for increasing the coefficient of adhesion between two parts rotating as one with a rotor |
US8881395B2 (en) * | 2008-07-23 | 2014-11-11 | Snecma | Method for increasing the coefficient of adhesion between two parts rotating as one with a rotor |
EP2149617A1 (en) | 2008-07-29 | 2010-02-03 | Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation | Method and article for improved adhesion of fatigue-prone components |
US20100028713A1 (en) * | 2008-07-29 | 2010-02-04 | Nardi Aaron T | Method and article for improved adhesion of fatigue-prone components |
US8065898B2 (en) | 2008-07-29 | 2011-11-29 | Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation | Method and article for improved adhesion of fatigue-prone components |
US8297094B2 (en) | 2008-07-29 | 2012-10-30 | Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation | Article for improved adhesion of fatigue-prone components |
CN105683404A (en) * | 2013-10-22 | 2016-06-15 | Dk-Lok公司 | Low temperature salt bath partial heat treatment method |
EP3061842A1 (en) * | 2013-10-22 | 2016-08-31 | DK-LOK Corporation | Low temperature salt bath partial heat treatment method |
EP3061842A4 (en) * | 2013-10-22 | 2017-05-03 | DK-LOK Corporation | Low temperature salt bath partial heat treatment method |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR86012E (en) | 1965-11-26 |
DE1521660A1 (en) | 1970-08-13 |
LU47522A1 (en) | 1965-02-04 |
GB1088122A (en) | 1967-10-25 |
OA00716A (en) | 1967-07-15 |
BE656607A (en) | 1965-04-01 |
DE1521660B2 (en) | 1970-12-17 |
SE321396B (en) | 1970-03-02 |
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