US3258406A - Process for improving cloud point of petroleum gas oil by hydrogenation thereof from hydrocarbon mixtures - Google Patents

Process for improving cloud point of petroleum gas oil by hydrogenation thereof from hydrocarbon mixtures Download PDF

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Publication number
US3258406A
US3258406A US330525A US33052563A US3258406A US 3258406 A US3258406 A US 3258406A US 330525 A US330525 A US 330525A US 33052563 A US33052563 A US 33052563A US 3258406 A US3258406 A US 3258406A
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micro
organism
hydrogenation
oil
yeast
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US330525A
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English (en)
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Laine Bernard Maurice
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BP PLC
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BP PLC
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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G32/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils by electric or magnetic means, by irradiation, or by using microorganisms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G67/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one process for refining in the absence of hydrogen only
    • C10G67/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one process for refining in the absence of hydrogen only plural serial stages only
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
    • Y10S435/8215—Microorganisms
    • Y10S435/822—Microorganisms using bacteria or actinomycetales
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
    • Y10S435/8215—Microorganisms
    • Y10S435/822—Microorganisms using bacteria or actinomycetales
    • Y10S435/832—Bacillus
    • Y10S435/837—Bacillus megaterium
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
    • Y10S435/8215—Microorganisms
    • Y10S435/822—Microorganisms using bacteria or actinomycetales
    • Y10S435/832—Bacillus
    • Y10S435/839—Bacillus subtilis
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
    • Y10S435/8215—Microorganisms
    • Y10S435/822—Microorganisms using bacteria or actinomycetales
    • Y10S435/874—Pseudomonas
    • Y10S435/875—Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
    • Y10S435/8215—Microorganisms
    • Y10S435/911—Microorganisms using fungi
    • Y10S435/921—Candida
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
    • Y10S435/8215—Microorganisms
    • Y10S435/911—Microorganisms using fungi
    • Y10S435/921—Candida
    • Y10S435/923—Candida lipolytica
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
    • Y10S435/8215—Microorganisms
    • Y10S435/911—Microorganisms using fungi
    • Y10S435/921—Candida
    • Y10S435/924—Candida tropicalis
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
    • Y10S435/8215—Microorganisms
    • Y10S435/911—Microorganisms using fungi
    • Y10S435/944—Torulopsis

Definitions

  • the petroleum fractions boiling below the gas oils for example, heavy naphthenes and kerosines also contain straight chain hydrocarbons which are potentially valuable for conversion to other products but hitherto, in general, utilisation of these hydrocarbons has been rendered difficult by the necessity of recovering these hydrocarbons from the petroleum fractions, in which they are contained, before they can be converted to other products.
  • a process which comprises, in a micro-organism growth stage, cultivating a micro-organism in the presence of a hydrocarbon feedstock consisting of a mixture of straight chain hydrocarbons with other hydrocarbons; in the presence of an aqueous nutrient medium; and in the presence of a gas containing free oxygen, thereafter separating the micro-organism from the hydrocarbon residue and subjecting said hydrocarbon residue to hydrogenation.
  • the feedstock is a petroleum fraction.
  • the process of the invention is of particular value for the treatment of petroleum gas oil fractions which contain straight chain hydrocarbons in the form of waxes, since by the process of the invention, a gas oil of improved pour point is obtained while the waxes are converted to a valuable product.
  • straight-chain hydrocarbons will be present in the feedstocks according to the invention as paraffins; however, the straight chain hydrocarbons may be present as olefins; also there may be used a mixture containing straight chain parafiins and olefins.
  • the percentage conversion of straight chain hydrocarbons which is achieved can be maintained at a value approaching without necessitating a very disproportionate expenditure of contact time to achieve small improvements. Furthermore, in the continuous process, this high percentage conversion can be achived without resorting to the use of a long reaction path.
  • Suitable feedstocks to the process of the invention include kerosine, gas oils and lubricating oils; these feedstocks may be unrefined or may have undergone some refinery treatment, but will usually be required to contain a proportion of straight chain hydrocarbons in order to fulfil the purpose of this invention.
  • the petroleum fraction will contain 345% by weight of straight chain hydrocarbons.
  • Micro-organisms which are cultivated as herein described may be yeasts, moulds or bacteria.
  • a yeast is employed this is of the family'Cryptococcaceae and particularly of the sub-family Cryptoccoccoideae; however, if desired there may be used, for example, ascosporogeneous yeasts of the sub-family Saccharomycoideae.
  • Preferred genera of the Cryptococcoideae sub-family are Torulopsis (also known as Torula) and Candida.
  • Preferred strains of yeast are as follows. In particular it is preferred to use the specific stock of indicated Baarn reference numbers; these reference numbers refer to stock held by the Centraal Bureau vor Schimmelculture, Baarn, Holland:
  • Candida lipolylicd Candida pwlcherrima CBS 610 Candida utilis Candida utilis, Variati major CBS 841 Candida lropicalis CBS 2317 Torulopsis collisculosa CBS 133 Hansennla anomala Oidium lactis Neurospora sitophila Of the above Candida lipolytica is particularly preferred.
  • the micro-organism may be a mould.
  • a suitable strain is Penicillium expansum.
  • the micro-organism may be a bacterium.
  • the bacteria are of one of the orders: Pseudomonadales, Eubacteriales and Actinomycetales.
  • the bacteria which are employed are of the family Bacillaceae and Pseud-omonadaceae.
  • Preferred species are Bacillus megatcrium, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
  • Other strains which may be employed include:
  • Suitable moulds are of the family As-pergillaceae.
  • a suitable genus is Penicillium Preferably there is used Penicillium expansum.
  • cultivation is carried out in the presence of an aqueous nutrient medium.
  • an aqueous nutrient medium may be employed.
  • certain solid nutrient media may be employed.
  • Penicilliam expansum is suitable for cultivation in an aqueous nutrient medium containing hydrocarbons.
  • Penicillium roqueforti penicillium notataum, Aspergillus fussigatas and Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus versicolor may be used for cultivation on a solid agent containing hydrocarbons as feedstock.
  • an aqueous nutrient medium and a supply of oxygen preferably in the form of air.
  • a typical nutrient medium for the growth of Nocardia a genus in the Actinomycetales order, has the following composition:
  • a suitable nutrient medium has the composition:
  • a suitable nutrient medium for yeasts (and moulds) has the composition:
  • the growth of the micro-organism used is favoured by the addition to the culture medium of a very small proportion of extract of yeast (an industrial product rich in vitamins of group B obtained by the hydrolysis of a yeast) or more generally of vitamins of group B and/ or biotin.
  • This quantity is preferably of the order of 25 parts per million with reference to the aqueous fermentation medium. It can be higher or lower according to the conditions chosen for the growth.
  • the growth of the micro-organism takes place at the expense of the feedstock fraction with the intermediate production of bodies having an acid function, principally fatty acids, in such manner that the pH of the aqueous mineral medium progressively diminishes. If one does not correct it the growth is fairly rapidly arrested and the concentration of the micro-organism in the medium, that is cellular density, no longer increases so that there is reached a so-called stationary phase.
  • the aqueous nutrient medium is maintained at a desired pH by the step-wise or continuous addition of an aqueous medium of high pH value.
  • an aqueous medium of high pH value usually, when using moulds or yeasts and in particular when using Candida lipolytica, the pH of the nutrient medium will be maintained in the range 36 and preferably in the range 4-5. (Bacteria require a higher pH, usually 6.5-8.)
  • Suitable alkaline materials for addition to the growth mixture include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, disodium hydrogen phosphate and ammonia, either free or in aqueous solution.
  • the optimum temperature of the growth mixture will vary according to the type of micro-organism employed and will usually lie in the range 2535 C. When using Candida lipolytica the preferred temperature range is 28-32 C.
  • the take-up of oxygen is essential for the growth of the micro-organism.
  • the oxygen will usually be provided as air.
  • the air, used to provide oxygen should be present in the form of fine bubbles under the action of stirring.
  • the air may be introduced through a sintered surface. However there may be used the system of intimate aeration known as vortex aeration.
  • the micro-organism will usually grow initially at a low rate of increase in cellular density. (This period of growth is referred to as the lag phase). Subsequently the rate of growth will increase to a higher rate of growth; the period at the higher rate of growth is referred to as the exponential phase and subsequently again the cellular density will become constant (the stationary phase).
  • a supply of the micro-organism for starting the next batch will preferably be removed before the termination of the exponential phase.
  • the growth operation will usually be discontinued before the stationary phase.
  • the micro-organism will usually be separated from the bulk of the aqueous nutrient medium and from the bulk of the un-used feedstock fraction.
  • micro-organism may be subjected to autolysis before further purification of the product.
  • the major part of the continuous aqueous phase is first separated; preferably this is carried out by centrifuging or decanting.
  • the separated aqueous phase will usually contain a greater concentration of non-nutritive ions than can be tolerated in the recycle stream and when this is so, only a proportion of the recovered aqueous phase can be recycled.
  • the recycle stream is supplied with make-up quantities of the necessary nutrients and is returned to the fermenter;
  • make-up materials may be fed to the fermenter as a separate stream.
  • the process as applied to the cultivation of a yeast, may incorporate product separation stages as follows. In some cases micro-organisms other than yeasts may be separated in this manner.
  • a yeast cream consisting of yeast, having a quantity of oil fixed on to the cells, together with aqueous phase.
  • fraction (ii) fraction (iii) or a blend of fractions (i) and (iii) is mixed with an aqueous solution of a surfactant.
  • the purpose of this treatment is to separate the oil from the yeast cells; the oil being apparently held to the cells by adsorption.
  • an edible surfactant for example a saccharose ester, which makes it possible to reduce the subsequent Washing required to remove from the yeast a surfactant which is not edible.
  • the emulsion so formed is broken down by centrifuging toobtain three fractions.
  • a yeast cream consisting of yeast still contaminated by oil together with an aqueous surfactant phase.
  • the aqueous washing solution containing it is recycled.
  • Fraction (vi) may be further treated by alternate washing with surfactant and centrifuging until the oil content of the yeast has reached a desired low value.
  • the yeast cream now consisting of yeast and aqueous surfactant may now be washed with water and again centrifuged. If desired two or more washings may be given to this yeast cream. 7 these water washings (but preferably not the last) may make use of salt water (for example sea water); preferably the final wash is with soft water.
  • the whole of this water coming from the last washing is employed for making up the nutritive medium for the fermentation, where necessary at the stage of washing with the solution of surfactant, and the rest is sent to the salt water used for washing with a view to reducing its salt concentration.
  • the yeast may be dried under conditions suitable for its subsequent use as a foodstuff.
  • the recovered unmetabolised hydrocarbon with or without an intervening refining stage is subjected to hydrogenation.
  • Suitable catalysts for use in the hydrogenation stage are compounds of cobalt and molybdenum with or without iron, nickel metal, nickel/tungsten sulphide, or any other conventional hydrogenation or desulphurising catalyst.
  • the temperature may lie in the range 100500 C. according to the catalyst; pressure from 10-70 kgs./sq. cm.; space velocity from 1-10 vol./vol./hour, hydrogen/ hydrocarbon ratio in the range 0.1/1 to 5/1.
  • the hy- If desired, one or more of 6 drogenation stage may be carried out in liquid, gas or mixed phase.
  • cellular density is expressed as dry weight of yeast per litre of culture.
  • Example 1 Grams Diammonium phosphate 2 Potassium chloride 1.15 Magnesium sulphate, 7H O 0.65 Zinc sulphate 0.17 Manganese sulphate, 1H O 0.045 Ferrous sulphate, 7H O 0.068 Yeast extract 0.025 Tap Water 200 Distilled water add. 1000 ml.
  • the temperature of the culture was controlled at 30-* -1 C., pH 4, agitation and aeration were such that the rate of aeration was 3 millimoles 0 per litre of medium per minute.
  • An automatic pH controller added 10 N ammonia.
  • Example 2 A continuous culture in a litre fermenter containing 3 litres of culture was fed at a rate of 300 ml./ hr. with a medium containing by weight of heavy gas-oil emulsified in 90% of a mineral medium as given in Example 1.
  • the pH was held at 4:01 by the automatic addition of 10 N ammonia using a suitable apparatus. Temperature was maintained at 30 C.," and agitation and aeration were such that the aeration rate was 3 millimoles O per litre of medium per minute.
  • the cloud point was lowered from +21 to 0 C.
  • a process for the removal, at least in part, of waxes from a wax-containing petroleum gas oil which comprises, in a micro-organism growth stage, cultivating a straight chain hydrocarbon consuming-micro-organism in the presence of said wax-containing petroleum gas oil; in the presence of an aqueous nutrient medium; and in the presence of gas containing free oxygen, thereafter separating the micro-organism from the gas oil of reduced content of wax, and subjecting the gas oil to hydrogenation to reduce its cloud point.
  • yeast is of the sub-family Cryptococcoideae.
  • yeast is Candida lipolytica.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
  • Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)
US330525A 1962-12-31 1963-12-16 Process for improving cloud point of petroleum gas oil by hydrogenation thereof from hydrocarbon mixtures Expired - Lifetime US3258406A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB49055/62A GB1059884A (en) 1962-12-31 1962-12-31 Process for the removal, wholly or in part, of straight chain hydrocarbons from hydrocarbon mixtures

Publications (1)

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US3258406A true US3258406A (en) 1966-06-28

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US330525A Expired - Lifetime US3258406A (en) 1962-12-31 1963-12-16 Process for improving cloud point of petroleum gas oil by hydrogenation thereof from hydrocarbon mixtures

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US (1) US3258406A (en:Method)
AT (1) AT268181B (en:Method)
BR (1) BR6355789D0 (en:Method)
CY (1) CY424A (en:Method)
DE (1) DE1545238A1 (en:Method)
DK (1) DK109050C (en:Method)
FI (1) FI43859C (en:Method)
GB (1) GB1059884A (en:Method)
MY (1) MY6800066A (en:Method)
SE (1) SE342833B (en:Method)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3536585A (en) * 1966-02-03 1970-10-27 British Petroleum Co Cultivation and recovery of micro-organisms

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1345589A (en) * 1912-03-29 1920-07-06 Ellis Carleton Process of hydrogenation
US2373501A (en) * 1942-04-18 1945-04-10 Du Pont Preparation of cyclohexane
US2373673A (en) * 1942-07-06 1945-04-17 Shell Dev Production of cyclohexane from petroleum
US2697062A (en) * 1951-03-30 1954-12-14 Texaco Development Corp Processing of hydrocarbons
US2697061A (en) * 1950-08-17 1954-12-14 Texaco Development Corp Processing of hydrocarbons
US2742398A (en) * 1951-06-09 1956-04-17 Texaco Development Corp Method of removing deposits of wax and like materials
US2982692A (en) * 1957-06-26 1961-05-02 Hardin B Mcdill Dewaxing of oils
US3069325A (en) * 1959-12-21 1962-12-18 Phillips Petroleum Co Treatment of hydrocarbons

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1345589A (en) * 1912-03-29 1920-07-06 Ellis Carleton Process of hydrogenation
US2373501A (en) * 1942-04-18 1945-04-10 Du Pont Preparation of cyclohexane
US2373673A (en) * 1942-07-06 1945-04-17 Shell Dev Production of cyclohexane from petroleum
US2697061A (en) * 1950-08-17 1954-12-14 Texaco Development Corp Processing of hydrocarbons
US2697062A (en) * 1951-03-30 1954-12-14 Texaco Development Corp Processing of hydrocarbons
US2742398A (en) * 1951-06-09 1956-04-17 Texaco Development Corp Method of removing deposits of wax and like materials
US2982692A (en) * 1957-06-26 1961-05-02 Hardin B Mcdill Dewaxing of oils
US3069325A (en) * 1959-12-21 1962-12-18 Phillips Petroleum Co Treatment of hydrocarbons

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3536585A (en) * 1966-02-03 1970-10-27 British Petroleum Co Cultivation and recovery of micro-organisms

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CY424A (en) 1968-01-08
AT268181B (de) 1969-02-10
SE342833B (en:Method) 1972-02-21
FI43859B (en:Method) 1971-03-31
FI43859C (fi) 1971-07-12
DE1545238A1 (de) 1969-07-31
DK109050C (da) 1968-03-11
MY6800066A (en) 1968-12-31
GB1059884A (en) 1967-02-22
BR6355789D0 (pt) 1973-08-28

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