US2697062A - Processing of hydrocarbons - Google Patents
Processing of hydrocarbons Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2697062A US2697062A US218546A US21854651A US2697062A US 2697062 A US2697062 A US 2697062A US 218546 A US218546 A US 218546A US 21854651 A US21854651 A US 21854651A US 2697062 A US2697062 A US 2697062A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- hydrocarbon
- hydrocarbons
- molds
- yeasts
- microorganisms
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 title claims description 31
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 31
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000003904 phospholipids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 241001363490 Monilia Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 241000228212 Aspergillus Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 241000228143 Penicillium Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 241000235070 Saccharomyces Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011369 resultant mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000002459 sustained effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 14
- 229940067606 lecithin Drugs 0.000 description 13
- 239000000787 lecithin Substances 0.000 description 13
- IIZPXYDJLKNOIY-JXPKJXOSSA-N 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCC IIZPXYDJLKNOIY-JXPKJXOSSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 240000004808 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Species 0.000 description 11
- 235000010445 lecithin Nutrition 0.000 description 11
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 11
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 235000014680 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 9
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 8
- -1 isopentan'e Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 7
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 6
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 description 6
- 241001225321 Aspergillus fumigatus Species 0.000 description 5
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000865 phosphorylative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- WGECXQBGLLYSFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dimethylpentane Chemical compound CCC(C)C(C)C WGECXQBGLLYSFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229940091771 aspergillus fumigatus Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002054 inoculum Substances 0.000 description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 3
- BZHMBWZPUJHVEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dimethylpentane Natural products CC(C)CC(C)C BZHMBWZPUJHVEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CFWRDBDJAOHXSH-SECBINFHSA-N 2-azaniumylethyl [(2r)-2,3-diacetyloxypropyl] phosphate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC[C@@H](OC(C)=O)COP(O)(=O)OCCN CFWRDBDJAOHXSH-SECBINFHSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000228197 Aspergillus flavus Species 0.000 description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclopentane Chemical compound C1CCCC1 RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000228150 Penicillium chrysogenum Species 0.000 description 2
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- OCKPCBLVNKHBMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N butylbenzene Chemical compound CCCCC1=CC=CC=C1 OCKPCBLVNKHBMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001804 emulsifying effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 2
- GDOPTJXRTPNYNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylcyclopentane Chemical compound CC1CCCC1 GDOPTJXRTPNYNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007127 saponification reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- IIYGOARYARWJBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,4-trimethylheptane Chemical compound CCCC(C)CC(C)(C)C IIYGOARYARWJBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HHOSMYBYIHNXNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,5-trimethylhexane Chemical compound CC(C)CCC(C)(C)C HHOSMYBYIHNXNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LRYZPFWEZHSTHD-HEFFAWAOSA-O 2-[[(e,2s,3r)-2-formamido-3-hydroxyoctadec-4-enoxy]-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxyethyl-trimethylazanium Chemical class CCCCCCCCCCCCC\C=C\[C@@H](O)[C@@H](NC=O)COP(O)(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C LRYZPFWEZHSTHD-HEFFAWAOSA-O 0.000 description 1
- GXDHCNNESPLIKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylhexane Chemical class CCCCC(C)C GXDHCNNESPLIKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MTJGVAJYTOXFJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-aminonaphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C2=CC(N)=CC(S(O)(=O)=O)=C21 MTJGVAJYTOXFJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JIUFYGIESXPUPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-methylhex-1-ene Chemical class CC(C)CCC=C JIUFYGIESXPUPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DFVOXRAAHOJJBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-methylhept-1-ene Chemical class CC(C)CCCC=C DFVOXRAAHOJJBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 241000125121 Aspergillus carbonarius Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000228245 Aspergillus niger Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001465318 Aspergillus terreus Species 0.000 description 1
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NHTMVDHEPJAVLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isooctane Chemical class CC(C)CC(C)(C)C NHTMVDHEPJAVLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007836 KH2PO4 Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000228127 Penicillium griseofulvum Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000115721 Pennisetum typhoides Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920002319 Poly(methyl acrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000014443 Pyrus communis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- PTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc dication Chemical compound [Zn+2] PTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005273 aeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium sulfate Chemical compound N.N.OS(O)(=O)=O BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940044197 ammonium sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052921 ammonium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011130 ammonium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001851 biosynthetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003139 buffering effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 244000309464 bull Species 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960001231 choline Drugs 0.000 description 1
- OEYIOHPDSNJKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N choline Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)CCO OEYIOHPDSNJKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000287 crude extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010685 fatty oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007792 gaseous phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003102 growth factor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptamethylene Natural products C1CCCCCC1 DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011081 inoculation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SURQXAFEQWPFPV-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate heptahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.O.[Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O SURQXAFEQWPFPV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- QWTDNUCVQCZILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N isopentane Chemical compound CCC(C)C QWTDNUCVQCZILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001425 magnesium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- YIXJRHPUWRPCBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium nitrate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O YIXJRHPUWRPCBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WRUGWIBCXHJTDG-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium sulfate heptahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.O.[Mg+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O WRUGWIBCXHJTDG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;hydrate Chemical compound C.O VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000402 monopotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019796 monopotassium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010705 motor oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010742 number 1 fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940049964 oleate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004006 olive oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000008390 olive oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229940085991 phosphate ion Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GNSKLFRGEWLPPA-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [K+].OP(O)([O-])=O GNSKLFRGEWLPPA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000001453 quaternary ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008149 soap solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004936 stimulating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003760 tallow Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/64—Fats; Fatty oils; Ester-type waxes; Higher fatty acids, i.e. having at least seven carbon atoms in an unbroken chain bound to a carboxyl group; Oxidised oils or fats
- C12P7/6409—Fatty acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
- C12N1/26—Processes using, or culture media containing, hydrocarbons
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/64—Fats; Fatty oils; Ester-type waxes; Higher fatty acids, i.e. having at least seven carbon atoms in an unbroken chain bound to a carboxyl group; Oxidised oils or fats
- C12P7/6436—Fatty acid esters
- C12P7/6445—Glycerides
- C12P7/6463—Glycerides obtained from glyceride producing microorganisms, e.g. single cell oil
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/64—Fats; Fatty oils; Ester-type waxes; Higher fatty acids, i.e. having at least seven carbon atoms in an unbroken chain bound to a carboxyl group; Oxidised oils or fats
- C12P7/6436—Fatty acid esters
- C12P7/6445—Glycerides
- C12P7/6481—Phosphoglycerides
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
- Y10S435/8215—Microorganisms
- Y10S435/911—Microorganisms using fungi
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
- Y10S435/8215—Microorganisms
- Y10S435/911—Microorganisms using fungi
- Y10S435/913—Aspergillus
- Y10S435/915—Aspergillus flavus
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
- Y10S435/8215—Microorganisms
- Y10S435/911—Microorganisms using fungi
- Y10S435/913—Aspergillus
- Y10S435/916—Aspergillus fumigatus
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
- Y10S435/8215—Microorganisms
- Y10S435/911—Microorganisms using fungi
- Y10S435/933—Penicillium
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
- Y10S435/8215—Microorganisms
- Y10S435/911—Microorganisms using fungi
- Y10S435/933—Penicillium
- Y10S435/936—Penicillium notatium
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
- Y10S435/8215—Microorganisms
- Y10S435/911—Microorganisms using fungi
- Y10S435/94—Saccharomyces
Definitions
- microorganisms such as molds, yeasts and the like can be caused to grow quite rapidly upon relatively inexpensive substrates such as hydrocarbons in an emulsified phase with the production of relatively large yields of desirable products including fat-like saponifiable materials, and other products.
- substrates such as hydrocarbons
- Such conditions include such factors as the selection and maintenance of a proper pH range and temperature range, the selection of proper nutrient salts, and the selection of a proper emulsifying agent. In some cases, the selection of predetermined concentrations of both salts and substrates is desirable.
- the practice of the invention involves the use of a nutrient salt solution such as a solution of the mineral salts type with a pH in a selected range and the use of a hydrocarbon, the use of an emulsifying agent, preferably of a type capable of also functioning as a phosphorylating agent, the inoculation of 'the mixture with a selected microorganism or microorganisms, the maintenance of the mixturewithin predetermined temperature and pH ranges for a time sufficient to effect the desired biosynthesis, and the recovery of the desired products.
- a nutrient salt solution such as a solution of the mineral salts type with a pH in a selected range and the use of a hydrocarbon
- an emulsifying agent preferably of a type capable of also functioning as a phosphorylating agent
- the inoculation of 'the mixture with a selected microorganism or microorganisms the maintenance of the mixturewithin predetermined temperature and pH ranges for a time sufficient to effect the desired biosynthesis, and the recovery of
- Cut D will usually give the best yield and product as expressed in grams of mold mycelia. Cut D will usually give a yield of over twice as much as Cut A, about 50% more than Cut B and about 33% more than Cut C.
- Cut I will usually give a yield of about three times the yield of Cut F measured in mold mycelia, of about twice the yield of Cut G and about 1% times the yield of Cut H.
- Relatively simple hydrocarbons such as isopentan'e, n-pentane, 2-2-dimethylbutane, 2,2,4-trimethylheptane, n-heptane, isoheptanes, isoheptenes, isooctanes, isooctenes, 2,3-dimethylpentane, cyclopentane, butylbenzene, 2,2,5 trimethylhexane, 2,3 dimethylpentane, Z-pentane, methylcyclopentane, and l-pentene can also be used as well as hexane.
- Microorganisms suitable for use include molds, yeasts and the like.
- Typical examples are molds of the genus Penicillium such as P. rocqueforti, P. glaucum, P. chrysogenum, P. patulum, and notatum, molds of the genus Aspergillus such as A. fumigatus (strain TDC #946), A. carbonarius, A. niger, A. flavus and A. terreus.
- Typical yeasts include Monilia murmanica, Monilia sitophile and Saccharomyces. I
- Source of isolation A mixed sample composed of soils taken from areas in which oils were undergoing decomposition and water taken from sumps, tank bottoms, and waters which had been in contact with refinery wastes; decomposing asphalt, Wax and used motor oil were included in the sample.
- the character of the nutrient media or mineral salts solution will vary to some extent in accordance with the type of microorganism used and the type if hydrocarbon. Generally, it should contain N, P, K, S, Fe, Mg,
- the medium may be fortified or enriched with accessory growth factors such as water extract of yeast such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
- the character of the medium may also be varied dependent upon the type of product that it is desired to produce in the .most abundance.
- the process may bepracticed in a number of different ways.
- the growth may be accomplished in a static phase on the surface of the'liquidzmixture.
- Pre'r-- erably it is practiced as a deep culture process by mechanical agitation such as stirring or shakingin the case of liquids.
- contact may be established and:maintained by the method :described in the copending application of Rhett G. Harris,
- the pH with molds may vary from 1 -,to .9. .With yeasts, the pH may vary from 4 to9. its :selection :is governed by the particular microorganisms, the (particular hydrocarbon and the endproducts'desired.
- the emulsifying agent may be one of the more common and well-known agents for emulsifying hydrocarbon and water but is preferably an agent which is preferentially L soluble in'the hydrocarbon but not in'water.
- an emulsion is obtained in Which Water is the dispersed phase. This results in better contact of the'microorganism which is essentially hydrophilic and the hydrophobic source of carbon. Stated otherwise, the resulting mixture is preferably one in which water or salt medium globules are dispersed in hydrocarbon.
- the emulsifying agent be characterized by apparent phosphorylating properties, i. e., capable of entering into the mechanism of fat resynthesis in the animal body.
- Calcium stearate is .an example of one of the more common emulsifying agents that might be used but which do not possess .phosphorylating. properties.
- Apreferred agent capable. of functioning in both .an emulsifying and phosphorylating.capacity, is lecithin which may be represented by .the.formula:
- R1 aridRz are fatty acid anions, such as oleate
- R3 is the quaternary ammonium base choline.
- monoaminomonophospholipids such as cephalin may be used as well as the diaminomonophospholipids of which the sphingomyelins are typical.
- the proportion of emulsifier or phospholipid used in the process does not appear to be particularly critical. Amounts varying from 0.1% by volume of the hydrocarbon to as much as 10 grams per ml. hydrocarbon have been found to produce satisfactory results. The amount of emulsifier used such as lecithin is so small that it would not be used by the microorganism as a carbon source.
- lecithin is added to kerosine in a proportion of 0.1 gram of lecithin to 100 ml. of kerosine.
- the type of hydrocarbon used is not critical nor is the above-indicated proportion of lecithin critical. Proportions as high as l to 10 grams of lecithin to 100 ml. of kerosine have been found to be equally effective.
- a suitable sterile mineral salts or nutrient solution is then prepared.
- Such asolution may vary widely in composition and proportion, the following being typical:
- the pH of such a solution is about 5
- the composition of the mineral salts solution may be Widely variedprovidedthat the following are supplied thereby:
- Ammonium ions uchas ammoniumsulfate or nitrate Magnesium ion Phosphate ion iron and Zinc ion (intraces) Manganese, calcium,vcopper and iodide ions which ap pear to have a stimulatory effect
- a mineral. salts solution prepared as described above, is addedto the kerosineflecithin. combinationin a proportion of nine,parts mineral salts solution to one part kerosine-lecithin.
- the mixture is then stirred andan inoculum including the mycelial :growth and-the .sporesofaseed culture of amold knowntoutilize thespecifichydrocarbon as a source of carbonand energy is added'in an amount of from 10.1% .to 20% by'fvolume.
- the inoculum is formedsas a thick suspepsion of theorganism in the nutrientrmedium constituting about 10% by volume of the totalcharge.
- the amount of inoculum can be varied widely since .such .variation ,is limiting only upon the periodof .timesubsequently necessary for growth of the myceliato befully established in the desired submerged culture.
- the culture vessel is then held at' a substantially constanttemperature in the range. of about .20 C. to 45 ;'C., preferablyabout 30 3.C.,.and the mixture maintainedinan agitated condition by shaking or stirring.
- Sterile airor.oxygen,.preferably tat superatmos- Pheric pressure is introducedat .a vigorousrate into the depths of the cu'ltureas through .a porous bubbler.
- the yield of mold mycelia is increased from 200% to 300%.
- the mycelia can be dried and a crude extract prepared by chloroform extraction. After removal of the solvent, the residue is treated with approximately two-thirds its weight of potassium hydroxide dissolved in alcohol and refluxed to effect saponification. Following saponification about two-thirds of the solvent alcohol is removed by heating. The residual soap solution is then extracted with petroleum ether to remove the non-saponifiable fraction. Following this step, the aqueous liquor is made strongly acid with a mineral acid and the free organic acids extracted with diethyl ether.
- the saponifiable material thus recovered does not consist exclusively of fatty acids of the usual aliphatic character. Some products are found which react chemically very nearly the same as the fatty acids but they are not the usual aliphatic fatty acids such as the straight-chain acids containing an even number of carbon atoms such as C acid (capric), C12 acid (lauric or dodecenoic), etc., such acids being usually obtained from the naturally-occurring fats.
- the mixed fatty acids obtained are in the nature of pale yellow solids at room temperature with the characteristic appearance of a fat. A slightly, pleasant, fatlike odor is present and the taste is similar to that of candle tallow or similar stearins.
- the product melts at about 29.5" C. and has a setting point of 17.5 C. The mean molecular weight is 294, and the iodine number 83.5. Of the common fats or fatty oils, the product most closely resembled the mixed fatty acids from olive oil.
- lecithin is added in an amount of 0.01% the volume of kerosine.
- the mycelia may be processed as described in the afore-mentioned Harris and Strawinski application to recover other products.
- the present invention provides a novel process for the synthesis of relatively valuable fat-like saponifiable materials and other products in relatively large yields from relatively cheap raw materials, i. e., hydrocarbons.
- the use of an emulsifying agent, particularly an agent possessing phosphorylating properties, is particularly advantageous in submerged, stirred and aerated culture processes.
- the method of synthesizing large yields of fat like saponifiable materials from hydrocarbons which comprises the steps of dispersing hydrocarbon with a phospholipid in an aqueous nutrient medium for microorganisms, inoculating the resultant mixture with a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Penicillium molds, Aspergillus molds, Monilia yeasts and Saccharomyces yeasts, subjecting the inoculated mixture to incubating conditions for a sustained period of time, collecting the resultant solid material and separating synthesized fat-like materials therefrom.
- microorganism is Penicillium notatum.
- microorganism is Aspergillus flavus.
- the method of increasing the yield of fat-like saponifiable materials obtained by the action of microorganisms selected from the group consisting of the Penicillium molds, the Aspergillus molds, the Monilia yeasts and the Saccharomyces yeasts on the hydrocarbon in aqueous nutrient medium which comprises the steps of adding a phospholipid emulsifying agent to the mixture of hydrocarbon and nutrient medium.
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Description
United States PatentO Development Corporation, New York, N. Y., a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Application March 30, 1951,
I Serial No. 218,546
Claims. (Cl. 1953) This invention relates to the production of biosynthetics from hydrocarbons and more particularly to the production of fat-like saponifiable'materials from hydrocarbons by the action of molds, yeasts, and other microorganisms, the invention being an improvement over the invention disclosed in the copending application of R. G. Harris and R. J. Strawinski filed August l7, 1950 bearing Serial No. 180,092 and entitledProcessing of Hydrocarbons.
It has been known for some time that such microorganisms have the ability to attack-ormetabolize some materials such as carbohydrates. Since carbohydrates are relatively expensive raw materials and in most cases, of greater value than the products produced therefrom, other raw materials have been sought. A considerable amount of work has been done with hydrocarbons but to date it has not been generally successful and has not been on a practical basis, apparently because of the failure to appreciate certain factors as hereinafter described. Probably the most discouraging aspect of the hydrocarbon work done heretofore is the fact that the principal products have'been carbon dioxide and water. Apparently, this has been due to a studied adherence to established methods of procedure and a failure to appreciate the possible effects of radical departures therefrom.v
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide novel processes wherein hydrocarbons can be effectively utilized in biosynthesis including the production of relatively high yields of fat-like saponifiable materials and other products. I
Other objects and advantages of the invention will appear from the following description taken in connection with the attached claims.
In brief, it has been discovered that under certain conditions, microorganisms such as molds, yeasts and the like can be caused to grow quite rapidly upon relatively inexpensive substrates such as hydrocarbons in an emulsified phase with the production of relatively large yields of desirable products including fat-like saponifiable materials, and other products. Such conditions include such factors as the selection and maintenance of a proper pH range and temperature range, the selection of proper nutrient salts, and the selection of a proper emulsifying agent. In some cases, the selection of predetermined concentrations of both salts and substrates is desirable.
Broadly stated, the practice of the invention involves the use of a nutrient salt solution such as a solution of the mineral salts type with a pH in a selected range and the use of a hydrocarbon, the use of an emulsifying agent, preferably of a type capable of also functioning as a phosphorylating agent, the inoculation of 'the mixture with a selected microorganism or microorganisms, the maintenance of the mixturewithin predetermined temperature and pH ranges for a time sufficient to effect the desired biosynthesis, and the recovery of the desired products.
Any type of hydrocarbon can be utilized in the process. Good results can be obtained with complex hydrocarbons such as crude oil, kerosine, paraifin wax, naphtha, gasoline, gas oil, lubricating oils and bottom sediments from oil tanks. Of the above, even better results can be secured with certain selected cuts. For instance, a kerosine water white oil, sold by The Texas Company under. the trade name Crystalite and having a B. P. range of 178= C.-261 C. can be fractionated into the following cuts:
Refraction Specific out Index Gravity Of the above cuts of kerosine, Cut D will usually give the best yield and product as expressed in grams of mold mycelia. Cut D will usually give a yield of over twice as much as Cut A, about 50% more than Cut B and about 33% more than Cut C.
Commercial stove oil, having a B. P. range of 167 C.
. to 277 C. can be similarly fractionated by ASTM distillation methods into the following four cuts:
o Refraction Specific out Index Gravity Of the above, Cut I will usually give a yield of about three times the yield of Cut F measured in mold mycelia, of about twice the yield of Cut G and about 1% times the yield of Cut H.
Relatively simple hydrocarbons such as isopentan'e, n-pentane, 2-2-dimethylbutane, 2,2,4-trimethylheptane, n-heptane, isoheptanes, isoheptenes, isooctanes, isooctenes, 2,3-dimethylpentane, cyclopentane, butylbenzene, 2,2,5 trimethylhexane, 2,3 dimethylpentane, Z-pentane, methylcyclopentane, and l-pentene can also be used as well as hexane.
Microorganisms suitable for use include molds, yeasts and the like. Typical examples are molds of the genus Penicillium such as P. rocqueforti, P. glaucum, P. chrysogenum, P. patulum, and notatum, molds of the genus Aspergillus such as A. fumigatus (strain TDC #946), A. carbonarius, A. niger, A. flavus and A. terreus. Typical yeasts include Monilia murmanica, Monilia sitophile and Saccharomyces. I
The majority of the above are available from the American Type Culture Collection. One such mold that igsssgitable for use is unidentified except for the number One of the best microorganisms for use in the process of this invention is Aspergillus fumigatus (strain TDC No. 946) which has been identified as follows:
Source of isolation.A mixed sample composed of soils taken from areas in which oils were undergoing decomposition and water taken from sumps, tank bottoms, and waters which had been in contact with refinery wastes; decomposing asphalt, Wax and used motor oil were included in the sample.
Date of isolation.-October 1, 1947.
Location of isolatiomfiSignal Hill Laboratory, The Texas Company, Long Beach, California.
Media used for isolati0n.A hydrocarbon-mineral salts medium composed of 5% Arabian crude oil (topped) and the following medium at pH 4.5.
Compound:
NaNOg grams per liter 2.0 KH2PO4 0 1.0 MgSO4.7H2O do 0.5 KCl do 0.5 FeSO4.7H2O do 0.01 Sea water milliliters 10.0 Distilled water do 990.0
. scribed the literature indicatethat the mold belongs to the jztm'igatus group of the Aspergilli, the type species of which is Aspergillus fumigatus. A complete description thereof can be found in A Manual of the Aspergilli by Charles Thom, The William and Wilkins Company, Chapter X, pp. .148151.
The character of the nutrient media or mineral salts solution will vary to some extent in accordance with the type of microorganism used and the type if hydrocarbon. Generally, it should contain N, P, K, S, Fe, Mg,
In some cases, the medium may be fortified or enriched with accessory growth factors such as water extract of yeast such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
It is to be understood that the character of the medium may also be varied dependent upon the type of product that it is desired to produce in the .most abundance.
As regards the mechanical or contact aspect, the process may bepracticed in a number of different ways. In its simplest form, the growth may be accomplished in a static phase on the surface of the'liquidzmixture. Pre'r-- erably it is practiced as a deep culture process by mechanical agitation such as stirring or shakingin the case of liquids. Inthe case of solid hydrocarbons, contact may be established and:maintained by the method :described in the copending application of Rhett G. Harris,
Serial No. 12,896 filed March.3, 1948 and entitled Rrocesses Involving Action of Microorganisms or Their Enzymes on Organic or InorganicSubstances whereinthe hydrocarbon is adsorbed on a finely dividedzand relatively inert adsorbent material such as. a clay. Where the hydrocarbon is in the gaseous phase, a systenrmay besetup gvherein the gas is recycled through .the inoculated-merum.
The pH with molds may vary from 1 -,to .9. .With yeasts, the pH may vary from 4 to9. its :selection :is governed by the particular microorganisms, the (particular hydrocarbon and the endproducts'desired.
The same-is true of temperature,-.the range beingifrom "C. to '45 C. Theactual time of'incubation,.;usually from 7 to 12 days, is determined by the rate of growth of the microorganisms. of the enzymes, produced by the microorganisms to effect production of the desired products.
The emulsifying agent may be one of the more common and well-known agents for emulsifying hydrocarbon and water but is preferably an agent which is preferentially L soluble in'the hydrocarbon but not in'water. Thus, an emulsion is obtained in Which Water is the dispersed phase. This results in better contact of the'microorganism which is essentially hydrophilic and the hydrophobic source of carbon. Stated otherwise, the resulting mixture is preferably one in which water or salt medium globules are dispersed in hydrocarbon.
It is further desirable that the emulsifying agent be characterized by apparent phosphorylating properties, i. e., capable of entering into the mechanism of fat resynthesis in the animal body.
Calcium stearateis .an example of one of the more common emulsifying agents that might be used but which do not possess .phosphorylating. properties. Apreferred agent, capable. of functioning in both .an emulsifying and phosphorylating.capacity, is lecithin which may be represented by .the.formula:
where R1 aridRz are fatty acid anions, such as oleate,
This is governed 1by-,the:ability i.
4 stearate, etc., and R3 is the quaternary ammonium base choline.
Other monoaminomonophospholipids such as cephalin may be used as well as the diaminomonophospholipids of which the sphingomyelins are typical.
The proportion of emulsifier or phospholipid used in the process does not appear to be particularly critical. Amounts varying from 0.1% by volume of the hydrocarbon to as much as 10 grams per ml. hydrocarbon have been found to produce satisfactory results. The amount of emulsifier used such as lecithin is so small that it would not be used by the microorganism as a carbon source.
As an example of .a method embodying the present invention, lecithin is added to kerosine in a proportion of 0.1 gram of lecithin to 100 ml. of kerosine. The type of hydrocarbon used is not critical nor is the above-indicated proportion of lecithin critical. Proportions as high as l to 10 grams of lecithin to 100 ml. of kerosine have been found to be equally effective.
A suitable sterile mineral salts or nutrient solution is then prepared. Such asolution may vary widely in composition and proportion, the following being typical:
After sterilization, the pH ofsuch a solution is about 5 As already stated, the composition of the mineral salts solution may be Widely variedprovidedthat the following are supplied thereby:
Ammonium ionsuchas ammoniumsulfate or nitrate Magnesium ion Phosphate ion iron and Zinc ion (intraces) Manganese, calcium,vcopper and iodide ions which ap pear to have a stimulatory effect A suitable buffering system to absorb excess .aciditythat may result from the growth process. .Good growths havebeen secured :With an initial pH in the region of 4.5, 5.5 and 6.8.
.A mineral. salts solution, prepared as described above, is addedto the kerosineflecithin. combinationin a proportion of nine,parts mineral salts solution to one part kerosine-lecithin.
The mixture is then stirred andan inoculum including the mycelial :growth and-the .sporesofaseed culture of amold knowntoutilize thespecifichydrocarbon as a source of carbonand energy is added'in an amount of from 10.1% .to 20% by'fvolume. The inoculum is formedsas a thick suspepsion of theorganism in the nutrientrmedium constituting about 10% by volume of the totalcharge. ,The amount of inoculum can be varied widely since .such .variation ,is limiting only upon the periodof .timesubsequently necessary for growth of the myceliato befully established in the desired submerged culture.
While the method has been especially successful with Aspergillus .fumigatus (strain [TDC No. .946), the method is t not restricted .to this particular organism. Any-strain .of any species able-to. utilize the specific hydrocarbon as a source of carbon and energy may be used.
The culture vessel is then held at' a substantially constanttemperature in the range. of about .20 C. to 45 ;'C., preferablyabout 30 3.C.,.and the mixture maintainedinan agitated condition by shaking or stirring. Sterile airor.oxygen,.preferably tat superatmos- Pheric pressure is introducedat .a vigorousrate into the depths of the cu'ltureas through .a porous bubbler.
,After .5.to 10 days operation under these -conditions, the moldmyceliaflis harvested by -mechar ic al ,separation such :as filtration v or .centrifugingfrom the liquid portion of the culture.
As compared with the same method but with the lecithin omitted, the yield of mold mycelia is increased from 200% to 300%.
To recover the fat-like saponifiable material, the mycelia can be dried and a crude extract prepared by chloroform extraction. After removal of the solvent, the residue is treated with approximately two-thirds its weight of potassium hydroxide dissolved in alcohol and refluxed to effect saponification. Following saponification about two-thirds of the solvent alcohol is removed by heating. The residual soap solution is then extracted with petroleum ether to remove the non-saponifiable fraction. Following this step, the aqueous liquor is made strongly acid with a mineral acid and the free organic acids extracted with diethyl ether.
The saponifiable material thus recovered does not consist exclusively of fatty acids of the usual aliphatic character. Some products are found which react chemically very nearly the same as the fatty acids but they are not the usual aliphatic fatty acids such as the straight-chain acids containing an even number of carbon atoms such as C acid (capric), C12 acid (lauric or dodecenoic), etc., such acids being usually obtained from the naturally-occurring fats.
The mixed fatty acids obtained are in the nature of pale yellow solids at room temperature with the characteristic appearance of a fat. A slightly, pleasant, fatlike odor is present and the taste is similar to that of candle tallow or similar stearins. The product melts at about 29.5" C. and has a setting point of 17.5 C. The mean molecular weight is 294, and the iodine number 83.5. Of the common fats or fatty oils, the product most closely resembled the mixed fatty acids from olive oil.
In another method, lecithin is added in an amount of 0.01% the volume of kerosine. About fifteen parts by volume of nutrient medium, prepared as above described, is added to two parts of the kerosine-lecithin mixture and the mixture inoculated with Aspergillus fumigatus. After seven days incubation under agitation and aeration, a yield, dry weight of mycelia is obtained which is almost twice the yield of a control not containing lecithin.
If desired, the mycelia may be processed as described in the afore-mentioned Harris and Strawinski application to recover other products.
From the above it is believed apparent that the present invention provides a novel process for the synthesis of relatively valuable fat-like saponifiable materials and other products in relatively large yields from relatively cheap raw materials, i. e., hydrocarbons. The use of an emulsifying agent, particularly an agent possessing phosphorylating properties, is particularly advantageous in submerged, stirred and aerated culture processes.
Obviously many modifications and variationsof the invention, as hereinbefore set forth, may be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof and, therefore, only such limitations should be imposed as are indicated in the appended claims.
I claim:
1. The method of synthesizing large yields of fat like saponifiable materials from hydrocarbons which comprises the steps of dispersing hydrocarbon with a phospholipid in an aqueous nutrient medium for microorganisms, inoculating the resultant mixture with a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Penicillium molds, Aspergillus molds, Monilia yeasts and Saccharomyces yeasts, subjecting the inoculated mixture to incubating conditions for a sustained period of time, collecting the resultant solid material and separating synthesized fat-like materials therefrom.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said phospholipid is lecithin.
3. The method according to claim 1 in which said phospholipid is cephalin.
4. The method according to claim 1 in which said inoculated mixture is incubated at a temperature in the range of 20 to 45 C. and at a pH of about 1 to 9.
5. The method according to claim 1 in which said microorganism is Aspergillus fumigatus.
6. The method according to claim 1 in microorganism is Penicillium notatum.
7. The method according to claim 1 in microorganism is Aspergillus flavus.
8. The method according to claim 1 in which said microorganism is Monilia murmanica.
9. The method of increasing the yield of fat-like saponifiable materials obtained by the action of microorganisms selected from the group consisting of the Penicillium molds, the Aspergillus molds, the Monilia yeasts and the Saccharomyces yeasts on the hydrocarbon in aqueous nutrient medium which comprises the steps of adding a phospholipid emulsifying agent to the mixture of hydrocarbon and nutrient medium.
10. The method according to claim 9 in which said phospholipid is lecithin.
which said which said References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,753,641 Beckman Apr. 8, 1930 1,835,998 Giron Dec. 8, 1931 OTHER REFERENCES Bushnell et al., I. Bact., 41, 653-73 (1941). Zobell et al., Bull. Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geol., 27, 1175-93 (1943).
Claims (1)
1. THE METHOD OF SYNTHESIZING LARGE YIELDS OF FATLIKE SAPONIFIABLE MATERIALS FROM HYDROCARBONS WHICH COMPRISES THE STEPS OF DISPERSING HYDROCARBON WITH A PHOSPHOLIPID IN AN AQUEOUS NUTRIENT MEDIUM FOR MICROORGANISMS, INOCULATING THE RESULTANT MIXTURE WITH A MICROORGANISM SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF PENICILLIUM MOLDS, ASPERGILLUS MOLDS, MONILIA YEASTS AND SACCHAROMYCES YEASTS, SUBJECTING THE INOCULATED MIX TURE TO INCUBATING CONDITIONS FOR A SUSTAINED PERIOD OF TIME, COLLECTING THE RESULTANT SOLID MATERIAL AND SEPARATING SYNTHESIZED FAT-LIKE MATERIALS THEREFROM.
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Cited By (20)
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US3084106A (en) * | 1960-03-11 | 1963-04-02 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Conversion of hydrocarbons by gibberella fujikuroi |
US3131131A (en) * | 1962-04-03 | 1964-04-28 | Socony Mobil Oil Co Inc | Electrostatic mixing in microbial conversions |
US3210179A (en) * | 1962-01-11 | 1965-10-05 | Socony Mobil Oil Co Inc | Microbiological nitrogen fixation |
US3257289A (en) * | 1962-01-08 | 1966-06-21 | British Petroleum Co | Process for the production of yeasts |
US3258406A (en) * | 1962-12-31 | 1966-06-28 | British Petroleum Co | Process for improving cloud point of petroleum gas oil by hydrogenation thereof from hydrocarbon mixtures |
US3259549A (en) * | 1962-12-31 | 1966-07-05 | British Petroleum Co | Process for improving cloud point of petroleum gas oil by caustic washing thereof from hydrocarbon mixtures |
US3264196A (en) * | 1962-12-31 | 1966-08-02 | British Petroleum Co | Purification of micro-organisms cultivated on hydrocarbon feedstock |
US3268413A (en) * | 1962-12-31 | 1966-08-23 | British Petroleum Co | Cultivation of micro-organisms on a hydrocarbon feedstock in the form of small particles dispersed into a fluid phase under the action of ultra-sonic waves |
US3268419A (en) * | 1962-08-03 | 1966-08-23 | British Petroleum Co | Cultivation of micro-organisms on a feedstock consisting at least in part of a straight chain hydrocarbon |
US3271266A (en) * | 1962-12-31 | 1966-09-06 | British Petroleum Co | Process for cultivating microorganisms on a hydrocarbon feedstock employing a carbohydrate pretreatment feedstock |
US3326771A (en) * | 1963-12-12 | 1967-06-20 | Mobil Oil Corp | Enzymatic oxidation of hydrocarbons |
US3326770A (en) * | 1963-12-03 | 1967-06-20 | Mobil Oil Corp | Growing microorganisms on volatile hydrocarbons |
US3642577A (en) * | 1968-09-04 | 1972-02-15 | Mobil Oil Corp | Growing hydrocarbon-utilizing microorganisms |
US3655512A (en) * | 1966-07-04 | 1972-04-11 | Katsunobu Tanaka | Process for producing saccharides by fermentation |
FR2172796A1 (en) * | 1972-02-22 | 1973-10-05 | Fusey Pierre | |
US3767527A (en) * | 1971-10-07 | 1973-10-23 | Mobil Oil Corp | Method for producing hydrocarbon-utilizing yeasts |
FR2230401A1 (en) * | 1973-05-22 | 1974-12-20 | Fusey Pierre | |
US4273872A (en) * | 1976-05-18 | 1981-06-16 | Snamprogetti S.P.A. | Method for the microbiological conversion of steroids |
FR2490672A1 (en) * | 1980-09-19 | 1982-03-26 | Elf Aquitaine | Cultivation of microorganisms in hydrophobic media - using aq. nutrients in microemulsion form |
EP0207475A2 (en) * | 1985-07-01 | 1987-01-07 | Kanegafuchi Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Process for secretive fermentation of lipids by fungi or algae |
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US1753641A (en) * | 1925-12-21 | 1930-04-08 | John W Beckman | Method of breaking emulsions |
US1835998A (en) * | 1931-08-18 | 1931-12-08 | Giron Julio Tellez | Treatment of petroleum oil |
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1951
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Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US1753641A (en) * | 1925-12-21 | 1930-04-08 | John W Beckman | Method of breaking emulsions |
US1835998A (en) * | 1931-08-18 | 1931-12-08 | Giron Julio Tellez | Treatment of petroleum oil |
Cited By (21)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3084106A (en) * | 1960-03-11 | 1963-04-02 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Conversion of hydrocarbons by gibberella fujikuroi |
US3257289A (en) * | 1962-01-08 | 1966-06-21 | British Petroleum Co | Process for the production of yeasts |
US3210179A (en) * | 1962-01-11 | 1965-10-05 | Socony Mobil Oil Co Inc | Microbiological nitrogen fixation |
US3131131A (en) * | 1962-04-03 | 1964-04-28 | Socony Mobil Oil Co Inc | Electrostatic mixing in microbial conversions |
US3268419A (en) * | 1962-08-03 | 1966-08-23 | British Petroleum Co | Cultivation of micro-organisms on a feedstock consisting at least in part of a straight chain hydrocarbon |
US3258406A (en) * | 1962-12-31 | 1966-06-28 | British Petroleum Co | Process for improving cloud point of petroleum gas oil by hydrogenation thereof from hydrocarbon mixtures |
US3259549A (en) * | 1962-12-31 | 1966-07-05 | British Petroleum Co | Process for improving cloud point of petroleum gas oil by caustic washing thereof from hydrocarbon mixtures |
US3264196A (en) * | 1962-12-31 | 1966-08-02 | British Petroleum Co | Purification of micro-organisms cultivated on hydrocarbon feedstock |
US3268413A (en) * | 1962-12-31 | 1966-08-23 | British Petroleum Co | Cultivation of micro-organisms on a hydrocarbon feedstock in the form of small particles dispersed into a fluid phase under the action of ultra-sonic waves |
US3271266A (en) * | 1962-12-31 | 1966-09-06 | British Petroleum Co | Process for cultivating microorganisms on a hydrocarbon feedstock employing a carbohydrate pretreatment feedstock |
US3326770A (en) * | 1963-12-03 | 1967-06-20 | Mobil Oil Corp | Growing microorganisms on volatile hydrocarbons |
US3326771A (en) * | 1963-12-12 | 1967-06-20 | Mobil Oil Corp | Enzymatic oxidation of hydrocarbons |
US3655512A (en) * | 1966-07-04 | 1972-04-11 | Katsunobu Tanaka | Process for producing saccharides by fermentation |
US3642577A (en) * | 1968-09-04 | 1972-02-15 | Mobil Oil Corp | Growing hydrocarbon-utilizing microorganisms |
US3767527A (en) * | 1971-10-07 | 1973-10-23 | Mobil Oil Corp | Method for producing hydrocarbon-utilizing yeasts |
FR2172796A1 (en) * | 1972-02-22 | 1973-10-05 | Fusey Pierre | |
FR2230401A1 (en) * | 1973-05-22 | 1974-12-20 | Fusey Pierre | |
US4273872A (en) * | 1976-05-18 | 1981-06-16 | Snamprogetti S.P.A. | Method for the microbiological conversion of steroids |
FR2490672A1 (en) * | 1980-09-19 | 1982-03-26 | Elf Aquitaine | Cultivation of microorganisms in hydrophobic media - using aq. nutrients in microemulsion form |
EP0207475A2 (en) * | 1985-07-01 | 1987-01-07 | Kanegafuchi Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Process for secretive fermentation of lipids by fungi or algae |
EP0207475A3 (en) * | 1985-07-01 | 1988-10-05 | Kanegafuchi Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Process for secretive fermentation of lipids by fungi or algae |
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