US3245458A - Radiant gas burner - Google Patents

Radiant gas burner Download PDF

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Publication number
US3245458A
US3245458A US243916A US24391662A US3245458A US 3245458 A US3245458 A US 3245458A US 243916 A US243916 A US 243916A US 24391662 A US24391662 A US 24391662A US 3245458 A US3245458 A US 3245458A
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Prior art keywords
radiant
gas
burner
face
mixture
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US243916A
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Malcolm W Patrick
Konrad E Bauer
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SCHWANK Inc
Hupp Corp
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Hupp Corp
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Priority to US243916A priority Critical patent/US3245458A/en
Priority to GB29666/63A priority patent/GB1029774A/en
Priority to FR955174A priority patent/FR1387132A/fr
Priority to BE641003A priority patent/BE641003A/xx
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Assigned to SCHWANK, INC. reassignment SCHWANK, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: WHIE CONSOLIDATED INDUSTRIES, INC., A CORP. OF DE.
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C99/00—Subject-matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/12—Radiant burners
    • F23D14/14—Radiant burners using screens or perforated plates
    • F23D14/145—Radiant burners using screens or perforated plates combustion being stabilised at a screen or a perforated plate
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24C—DOMESTIC STOVES OR RANGES ; DETAILS OF DOMESTIC STOVES OR RANGES, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F24C1/00—Stoves or ranges in which the fuel or energy supply is not restricted to solid fuel or to a type covered by a single one of the following groups F24C3/00 - F24C9/00; Stoves or ranges in which the type of fuel or energy supply is not specified
    • F24C1/08—Stoves or ranges in which the fuel or energy supply is not restricted to solid fuel or to a type covered by a single one of the following groups F24C3/00 - F24C9/00; Stoves or ranges in which the type of fuel or energy supply is not specified solely adapted for radiation heating
    • F24C1/10—Stoves or ranges in which the fuel or energy supply is not restricted to solid fuel or to a type covered by a single one of the following groups F24C3/00 - F24C9/00; Stoves or ranges in which the type of fuel or energy supply is not specified solely adapted for radiation heating with reflectors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C2700/00—Special arrangements for combustion apparatus using fluent fuel
    • F23C2700/04—Combustion apparatus using gaseous fuel
    • F23C2700/043—Combustion apparatus using gaseous fuel for surface combustion

Definitions

  • This invention relates to heating apparatus and, more specifically, to gas and liquid fuel fired infrared burners having radiant surfaces operating at temperatures above about 120D F. and to improved methods of generating radiant energy in the intermediate and short wave portions of the infrared spectrum.
  • Gas-fired infrared burners of various types have heretofore been proposed.
  • One type includes a distribution chamber into which a mixture of a combustible gas and combustion air are introduced.
  • One face of the distribution chamber is perforated and the combustible mixture flows through the perforations and burns adjacent the outer surface of the plate, heating it to incandescenee.
  • a high percentage of the heating value of the combustible mixture is thus transferred from. the incandescent plate to the space or objects to be heated in the form of infrared radiation.
  • This type of burner is often equipped with a coarse mesh screen spaced a fraction of an inch from the outer surface of the radiant face beyond the combustion Zone to provide a reradiating surface and to prevent the flame from being disturbed by air currents.
  • flashback that is, the ignition of the combustible mixture in the distribution chamber by the flame passing back through the perforations in the radiant face or by heat transfer to the mixture as it circulates past the hot interior surface of the radiant face.
  • This problem is particularly acute with burners of the type described above in which all of the combustion air is mixed with the gas before (or as) it enters the distribution chamber.
  • Such a mixture is employed to attain as nearly perfect combustion as possible and to provide a short flame which is desirable since a maximum proportion of the heat of combustion is transferred to the radiant face and since the short flame is less susceptible to drafts.
  • Such a mixture is highly susceptible to flashback.
  • the perforations have a small diameter which together with their relatively great depth (provided by the thick face), prevents the flame from flashing back through them.
  • the ceramic plates or tiles employed as radiant faces in these burners are expensive and difficult to manufacture and, in many applications, have a relatively short service life. In addition, it is impractical to form them other than as flat plates.
  • the radiant face has been fabricated from a plurality of superimposed, fine mesh screens.
  • the outer screen may be heated to 3,245,458 Patented Apr. 12, 1966 a temperature at which it will emit short wave infrared radiation while the inner screen will remain relatively cool, preventing ignition of the combustible mixture in the distribution chamber.
  • Multi-screen burners have several serious drawbacks.
  • the multi-screen radiant faces are expensive to manufacture.
  • the burner must be operated at relatively low temperatures to prevent the inner screen from reaching the ignition temperature of the combustible mixture.
  • the surface area of the radiant face which must be provided for a given heat output is relatively large which further increases the cost and reduces the usefulness of the burner.
  • a further problem is warpage and destruction of the screen due to alternate expansion and contraction caused by large magnitude temperature changes.
  • burned out screens are difficult to replace.
  • the radiant face be fabricated of a single, fine mesh screen.
  • These burners have also proved unsatisfactory, mainly because flashback occurs at even lower temperatures than in multi-screen burners and because the heat output per unit of screen surface area is so low as to seriously compromise their usefulness.
  • the single screen is also extremely fragile and, consequently, has a short life.
  • the inner plate is maintained at a temperature sufficiently low that it does not incandesce and functions, in effect, as a Davy screen to prevent flashback.
  • the Batt burners are intended to be operated at relatively low temperatures in gas cooking apparatus and the like and not in the higher temperature ranges in which the burners of the present invention function.
  • the gas-air mixing tube is of the usual (Bunsen) type wherein only part of the combustion air is mixed with the gas, the balance of the combustion air being added to the outside of the flame.
  • the radiant face would become incandescent and would not prevent flashback.
  • the burners of the present invention like some prior art burners, have a distribution chamber in which a mixture of combustible gas and the air required for its combustion is formed.
  • the radiant face is a single thin apertured member extended over at least one side of the distribution chamber. The combustible mixture flows from the distribution chamber through the apertures and burns on the outer surface of the member, heating it to incandescence.
  • the radiant face providing member may be made of heat-resisting metal such as stainless steel or Nichrome or of any other material, metallic or nonmetallic, which will have a satisfactory life under the prevailing operating conditions.
  • the burners of the present invention can be operated at any desired incandescent radiant face temperature, on fuel gas of any composition, and with a gas-air mixture of any desired ratio, provided that the design of the radiant member conforms substantially to a formula set forth hereinafter and the material from which it is fabricated is suitable for the selected operating temperature.
  • novel burners provided by the present invention can be operated at higher temperatures without flashback or unacceptably rapid deterioration than comparable prior art burners having thick ceramic plate or tile radiant faces.
  • the thin perforated radiant members are cheaper to make than perforated ceramic tiles since the perforations can be formed by stamping, piercing, or similar process whereas the holes in the tile must be formed by molding followed by firing in a furnace.
  • the radiant members of the present invention can be shaped as cylinders or cones or drawn into spherical or bulged forms. providing much greater latitude in the configuration of the burner. Moreover, they are much less liable to crack from mechanical or thermal stress or from deterioration due to high or changing temperatures than tiles or ceramic plates.
  • the uniform structure and regular surface of the perforated plate provides a radiant face which may be uniformly heated, whereas screens tend to warp and buckle when heated, resulting in a non-uniform temperature pattern.
  • Perforated plates have greater mechanical strength, expand more uniformly and are less easily damaged by handling than a screen. and therefore have a longer useful life.
  • the size of the burner face orifices or perforations is important in the successful operation of a burner of this type.
  • the perforated plate radiant face has fixed size orifices. uhicn do not change although the plate is formed into a cylinder or cone. And, in drawn shapes, the holes can be dimen ioned so that they will be correctly sized after drawing.
  • the screen openings in even a fiat screen are irregular and subject to manufacturing variations of substantial magnitude. If the screen is stretched, rolled or otherwise formed, the openings change in size and become nonuniform, providing a radiant face having an uneven temperaturc pattern and a tendency to flash back.
  • Perforated plates provide simple structures which are easily supported whether fiat, or rolled into cylinders or cones, or formed or drawn into other shapes. Screens, in contrast, require frames and supporting structures which result in added cost, reduced effectiveness, and greater expense when it is necessary to replace a burnedout radiant face, for example.
  • Burners using perforated plate radiant faces are, as will be apparent from the above discussion, cheaper to construct than those employing screens as radiant faces.
  • novel burners of the present invention can be oriented with the radiant face above, below or to one side of the mixture inlet.
  • One of the most important applications of burners of the type to which the present invention relates is to project infrared radiation downward onto objects or an area to be warmed, an application for which ODowd burner is entirely unsuitable.
  • the efficiency of the burners provided by the present invention may be increased by arranging a reticulated member such as a large mesh screen adjacent but spaced from the outer surface of the primary radiant face to provide a reradiating surface.
  • a reticulated member such as a large mesh screen adjacent but spaced from the outer surface of the primary radiant face to provide a reradiating surface.
  • the reradiating surface is arranged beyond but adjacent the combustion zone so that it will enhance the efiiciency of the burner and prevent the flame from being disturbed by air currents.
  • This reradiating member also becomes incandescent, increasing the total radiating surface and raising the temperature of the radiant face, thereby increasing the amount of short wave length radiation emitted by it.
  • Such outer screens are the radiant faces of the Batttype burners and have an additive effect in improving the operation of the other prior art burners in which they are used.
  • the thin perforated plate type radiant face and the adjacent screen have a synergistic effect providing a result never before achieved.
  • he radiant face or member employed in our burner may be a cone or other shape, adapting our burner to applications for which the prior art burners were not suited. Further, the three-dimensional shapes which the radiant face of our burner may take provide mechanical strength and prevent distortion at operating temperatures which would destroy or, at the least, seriously impair the efiiciency of wire screens or ceramic plates.
  • the plate is formed into a frusto-conical configuration.
  • the smaller end of the frustum is attached to the outlet of a tapered mixing tube so that the conical chamber formed within the radiant member is in effect an extension of the tapered mixing tube.
  • the larger end of the radiant member has considerable area, and can be covered with a circular, preferably spherical perforated metal plate, adding appreciably to the radiant surface.
  • This embodiment of the invention has all of the advantages of the cylindrical form, coupled with even greater mechanical strength, added radiant surface, and a smoother passage for the gas-air mixture, and is particularly well adapted for use with a surrounding parabolic reflector to provide a directed beam of radiant energy.
  • a further advantage of burners employing conical radiant faces becomes apparent by considering that, in a flat plate burner, perforations may occupy up to 45% of the surface, significantly reducing the total radiation since the holes do not emit radiant energy; and that with a conical radiant face, or structure having radiant faces on opposite sides of the chamber, radiation from the interior surface on one side may pass through the hollow interior and emerge through a hole in the opposite side.
  • radiation emitted from the radiant members inner surface impinges on oppositely located portions of the inner surface, increasing the temperature of the radiant face.
  • Conical face burners may be employed with or without reflectors. Without a reflector the radiant energy is dispersed in line of sight paths from the heated surface and may be employed to heat the walls of a chamber surrounding the burner, for example. Often, however, it will be desirable to direct the rays in a specific direction, or to prevent scattering of the rays in the direction of areas where heat is not needed. Since a radiant face in the form of a small diameter cone approaches a line or point source of radiant energy, the radiation can be directed by a suitable reflector with an effectiveness heretofore achieved only with tubular or conical electric heating elements but with the added advantage that the heater has a lower operating cost. By varying the shape of the reflector, the concentration of the beam may be varied.
  • Such reflectors may take the form of paraboloids with the axis of the radiant cone on the axis of revolution of the paraboloid.
  • novel infrared burners having a combustible mixture distributing chamber and spaced radiant members in fluid communication with the interior of said chamber and adapted to be operated with the one of the radiant members first contacted by the mixture at a temperature above the ignition temperature of the mixture.
  • FIGURE 1 is a fragment of a radiant member employed in the burner of FIGURE 6 to a greatly increased scale, and illustrates the velocity profile of the combustible mixture as it flows through a perforation in the radiant member;
  • FIGURE 2 is a portion of the velocity profile of FIG- URE l rotated through an angle of FIGURE 3 is a chart showing, for three common fuel gases, the effect on the speed of flame propagation in a gas-air mixture of varying the percentage of the air theoretically required for complete combustion of the gas;
  • FIGURE 4 is a chart similar to FIGURE 3, illustrating, for the same three gases, the effect on the mean thermal conductivity of the gas-air mixture of varying the percentage of air theoretically required for complete coinbustion of the gas;
  • FIGURE 5 is a chart similar to FIGURE 3, showing the effect on the thermal diffusivity of a gas-air mixture of varying the percentage of the air theoretically required for complete combustion of the gas;
  • FIGURE 6 is an elevation, partly in section of a preferred form of the present invention.
  • FIGURE 7 is a section through an embodiment of the present invention which is particularly adapted to burn liquid fuel.
  • FIGURE 8 is a fragment of the embodiment of FIG- URE 7 with a modified fuelair supplying arrangement.
  • Flashback inhibiting radiant members The conditions under which prior art burners can be successfully operated are limited by the characteristic tendency of the flame to flash back into the distribution chamber through the apertures in the radiant face. Combustion within the distribution chamber prevents eflicient burner operation and, if not promptly terminated, may destroy the burner.
  • n (in. /sec.) therma1 ditlusivity (see FIGURE 5)
  • a combustible mixture is ignited by transferring sufficient heat to at least one volumetric increment V of the mixture to initiate the chemical reaction called combustion.
  • V must exceed a certain critical value, V
  • FIGURE 1 shows a velocity profile which will produce stable combustion as the profile exists just prior to ignition of the gas air mixture.
  • V is represented by an annular cross-hatched area having a maximum diameter slightly less than the diameter of the perforation through the plate.
  • the height of the hatched area corresponds to the flame speed S.
  • V is a function of the perforation area and depth, the perforation load, the primary air-gas ratio, the total area of the perforations, the ignition temperature and the flame speed of the gas-air mixture at the particular primary air-gas ratio and, therefore, will vary from installation to installation and as the operating parameters of given burners are altered.
  • V V the flame will propagate by thrusting out islets and peninsulas of hot gas into the unburned gas.
  • the heat generated by the combustion of gasair increment V is dissipated by conduction more rapidly than the flame is propagated and the reaction is extinguished.
  • V/A is substituted for d so that According to Spalding, D:a.
  • the gas pressure in the combustion zone is very close to atmospheric, so that For values greater than a certain critical number c the flame front will propagate from the initial volumetric increment V into the surrounding gas-air mixture. If c is less than c the combustion process propagating into the perforation will be extinguished.
  • the heat transferred from the burned gas-air mixture to the plate is a linear function of T T the factor 'rnust be introduced into the equation, giving a new "number
  • the heat H gained by the mixture prior to ignition depends on the temperature difference T T the area A of the plate in contact with the unburned mixture, and the heat transfer coefficient k, so that:
  • A increases with perforation depth or plate thickness.
  • the mixture temperature should be kept below the ignition temperature until the mixture reaches the exit end of the perforation, since, if the mixture is ignited inside the perforation, a large portion of the heat developed by combustion is transferred to the perforation walls rather than to the front or exterior face of the plate and heat diss pation from the plate depends mainly on conduction through the plate to its surface.
  • the advantage of heat transfer to the front face of the plate and immediate re-radiation therefrom are, therefore, minimized and, because of the heat build up inside the perforation, the combustion zone will travel backwards toward the back or interior face of the plate and eventually flash back will occur.
  • the heat H (B.t.u./h.) required to raise the temperature of the mixture to ignition temperature T varies with the specific heat of the mixture, the quantity of gas and air, and the temperature differential between T and the temperature T of the mixture approaching the plate.
  • the quantity of gas-air mixture delivered to one sq. ft. of burner surface in one hour at the temperature M i M i 2 is g(1+La)- D Further,
  • .osora 2. i 15 l H,- 144 (C .080735g .24 .08073gLa) 0 and .08073 (T,- T H,- 144 gB(c,,5-i.24Lu)- 0 (7)
  • the ration H /H determines whether or not ignition will occur before the mixture exists from the perforations.
  • This final C number indicates whether a particular burner design under specified operating conditions will or will not perform satisfactorily. For C substantially less than C the critical C value, flashback will not occur and the burner will perform satisfactorily under the specified operating conditions. For C substantially greater than C flashback is to be expected. Where C is close to C flashback may or may not occur since certain values of factors entering into the determination of the C number may be only approximately correct and it may therefore be difiicult to calculate C,, with great accuracy. Calculated values of C may be checked by tests on burners.
  • Equation 10 is applicable to circular apertures, squares, slots, triangles, crescents, lanced openings and apertures of other regular and irregular shapes.
  • V, A H and H are expressed in terms of plate design and burner operating conditions.
  • a and 012 are not constant for coke oven gas-air mixtures but can be obtained from FIGURES 7 and 8 respectively for various values of L.
  • C the critical value of C, is 0.0005 for burners of the type to which this invention relates. Therefore, if the calculated value of C for a given burner design and given operating conditions is substantially less than 0.0005, the burner will operate without flashback. If the value of C is substantially greater than 0.0005, the burner will flash back. Where C is between 0.0004 and 0.0006 the burner may or may not flash back when operated at the given conditions, or its operation may be critical, since, for the reasons pointed out above, it is not always possible to calculate C with great accuracy.
  • the minimum ratio of perforation area to total radiant face area is the minimum ratio of perforation area to total radiant face area.
  • the burners disclosed in this application are operated so that the burner has a continuous flame front; i.e., a flame front which extends across, or envelops, substantially the entire radiant face.
  • the minimum ratio of perforation area to total radiant face area which will produce a continuous flame front may be as low as 10-15% or less depending upon a number of variables including the following:
  • burner plates can be dimensioned so that they will operate successfully on more than one type of gas.
  • a burner can be supplied for use with either natural gas or propane, for example.
  • the combustible mixture-forming venturi de- 13 scribed above may be replaced with a premixer of conventional construction.
  • a premixer is preferably arranged to effect the flow of a completely combustible mixture to the distribution chamber and through perforations in to the combustion zone adjacent the outer surface of radiant plates as described above.
  • the C number for a burner fed a gas-air mixture from a premixing device is determined in the same manner as discussed previously, and the critical value C is the same.
  • Conical radiant face burner One such form of the invention is the gas-fired infrared burner 396 illustrated in FIGURE 6.
  • Gas is supplied under pressure through an orifice spud 402 to the throat 403 of a venturi tube 404.
  • the flowing gas induces all of the combustion air required for complete combustion into venturi 404 where it mixes with the combustion gas.
  • the resulting gas-air mixture flows into a distribution chamber 406 which is the hollow interior of the frustoconical radiant face 408 of burner 396 (which may be formed of the materials discussed above).
  • a number of uniformly spaced perforations 410 are formed in radiant face 408. The thickness of the sheet and the size and spacing of the perforations are determined in the same manner as for a flat plate.
  • One exemplary burner of this type which provides excellent results has a conical face varying in diameter from 2 to 3 /2: inches, an axial length of 6% inches, and is formed of heat resistant metal plate 0.032 inch thick. There are 233 0.045 inch diameter apertures per square inch of conical surface. As with the previously described burners, no flashback will occur if the calculated C for given operating conditions is less than 0.0005.
  • the smaller end of the conical radiant face 408 is attached by an annular collar 411 to the outlet end portion of venturi 404.
  • the large open end of conical face 408 is closed by a spherically configured cap 412 made of the same material as radiant face 408 and perforated with holes 413 of substantially the same size and spacing as holes 410 although the material of the spherical end cap and the size and spacing of the perforations may be varied within the limits set forth in the preceding discussion entitled Flashback Inhibiting Radiant Members.
  • cap 412 may be imperforate, but, in this case, it does not form part or" the radiant face.
  • a concentric conical wire screen 414 Spaced about inch from and surrounding conical radiant face 408 is a concentric conical wire screen 414 of about A1 x A inch mesh which is preferably fabricated from a heat resistant wire such as Nichromc. Screen 414 is substantially the same length as and is supported in concentric relationship to the radiant face by flanged rings 416 and 418 fixed to the opposite ends of radiant face 408. Spaced about /4 inch from spherical end cap 412 and supported by ring 418 is a /4 x inch wire mesh screen 419. This screen can be flat as shown in FIGURE 16 or the same shape as cap 412. If cap 412 is imperforat e,
  • burner 396 may be employed without a reflector, its design particularly suits it for use with a paraboloid reflector to heat a spot or small area.
  • a reflector 420 is shown in FIGURE 6.
  • the apex of reflector 420 is near the small end of conical face 408 and its focal point 421 is within chamber 406 about 4% inches from perforated cap 41.2.
  • a flange 422 surrounds the opening 423 at the apex of the reflector and is attached to the outlet end portion 411 of venturi tube 404 by a spider 424.
  • the conventional bead 425 is formed around the opening at the large end bf the reflector. Infrared radiation is emitted from a radiant surface in every direction within sight of the surface.
  • burner 396 A further advantage of burner 396 is that the conical distribution chamber 406 forms a prolongation of venturi tube 404, thus providing a smooth conduit for the gas-air mixture.
  • Liquid fuel burner In the form of the invention shown in FIGURE 7, liquid fuel is forced under pressure from a pipe 502 through an atomizing nozzle 504 to provide a spray atomized oil as shown by broken arrows 506.
  • Nozzle 504 is located within the entrance bell 5080 of a venturi tube 508 which has a throat 50817 and oil sprayed through nozzle 504 therefore induces a flow of air through the venturi.
  • Burner 510 is fixed to the outlet end of venturi tube 508.
  • Burner 510 includes a tapered tubular, frusto-conieal radiant face 512 which is made of thin metal perforated with a large number of small holes 514.
  • the material and thickness of the radiant face 512 and the size and number of holes 514 are determined in the same manner as in the previously described form of the invention.
  • the diameter and taper of radiant face 512 are selected so the face will form a prolongation of tapered venturi tube 508 to which the smaller end of face 512 is attached as by welding.
  • Radiant face 512 defines a frustoconical distribution chamber 516, the large end of which is closed by a perforated end cap 518 formed in a spherical shape with a U-section peripheral flange 518a.
  • the material and thickness of end cap 518 and the size and spacing of the perforations 518a in the end cap are preferably about the same as the material, thickness and the size and spacing of the perforations in radiant face 512.
  • An axially extending annular portion 5181') of flange 513a is welded to the inside of face 512 to secure end cap 518 to the radiant face.
  • a circular screen 520 of Nichrome or other heat resistant wire having a mesh of about /4 x /4 inch is welded to a transversely extending annular flange 518C formed in end cap 518 to support the screen in spawd relation to the perforated end cap.
  • a second, frusto-conical screen 521 (also of Nichrome or similar heat resistant wire having a mesh of about A x A: inch) is disposed around and spaced about /4 inch from radiant face 512.
  • the larger end of screen 521 is supported by an annular flange 518:! of end cap 518 concentric with and spaced about inch outwardly of the larger end of radiant face 512.
  • the smaller end of screen 521 is supported by an annular flange 509 formed in the outlet end portion of venturi 508 which surrounds the smaller end of radiant face 512 and is spaced about /4 inch therefrom.
  • the small end of radiant face 512 is closed by a flanged plate 520 having on the order of six equidistantly spaced /2 inch diameter holes 520a adjacent its outer edge.
  • An annular flange 520! formed on plate 520 is dimensioned to fit within and is welded to the small end of radiant face 512 to fix plate 520 to the radiant face.
  • a second flanged plate 522 having a central hole 5220 about one inch in diameter is welded in the large end of venturi 508 adjacent outer flange 522i).
  • the oil vapor mixes with air flowing into venturi 508 and forms a gaseous mixture having sufhcient air for the complete combustion of the fuel which passes through holes 522a and 520:: into distribution chamber 516. From distribution chamber 516, the mixture flows through perforations 514 and 5l8e and burns on the outer surfaces of plate 512 and cap 518 which are heated to incandescence by the burning fuel.
  • the energy emitted from radiant face 512 and perforated cap 518 may be concentrated by a paraboloid reflector 524 disposed with its focal point substantially coincident with the centroid of radiant face 512.
  • Reflector 524 has an annular flange 524a which may be welded to venturi 508 to retain the reflector in place.
  • the burner of FlGURE 8 is identical to burner 510 except that venturi tube 508 is replaced with a tapered tube 609 connected by a duct 610 to a blower 612 driven by an electric motor 614. Blower 612 delivers the required combustion air to tube 609 where it is mixed with fuel oil supplied to tube 609 through tube 502 and nozzle 504.
  • atomizing oil nozzle 504 may be replaced with a separate vaporizer for dividing and vaporizing the liquid fuel.
  • Radiant face 714 may be formed as any desired surface of revolution, such as the frustum of a cone, for example.
  • the combustible mixture passes through perforations in and burns on the exterior of the radiant face, heating it to incandescence and causing it to emit short and intermediate wave radiation.
  • flashback is prevented by proportioning the size and number of the perforations and the thickness of the plate so that the value of C will be less than the critical value C which has been found to be approximately 0.0005.
  • any of the several burners described may be provided with a reticulated reradiating member or a perforated reradiating member.
  • a combustible mixture forming premixer may be substituted for the venturi arrangement illustrated in conjunction with the various burners described above.
  • the other burners described above may be advantageously employed in various multiple unit radiant heating installations.
  • An infrared burner for generating short and intermediate wave radiant energy comprising:
  • said distribution chamber being a tapered, circularly sectioned tube
  • said radiant member having a frusto-eonical configuration and being supported adjacent one end of said tapered tube, said tube end and the adjacent end of said radiant member having substantially equal diameters and substantially the same amount of taper, wherein said radiant member forms a prolongation of said tube;
  • An infrared burner for generating short and intermediate wave radiant energy comprising:
  • said radiant member having a frusto-conical configuration and being supported adjacent one end of said tapered tube, said tube end and the adjacent end of said radiant member having substantially equal diameters and substantially the same amount of taper, wherein said radiant member forms a prolongation of said tube;
  • (f) fuel vaporizing means including:
  • (h) means forming non-aligned apertures in the respcctive conductive members to force the mixture in said distribution chamber to flow substantially parallel to said plates as it passes from said mixing chamber and the interior of the radiant member to insure complete vaporization of the fuel in said mixture.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
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  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Gas Burners (AREA)
  • Vaporization, Distillation, Condensation, Sublimation, And Cold Traps (AREA)
US243916A 1962-12-11 1962-12-11 Radiant gas burner Expired - Lifetime US3245458A (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US243916A US3245458A (en) 1962-12-11 1962-12-11 Radiant gas burner
GB29666/63A GB1029774A (en) 1962-12-11 1963-07-26 Infrared burner and method of producing infrared radiation
FR955174A FR1387132A (fr) 1962-12-11 1963-11-27 Perfectionnement au chauffage par rayonnement infra-rouge
BE641003A BE641003A (ref) 1962-12-11 1963-12-09

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Cited By (27)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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US3364914A (en) * 1966-04-15 1968-01-23 Hupp Corp Heating and lighting apparatus
US3437415A (en) * 1966-08-22 1969-04-08 Graig & Seeley Ltd Radiant gas burner
US3681002A (en) * 1969-10-20 1972-08-01 Esher R Weller Self-igniting burners
US3808987A (en) * 1972-10-10 1974-05-07 West Creek Co Inc Afterburner construction
US5317992A (en) * 1991-12-30 1994-06-07 Bowin Designs Pty. Ltd. Gas-fired heaters with burners which operate without secondary air
US5433598A (en) * 1991-05-06 1995-07-18 Bowin Designs Pty Ltd Burner
US5525056A (en) * 1992-08-18 1996-06-11 British Gas Plc Fuel fired burners
US5632236A (en) * 1991-12-30 1997-05-27 Bowin Technology Pty. Ltd. Gas-fired heaters with burners which operate without secondary air and have a substantially sealed combustion chamber
US5791893A (en) * 1995-12-26 1998-08-11 Carrier Corporation Burner with ceramic insert
US5875739A (en) * 1991-12-30 1999-03-02 Bowin Technology Pty, Ltd Gas-fired heaters with burners which operate without secondary air and have a substantially sealed combustion chamber
US20010049079A1 (en) * 1993-07-09 2001-12-06 Edgar C. Robinson Multifuel infrared burner with adjustable metering valve
US20050172915A1 (en) * 2004-02-05 2005-08-11 Beckett Gas, Inc. Burner
US20060003279A1 (en) * 2004-06-23 2006-01-05 Best Willie H Radiant burner
US20060035182A1 (en) * 2004-08-13 2006-02-16 Hesse David J Detonation safety in microchannels
US20060251998A1 (en) * 2003-04-18 2006-11-09 Dinand Lamberts Metal burner membrane
US20080072890A1 (en) * 2006-09-26 2008-03-27 Best Willie H Cooking apparatus with concave emitter
US20090202688A1 (en) * 2006-09-26 2009-08-13 Best Willie H Methods and apparatus for generating infrared radiation from convective products of Combustion
US20110155118A1 (en) * 2009-06-29 2011-06-30 Mallik Ahmed Single cavity radiant cooking apparatus
US8227728B2 (en) 2006-11-10 2012-07-24 Char-Broil, Llc Radiant tube broiler
US20160258619A1 (en) * 2015-03-03 2016-09-08 Willie H. Best Multiple plenum gas burner
US9510604B2 (en) 2013-06-17 2016-12-06 W.C. Bradley Co. Outdoor cooker and smoker, and fuel combustor therefor
US9668613B2 (en) 2013-06-17 2017-06-06 W.C. Bradley Co. High efficiency apparatus and method for cooking, heating and drying
US9709281B2 (en) 2014-03-31 2017-07-18 W.C. Bradley Co. High efficiency side burner and outdoor cooker
CN107228826A (zh) * 2017-06-06 2017-10-03 北京金索坤技术开发有限公司 一种用于火焰原子荧光光谱仪的双曲涡旋式传输室
US10004241B2 (en) 2012-11-15 2018-06-26 W.C. Bradley Co. Electric roaster and smoker
US10426176B2 (en) 2015-03-25 2019-10-01 W.C. Bradley Co. Vertical electric cooker and smoker and smoke box
EP3531797A4 (en) * 2016-12-27 2020-01-01 Shizuoka Seiki Co., Ltd. INFRARED RADIATION HEATER

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US3421826A (en) * 1967-02-21 1969-01-14 Whirlpool Co Catalytic burner
GB2120771B (en) * 1982-05-17 1985-08-29 Osaka Gas Co Ltd Surface combustion type burner
GB2145218B (en) * 1983-07-19 1987-11-25 Admiral Dev Co Radiant heaters
US4543940A (en) * 1983-08-16 1985-10-01 Gas Research Institute Segmented radiant burner assembly and combustion process
US4664620A (en) * 1986-02-10 1987-05-12 Gas Research Institute Heater with zone-controlled radiant burners
IT1218583B (it) * 1987-04-29 1990-04-19 Timoteo Pezzutti Bruciatore a gas a raggi infrarossi
NZ222930A (en) * 1987-12-15 1990-08-28 Moffat Appliances Ltd Gas infra-red burner in heat exchanger
US6408843B1 (en) * 1999-03-05 2002-06-25 Ground Specialties, Inc. Portable ground thawing apparatus
WO2014001115A1 (de) * 2012-06-27 2014-01-03 Sommerliving Ag Grill

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US1216848A (en) * 1914-04-22 1917-02-20 Gustave F Schmidt Heater.
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US1685032A (en) * 1923-01-27 1928-09-18 Parsons Charles Algernon Mirror, reflector, and the like
US1713827A (en) * 1928-03-22 1929-05-21 Hans C Hanson Heater with reflector
US1762878A (en) * 1928-06-14 1930-06-10 Henry H Moreton Gas heater
FR705778A (fr) * 1930-11-15 1931-06-12 Brûleur économiseur à gaz
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US2181862A (en) * 1938-04-02 1939-12-05 Frederick A Baynes Gas burner
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FR1129123A (fr) * 1955-07-13 1957-01-16 Liotard Metallurg Appareil de chauffage à gaz, émetteur de rayons rouges et infra-rouges
US2841133A (en) * 1955-03-07 1958-07-01 American Infra Red Radiant Co Radiant heater and toaster
US3114410A (en) * 1960-08-31 1963-12-17 Hupp Corp Gas fueled infrared generators
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GB191229348A (en) * 1912-12-20 1913-10-30 Hugo Hirst Improvements in Reflectors and Shades for Indirect Lighting.
US1213470A (en) * 1913-08-05 1917-01-23 Robert Gilmour Finlay Process for securing heat energy from combustible substances.
US1216848A (en) * 1914-04-22 1917-02-20 Gustave F Schmidt Heater.
FR23752E (fr) * 1919-11-28 1921-12-30 Jean Amedee Hardel Appareil de chauffage à gaz
GB150246A (en) * 1920-04-07 1920-09-02 William Charles North Improvements in gas heated radiators
FR573599A (fr) * 1922-12-29 1924-06-26 Radiateur de chauffage à réflecteur
US1685032A (en) * 1923-01-27 1928-09-18 Parsons Charles Algernon Mirror, reflector, and the like
DE458277C (de) * 1925-10-22 1928-04-04 Ehrich & Graetz Akt Ges Heizofen fuer fluessigen Brennstoff mit schwenkbarem Reflektor
US1713827A (en) * 1928-03-22 1929-05-21 Hans C Hanson Heater with reflector
US1762878A (en) * 1928-06-14 1930-06-10 Henry H Moreton Gas heater
US1896286A (en) * 1929-01-23 1933-02-07 Burns Bruce Burner plate
FR705778A (fr) * 1930-11-15 1931-06-12 Brûleur économiseur à gaz
US2121271A (en) * 1934-02-09 1938-06-21 Wilfred C Rasmussen Hydrocarbon burner
GB494087A (en) * 1937-03-16 1938-10-17 Charles Batt Improvements in or relating to gas and/or vapour burners
US2181862A (en) * 1938-04-02 1939-12-05 Frederick A Baynes Gas burner
GB543663A (en) * 1940-12-04 1942-03-06 Robert Richard Hoare Improvements in adjustable reflectors for electric lamps
GB563095A (en) * 1943-04-16 1944-07-28 Gen Electric Co Ltd Improvements in electric radiators and like apparatus
US2688685A (en) * 1951-10-29 1954-09-07 Paul H Goodell Sheath-resistance heater and panel supporting structures therefor which are built into heating devices
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US2841133A (en) * 1955-03-07 1958-07-01 American Infra Red Radiant Co Radiant heater and toaster
FR1129123A (fr) * 1955-07-13 1957-01-16 Liotard Metallurg Appareil de chauffage à gaz, émetteur de rayons rouges et infra-rouges
US3114410A (en) * 1960-08-31 1963-12-17 Hupp Corp Gas fueled infrared generators
US3114411A (en) * 1961-03-13 1963-12-17 Pyronics Inc Burner means for air-gas mixtures

Cited By (45)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3364914A (en) * 1966-04-15 1968-01-23 Hupp Corp Heating and lighting apparatus
US3437415A (en) * 1966-08-22 1969-04-08 Graig & Seeley Ltd Radiant gas burner
US3681002A (en) * 1969-10-20 1972-08-01 Esher R Weller Self-igniting burners
US3808987A (en) * 1972-10-10 1974-05-07 West Creek Co Inc Afterburner construction
US5433598A (en) * 1991-05-06 1995-07-18 Bowin Designs Pty Ltd Burner
US5875739A (en) * 1991-12-30 1999-03-02 Bowin Technology Pty, Ltd Gas-fired heaters with burners which operate without secondary air and have a substantially sealed combustion chamber
US5632236A (en) * 1991-12-30 1997-05-27 Bowin Technology Pty. Ltd. Gas-fired heaters with burners which operate without secondary air and have a substantially sealed combustion chamber
US6019069A (en) * 1991-12-30 2000-02-01 Bowin Technology Pty. Ltd. Gas-fired heaters with burners which operate without secondary air and have a substantially sealed combustion chamber
US5317992A (en) * 1991-12-30 1994-06-07 Bowin Designs Pty. Ltd. Gas-fired heaters with burners which operate without secondary air
US5525056A (en) * 1992-08-18 1996-06-11 British Gas Plc Fuel fired burners
US20010049079A1 (en) * 1993-07-09 2001-12-06 Edgar C. Robinson Multifuel infrared burner with adjustable metering valve
US5791893A (en) * 1995-12-26 1998-08-11 Carrier Corporation Burner with ceramic insert
US20060251998A1 (en) * 2003-04-18 2006-11-09 Dinand Lamberts Metal burner membrane
US20110081621A1 (en) * 2003-04-18 2011-04-07 Nv Bekaert Sa Metal burner membrane
US7857617B2 (en) 2004-02-05 2010-12-28 Beckett Gas, Inc. Burner
US20110083618A1 (en) * 2004-02-05 2011-04-14 O'donnell Michael J Burner
US9068761B2 (en) 2004-02-05 2015-06-30 Beckett Gas, Inc. Burner
US8292616B2 (en) 2004-02-05 2012-10-23 Beckett Gas, Inc. Burner
US7665426B2 (en) 2004-02-05 2010-02-23 Beckett Gas, Inc. Burner
US20050172915A1 (en) * 2004-02-05 2005-08-11 Beckett Gas, Inc. Burner
US20060021517A1 (en) * 2004-06-23 2006-02-02 Best Willie H Infrared emitting apparatus
US7726967B2 (en) 2004-06-23 2010-06-01 Char-Broil, Llc Radiant burner
US7853129B2 (en) 2004-06-23 2010-12-14 Char-Broil, Llc Infrared emitting apparatus
US20060003279A1 (en) * 2004-06-23 2006-01-05 Best Willie H Radiant burner
US8517717B2 (en) * 2004-08-13 2013-08-27 Velocys, Inc. Detonation safety in microchannels
US20060035182A1 (en) * 2004-08-13 2006-02-16 Hesse David J Detonation safety in microchannels
US8074634B2 (en) 2006-09-26 2011-12-13 Char-Broil, Llc Cooking apparatus with concave emitter
US20090202688A1 (en) * 2006-09-26 2009-08-13 Best Willie H Methods and apparatus for generating infrared radiation from convective products of Combustion
US8770181B2 (en) 2006-09-26 2014-07-08 Char-Broil, Llc Methods and apparatus for generating infrared radiation from convective products of combustion
US20080072890A1 (en) * 2006-09-26 2008-03-27 Best Willie H Cooking apparatus with concave emitter
US8227728B2 (en) 2006-11-10 2012-07-24 Char-Broil, Llc Radiant tube broiler
US8890037B2 (en) 2006-11-10 2014-11-18 Char-Broil, Llc Radiant tube broiler
US20110155118A1 (en) * 2009-06-29 2011-06-30 Mallik Ahmed Single cavity radiant cooking apparatus
US8776775B2 (en) 2009-06-29 2014-07-15 W.C. Bradley Co. Single cavity radiant cooking apparatus
US10004241B2 (en) 2012-11-15 2018-06-26 W.C. Bradley Co. Electric roaster and smoker
US9510604B2 (en) 2013-06-17 2016-12-06 W.C. Bradley Co. Outdoor cooker and smoker, and fuel combustor therefor
US9668613B2 (en) 2013-06-17 2017-06-06 W.C. Bradley Co. High efficiency apparatus and method for cooking, heating and drying
US10485245B2 (en) 2013-06-17 2019-11-26 W.C. Bradley Co. Outdoor cooker and smoker, and fuel combustor therefor
US9709281B2 (en) 2014-03-31 2017-07-18 W.C. Bradley Co. High efficiency side burner and outdoor cooker
US20160258619A1 (en) * 2015-03-03 2016-09-08 Willie H. Best Multiple plenum gas burner
US10426176B2 (en) 2015-03-25 2019-10-01 W.C. Bradley Co. Vertical electric cooker and smoker and smoke box
EP3531797A4 (en) * 2016-12-27 2020-01-01 Shizuoka Seiki Co., Ltd. INFRARED RADIATION HEATER
US11041618B2 (en) 2016-12-27 2021-06-22 Shizuoka Seiki Co., Ltd. Infrared radiation heater
CN107228826A (zh) * 2017-06-06 2017-10-03 北京金索坤技术开发有限公司 一种用于火焰原子荧光光谱仪的双曲涡旋式传输室
CN107228826B (zh) * 2017-06-06 2023-09-15 北京金索坤技术开发有限公司 一种用于火焰原子荧光光谱仪的双曲涡旋式传输室

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BE641003A (ref) 1964-04-01

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