US3233985A - Method for the production of an improved metal/ceramic material and articles - Google Patents
Method for the production of an improved metal/ceramic material and articles Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3233985A US3233985A US208089A US20808962A US3233985A US 3233985 A US3233985 A US 3233985A US 208089 A US208089 A US 208089A US 20808962 A US20808962 A US 20808962A US 3233985 A US3233985 A US 3233985A
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- ceramic
- steel wool
- metal
- steel
- wool
- Prior art date
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- Expired - Lifetime
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- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 21
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims description 21
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 3
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 32
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 32
- 210000002268 wool Anatomy 0.000 description 31
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 9
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229940024548 aluminum oxide Drugs 0.000 description 6
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000005254 chromizing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 3
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RHBRWKIPYGZNMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O--].[O--].[O--].[Al+3].[Cr+3] Chemical compound [O--].[O--].[O--].[Al+3].[Cr+3] RHBRWKIPYGZNMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000041 hydrogen chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen chloride Substances Cl.Cl IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000005995 Aluminium silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000331231 Amorphocerini gen. n. 1 DAD-2008 Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910000669 Chrome steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JAQXDZTWVWLKGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[Al+3].[Fe+2] Chemical compound [O-2].[Al+3].[Fe+2] JAQXDZTWVWLKGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011195 cermet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005272 metallurgy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010979 ruby Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001750 ruby Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052566 spinel group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C10/00—Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces
- C23C10/60—After-treatment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23D—PLANING; SLOTTING; SHEARING; BROACHING; SAWING; FILING; SCRAPING; LIKE OPERATIONS FOR WORKING METAL BY REMOVING MATERIAL, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23D61/00—Tools for sawing machines or sawing devices; Clamping devices for these tools
- B23D61/02—Circular saw blades
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
- B24D18/00—Manufacture of grinding tools or other grinding devices, e.g. wheels, not otherwise provided for
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/71—Ceramic products containing macroscopic reinforcing agents
- C04B35/74—Ceramic products containing macroscopic reinforcing agents containing shaped metallic materials
- C04B35/76—Fibres, filaments, whiskers, platelets, or the like
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C32/00—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C10/00—Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces
- C23C10/28—Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces using solids, e.g. powders, pastes
- C23C10/34—Embedding in a powder mixture, i.e. pack cementation
- C23C10/36—Embedding in a powder mixture, i.e. pack cementation only one element being diffused
- C23C10/38—Chromising
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S264/00—Plastic and nonmetallic article shaping or treating: processes
- Y10S264/19—Inorganic fiber
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/26—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component, the element or component having a specified physical dimension
- Y10T428/268—Monolayer with structurally defined element
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/4935—Impregnated naturally solid product [e.g., leather, stone, etc.]
Definitions
- the invention relates to a processfor, the production of an improved metal/ceramicmaterial and articles made therefrom, and relates especially to ceramic materials and shaped articles which contain a metalskeleton.
- metal fibres which: are usually obtained by cutting frommetal wires, filamentsand thelike, can be fel-tedtogether and, as
- felts canbe sintered. to shaped articles (so-called fibre metallurgy). It is also known thataporous skeletonlike metal molded article so'producedis ableto-serve as a reinforcing structure for, for; example, pure magnesium.
- the steel wool in fibre thicknesses ofa-maxir'nurn of- 0.6 mm., preferably less than 0.1 mm.
- the thickness of the fibres should be the smallest. possible, i.e the lower. limits for the thickness of the fibres are set by the process of preparation for the steel wool.
- the carbon content of the steel may be varied within relatively-wide limits.
- a steel wool with more than 0.1% of carbon may be used; in some cases even with. more than 1% of carbon.
- the diffusion. process, andv the oxide/ ceramic mixture must be chosen with respect to composition so that everything is successively synchronised. These are the usual tasks for the technicians in the metal and ceramic fields.
- the metal/ceramic so obtained consists according to the invention of a metallic and a ceramic phase, which are interconnected together at the phase boundaries in the form of interlocking net- Patented Feb. 8, 1-966 works, while the metallic phase may consist of homogeneously, chromed steel wool.
- the ceramic phase, just as. the steel wool skeleton, is a network and only the subsequentlyv applied surface layer. is a continuouslayer.
- This material according to the invention possesses excellentv mechanical, technological, thermal, oxidation-resisting and corrosion-resisting properties, which is to be attributed to the fact that the homogeneously chromised steelwool possesses-a good adhesion to ceramic compositions, especially to aluminum oxide.
- the good adhesion. between chromisedsteel wool andceramic according to the invention mayv possibly be ate tributedto a mechanism similar to that known from com-. biuation-materials using aluminumoxide and chromium powder, which. materials show a transition. phase of.
- chromium. oxide-a1uminum oxidespinel (ruby): formed at the Phase boundaries between. the chromium metal and, aluminum, oxide.
- the metalfibres which mayabe cutt-o certain suitable length, e.g. to 5-50 mm., are chromised and annealed and the resultant fibres,
- steel 1 wool with a: relatively high carbon content is sed; euon r mi n y a e moun s ph m r urn carbide are; formed in the chromiurn alloy. Since carbides; have a more or less.cerarnic like,character,the bindingofsuch a steel wool in the ceramic b ase material. Eor this reason according to the present.
- Suchamaterial may beconverted-into ceramic cutting discs with relatively. goodcu-tting properties by coating with; a, so-called cermet-material, which possesses especially good cutting properties.
- the said cermet-mate-rial means a powder combination of ceramics and re fractory metal oxides. with other metals and alloys, especially such as aluminum oxide-chromium combinations, and is described by Blackburn, A. R. and Shevlin, T. S. in,P.rogress Report on Fabrication and Physical Properties of Chromium-Aluminum Oxide Cermets, Ohio State University, April 1949 (Report N. 53).
- the coating of cermet-material is applied to the dry steel wool/ceramic body by dipping or spraying and postsintering the whole. Upon use as a cutting tool, the steel wool/ceramic body part plays the role of providing the strength, whereas the coating part provides the cutting properties.
- Athin coating layer of a'few tenths of a millimetre of the cermet issufficient-r
- Theshaped articles produced by the process according to the present invention are particularly advantageous for use as material for machine parts and cutting discs.
- the following examples are for the purpose of illustration, only, without limiting the present invention in scope.
- a Steel wool-v in the form of many single fibres witha fibre thickness less than 0.01 mm. and" an average fibre width of about 0.1 mm. was prepared by chipping off from a special steel .wire with the following analysis: 0.13%, C, 1.06% Mn, 0.042% P, 0.009% S, 0.05% CI and traces of Si. The length of the fibres was variable and extended up to a few metres.
- the steel' wool so obtained was packedtloosely in a suitable: chromising vessel with-pieces of chromium and. subjected to a chromium diflusi'on treatment with gaseous hydrogen chloride for 3 hours at 1100 C. The steel wool was then annealed at 1300'? (ES-for 5 hours under a reducing atmosphere, whereby a ho-" mogeneous distribution'of the chromium "over the whole fibrous cross-section of the steel wool is Obtained.
- Example 2 The metal wool was prepared from steel wire-as described in Example 1', and the fibres arran'ged in.a-"wdi rected form in separate layers and at various angles to' The-fibresso arranged were first com'-- pressed in'a rectangular mouldwith a pressures'of 0.5
- the preliminary moulded body was now chromised by the process described in Example 1.
- the chromising temperature was 1200 C. and the chromising time 2 hours. After this period, the current of hydrogen chloride was stopped and the chromising vessel purged with hydrogen, the temperature being maintained for a Example 3
- a shaped body was first moulded from steel wool as in The steel wool so 0b.:
- the skelet-albody so obtained was saturated in vacuo with a ceramic slip-according to Example 1, dried in air at 95" C: and'then compressed at 2 tons/cm. 'while in the-leather-hard”condition.
- the final sinte-ring tookplace 'at 1550 C. for 1 hour in a high vacuum.
- Thmetal-ceramic body so obtained had very good properties.
- Example'4 Ashaped body was .preparedbythe process given in Example 2 and chromised, but the carbon content of the steel Wool amounted to 1.2%,
- a method of producing a-body of metal fibers in a ceramic matrix comprising contacting a body of ferrous metal fibers with metallic chromium and heatingthe body.
- a metal fiber ceramic impregnated material comprising a metallic phase inrthe form of an interlocking network-of homogeneously chromised steel wool of a thickness upto about 0.6 mm., the network being impregnatedwith afused ceramic material which adheres firmly to the steel wool.
Description
United States Patent 4 Claims. drab-191.12
The invention relates to a processfor, the production of an improved metal/ceramicmaterial and articles made therefrom, and relates especially to ceramic materials and shaped articles which contain a metalskeleton.
It has been known for some time that metal fibres, which: are usually obtained by cutting frommetal wires, filamentsand thelike, can be fel-tedtogether and, as
felts, canbe sintered. to shaped articles (so-called fibre metallurgy). It is also known thataporous skeletonlike metal molded article so'producedis ableto-serve as a reinforcing structure for, for; example, pure magnesium.
Following'on' from this it was hoped that it would be possible to build the metal fibres into; ceramic composition-s as reinforcement. Experiments showed, however, thatwhen the usual iron orsteel' wool was used. together-with a fluid suspension of ceramic powders in liquids (so-called slip)-, such asthose with aluminum oxide as the main constituent no metal/ceramicarticles with useful properties could be obtained. Thisisprobably caused in part by the formation of iron-aluminum oxide spinels, which have'very badmechanicalproperties and, in comparison with aluminum oxide, a very low eutecticmelting point of 1310 C.
It has now been foundthat these disadvantages can beremoved and a metal/ceramic material with goodmechanical, thermaland chemical properties can beproduced-by first subjecting metal wool, especially-steel:
wool; to a diffusion treatment with a relatively inert metal thereby improving the heatand corrosion-resisting qualities, then annealing and; after cooling, treating with suitable ceramic, oxide/ceramic ormetal/ceramic slips, drying and ifdesired compressing the drying mass while being in a. leather-hard condition.
Itis also possible to stratify the steel wool, beforethediffusion treatment, in the form. of single fibres, and to press. it'to any desired shape. After this the diffusiontreatment is effected.
It has been found expedient to use the steel wool in fibre thicknesses ofa-maxir'nurn of- 0.6 mm., preferably less than 0.1 mm. As a. general principle the thickness of the fibres should be the smallest. possible, i.e the lower. limits for the thickness of the fibres are set by the process of preparation for the steel wool. It has further been foundi'that the carbon content of the steel may be varied within relatively-wide limits. In theprocess according to the invention a steel wool with more than 0.1% of carbon may be used; in some cases even with. more than 1% of carbon. The steel wool, the
difiusi-on metal, the diffusion. process, andv the oxide/ ceramic mixture must be chosen with respect to composition so that everything is successively synchronised. These are the usual tasks for the technicians in the metal and ceramic fields.
For some uses it may be expedient to provide the surface of the shaped article produced, after drying, with an additional coating of a carbide ceramic slip, preferably by dipping or spraying. The metal/ceramic so obtained consists according to the invention of a metallic and a ceramic phase, which are interconnected together at the phase boundaries in the form of interlocking net- Patented Feb. 8, 1-966 works, while the metallic phase may consist of homogeneously, chromed steel wool. The ceramic phase, just as. the steel wool skeleton, is a network and only the subsequentlyv applied surface layer. is a continuouslayer. This material according to the invention possesses excellentv mechanical, technological, thermal, oxidation-resisting and corrosion-resisting properties, which is to be attributed to the fact that the homogeneously chromised steelwool possesses-a good adhesion to ceramic compositions, especially to aluminum oxide.
The good adhesion. between chromisedsteel wool andceramic according to the invention mayv possibly be ate tributedto a mechanism similar to that known from com-. biuation-materials using aluminumoxide and chromium powder, which. materials show a transition. phase of.
chromium. oxide-a1uminum oxidespinel (ruby): formed at the Phase boundaries between. the chromium metal and, aluminum, oxide.
The relative amounts of ceramic material (aluminum oxide) and chromised steel woolto beuseddependupon.
the, purposeof user, The, greater the properties of chromised steel wool,- the. higher is the toughness and.
impact strength of the finishedgmaterial. Asa rule parts by volume, of; aluminum, oxide and; chromised steel wool 1 n t e, propor ion f- 1 :1: reaim s In; as ditiomthe density of the material according to the invention cambe-adjusted to the intended :Purpose and,
vary with-the' preparation Whenthe metalfibres, which mayabe cutt-o certain suitable length, e.g. to 5-50 mm., are chromised and annealed and the resultant fibres,
now homogeneouslyaenriched with,chromium, are mixed with the slipand then sintered in a, furnace, a compar a.
tively dense material with a bulk density between 4.0 g./cc. and 5.0 g./cc. results. Higher bulk densities are obtained when this material is compressed as, after'the he; P nd ag in are mp es ed wh n. ei the leather-hardst-ate, after 'hayingbeen dried. Th-isprocess. isespecially suitable. for theproduction of parts,of CQIH'.
plex shape, especially turbine blades.
If; steel 1 wool with a: relatively high carbon content is sed; euon r mi n y a e moun s ph m r urn carbide are; formed in the chromiurn alloy. Since carbides; have a more or less.cerarnic like,character,the bindingofsuch a steel wool in the ceramic b ase material. Eor this reason according to the present.
is; Still better. inventionthe chromising of steel wool with a higher carbon content is preferred, which is in contrast to the recommendations in the literature, according to which;
the carbon content in every case is said-to be not allowed. toexceed 0.1%,;
Suchamaterial may beconverted-into ceramic cutting discs with relatively. goodcu-tting properties by coating with; a, so-called cermet-material, which possesses especially good cutting properties. The said cermet-mate-rial means a powder combination of ceramics and re fractory metal oxides. with other metals and alloys, especially such as aluminum oxide-chromium combinations, and is described by Blackburn, A. R. and Shevlin, T. S. in,P.rogress Report on Fabrication and Physical Properties of Chromium-Aluminum Oxide Cermets, Ohio State University, April 1949 (Report N. 53). The coating of cermet-material is applied to the dry steel wool/ceramic body by dipping or spraying and postsintering the whole. Upon use as a cutting tool, the steel wool/ceramic body part plays the role of providing the strength, whereas the coating part provides the cutting properties.
Athin coating layer of a'few tenths of a millimetre of the cermet issufficient-r These'=cutting discs cannot *of course be subsequently sharpened, but must be used as expendable discs.
Theshaped articles produced by the process according to the present invention, on account of their'g're'at strength and good heat conductivity, are particularly advantageous for use as material for machine parts and cutting discs. The following examples are for the purpose of illustration, only, without limiting the present invention in scope.
' Example] a Steel wool-v in the form of many single fibres witha fibre thickness less than 0.01 mm. and" an average fibre width of about 0.1 mm. was prepared by chipping off from a special steel .wire with the following analysis: 0.13%, C, 1.06% Mn, 0.042% P, 0.009% S, 0.05% CI and traces of Si. The length of the fibres was variable and extended up to a few metres. The steel' wool so obtained was packedtloosely in a suitable: chromising vessel with-pieces of chromium and. subjected to a chromium diflusi'on treatment with gaseous hydrogen chloride for 3 hours at 1100 C. The steel wool was then annealed at 1300'? (ES-for 5 hours under a reducing atmosphere, whereby a ho-" mogeneous distribution'of the chromium "over the whole fibrous cross-section of the steel wool is Obtained.
After cooling, a steel wool resulted which had an average chromium content of about 30%. tained was again split up into separate fibres and mixed with a composition consisting of 95% A1 and of kaolin. This mixture was compressed in a mould at a pressure of 5 tons per cm. and sintered in vacuo. at After cooling, a shaped-bo'dy 1550 C. for 1 hour. was obtained which consisted of ceramic and 50% by volume of chromised steel wool and which had a: good heat conductivity as wellas-compar atively high strength. 1
.Example 2 The metal wool was prepared from steel wire-as described in Example 1', and the fibres arran'ged in.a-"wdi rected form in separate layers and at various angles to' The-fibresso arranged were first com'-- pressed in'a rectangular mouldwith a pressures'of 0.5
one another.
ton/cm A mutual interlocking of the separate fibres took place, so that after the pressing the pressed "body already had a shape corresponding somewhat to the final form. I
The preliminary moulded body was now chromised by the process described in Example 1. The chromising temperature however was 1200 C. and the chromising time 2 hours. After this period, the current of hydrogen chloride was stopped and the chromising vessel purged with hydrogen, the temperature being maintained for a Example 3 A shaped body was first moulded from steel wool as in The steel wool so 0b.:
. l Example 2 and subjected to sintering for 1 hour at 1350 'C.-in-a' current ofhyd-rogen. The--indi-vidual-fibres are welded together by this treatment, and the steel wool skeleton possesses a high strength with very great porosity. The steel wool framework was then chromised for 3 hours at 1100 C., as described in Examples 1 and 2, A subsequent equalising annealing at 1300 C. in a current of hydrogen brought about hon'iogenisation'of the content "'1 of chromium. The annealing period was about 5 hours.
The skelet-albody so obtained'was saturated in vacuo with a ceramic slip-according to Example 1, dried in air at 95" C: and'then compressed at 2 tons/cm. 'while in the-leather-hard"condition. The final sinte-ring tookplace 'at 1550 C. for 1 hour in a high vacuum. Thmetal-ceramic body so obtained had very good properties.
Example'4 Ashaped body was .preparedbythe process given in Example 2 and chromised, but the carbon content of the steel Wool amounted to 1.2%,
and 2 and dried. It was then dipped into a fluid carbide/ ceramic slip composition and the excess carbide/ceramic suspension was removed by draining off, so that only a layer of about 0.2 mm. thickness remained adher ing thereto. This shaped body obtained further plastic properties through the suspension liquid adsorbed and was then dried while in the leather-hard state and compressed with 6 tons/cm. in a steel mould. The sintering was effected in vacuoat 1700: C. fora periodof l hour. The shaped body sofobtained, after careful grind ing with'a diamond hetstone, could be used for ma-- itchining on a lathe.
We claim:
1.- A method of producing a-body of metal fibers in a ceramic matrix, comprising contacting a body of ferrous metal fibers with metallic chromium and heatingthe body.
" of metal fibers to diffuse the chromium throughout the thickness of the fibers, thereafter impregnating thebody of jfibers with a ceramic slip,- and thereafter sinteringthe ceramic. of the impregnated body.-
2. A method as'claimed in claim l, in which the ceramic- 5 is principally aluminum oxide.
.,1;A method as claimed in claim rous metal has a carbon content in excess-.o-f 0.1%
4. A metal fiber ceramic impregnated material compris ing a metallic phase inrthe form of an interlocking network-of homogeneously chromised steel wool of a thickness upto about 0.6 mm.,,the network being impregnatedwith afused ceramic material which adheres firmly to the steel wool. r
I References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,068,556 12/1962 Kramer 29-420 X 3,153,279 10/1964 Chessin. 29'419'X I FOREIGN PATENTS -2 10,9 27 10 1957 Australia. I OTHER REFERENCES Fiber Metals, Materials and Methods, Metcalfe et al.,
i November-.1955, pp. 96-98.
WHITMORE WILTZ, Primary Examiner.-
This shaped body as. saturated with the composition mentioned in Examples 1- 1, in which the fervi
Claims (1)
- 4. A METAL FIBER CERAMIC IMPREGNATED MATERIAL COMPRISING A METALLIC PHASE IN THE FORM OF AN INTERLOCKING NETWORK OF HOMOGENEOUSLY CHROMISED STEEL WOOL OF A THICKNESS UP TO ABOUT 0.6 MM., THE NETWORK BEING IMPREGNATED WITH A FUSED CERAMIC MATERIAL WHICH ADHERES FIRMLY TO THE STEEL WOOL.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DEJ20217A DE1227663B (en) | 1961-07-10 | 1961-07-10 | Process for the production of metal-ceramic molded bodies |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3233985A true US3233985A (en) | 1966-02-08 |
Family
ID=7200203
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US208089A Expired - Lifetime US3233985A (en) | 1961-07-10 | 1962-07-06 | Method for the production of an improved metal/ceramic material and articles |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3233985A (en) |
| AT (1) | AT245271B (en) |
| DE (1) | DE1227663B (en) |
| GB (1) | GB964064A (en) |
Cited By (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3301643A (en) * | 1964-08-20 | 1967-01-31 | Gen Electric | Superconducting composite articles |
| US3378498A (en) * | 1965-01-25 | 1968-04-16 | Metal Diffusions Ltd | Process for diffusing metal into a refractory or ceramic oxide using a nitrate promoter |
| US3440708A (en) * | 1967-01-16 | 1969-04-29 | Iit Res Inst | Method of making gradated fiber metal structures |
| US3485595A (en) * | 1965-09-10 | 1969-12-23 | Wmf Wuerttemberg Metallwaren | Metal fiber bodies |
| US3653882A (en) * | 1970-02-27 | 1972-04-04 | Nasa | Method of making fiber composites |
| US3844727A (en) * | 1968-03-20 | 1974-10-29 | United Aircraft Corp | Cast composite structure with metallic rods |
| US4300951A (en) * | 1978-02-24 | 1981-11-17 | Kabushiki Kaisha Fujikoshi | Liquid phase sintered dense composite bodies and method for producing the same |
| WO1992000934A2 (en) * | 1990-07-06 | 1992-01-23 | Igr Enterprises, Inc. | Ductile ceramic composites |
| US5332483A (en) * | 1990-07-06 | 1994-07-26 | Igr Enterprises, Inc. | Gas separation system |
| US6592965B1 (en) | 1990-07-06 | 2003-07-15 | Igr Enterprises, Inc. | Ductile ceramic composite electrolyte |
| CN113524393A (en) * | 2021-07-02 | 2021-10-22 | 红云红河烟草(集团)有限责任公司 | Ceramic blade special for filament cutter and manufacturing method |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3689614A (en) * | 1970-01-28 | 1972-09-05 | Abex Corp | Centrifugal molding of ceramic tubes containing metal fibers |
| JPS5129169B2 (en) * | 1971-11-13 | 1976-08-24 |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3068556A (en) * | 1958-10-09 | 1962-12-18 | Bruce E Kramer | Method of making jet turbine buckets |
| US3153279A (en) * | 1959-05-29 | 1964-10-20 | Horst Corp Of America V D | Heat resistant solid structure |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB706486A (en) * | 1951-01-09 | 1954-03-31 | Diffusion Alloys Ltd | A process for the manufacture of metal articles |
-
1961
- 1961-07-10 DE DEJ20217A patent/DE1227663B/en active Pending
-
1962
- 1962-07-06 US US208089A patent/US3233985A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1962-07-06 AT AT546162A patent/AT245271B/en active
- 1962-07-10 GB GB26374/62A patent/GB964064A/en not_active Expired
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3068556A (en) * | 1958-10-09 | 1962-12-18 | Bruce E Kramer | Method of making jet turbine buckets |
| US3153279A (en) * | 1959-05-29 | 1964-10-20 | Horst Corp Of America V D | Heat resistant solid structure |
Cited By (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3301643A (en) * | 1964-08-20 | 1967-01-31 | Gen Electric | Superconducting composite articles |
| US3378498A (en) * | 1965-01-25 | 1968-04-16 | Metal Diffusions Ltd | Process for diffusing metal into a refractory or ceramic oxide using a nitrate promoter |
| US3485595A (en) * | 1965-09-10 | 1969-12-23 | Wmf Wuerttemberg Metallwaren | Metal fiber bodies |
| US3440708A (en) * | 1967-01-16 | 1969-04-29 | Iit Res Inst | Method of making gradated fiber metal structures |
| US3844727A (en) * | 1968-03-20 | 1974-10-29 | United Aircraft Corp | Cast composite structure with metallic rods |
| US3653882A (en) * | 1970-02-27 | 1972-04-04 | Nasa | Method of making fiber composites |
| US4300951A (en) * | 1978-02-24 | 1981-11-17 | Kabushiki Kaisha Fujikoshi | Liquid phase sintered dense composite bodies and method for producing the same |
| WO1992000934A2 (en) * | 1990-07-06 | 1992-01-23 | Igr Enterprises, Inc. | Ductile ceramic composites |
| WO1992000934A3 (en) * | 1990-07-06 | 1992-09-03 | Igr Ets Inc | Ductile ceramic composites |
| US5332483A (en) * | 1990-07-06 | 1994-07-26 | Igr Enterprises, Inc. | Gas separation system |
| US6592965B1 (en) | 1990-07-06 | 2003-07-15 | Igr Enterprises, Inc. | Ductile ceramic composite electrolyte |
| CN113524393A (en) * | 2021-07-02 | 2021-10-22 | 红云红河烟草(集团)有限责任公司 | Ceramic blade special for filament cutter and manufacturing method |
| CN113524393B (en) * | 2021-07-02 | 2022-11-15 | 红云红河烟草(集团)有限责任公司 | Ceramic blade special for filament cutter and manufacturing method |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB964064A (en) | 1964-07-15 |
| DE1227663B (en) | 1966-10-27 |
| AT245271B (en) | 1966-02-25 |
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