US3159485A - Spirit duplicating process - Google Patents

Spirit duplicating process Download PDF

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Publication number
US3159485A
US3159485A US101614A US10161461A US3159485A US 3159485 A US3159485 A US 3159485A US 101614 A US101614 A US 101614A US 10161461 A US10161461 A US 10161461A US 3159485 A US3159485 A US 3159485A
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Prior art keywords
sheet
dye
layer
emulsion
original
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Expired - Lifetime
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US101614A
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English (en)
Inventor
Albert Emiel Van Hoof
Holvoet George Arthur
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Gevaert Photo Producten NV
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Gevaert Photo Producten NV
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
    • G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
    • G03F7/26—Processing photosensitive materials; Apparatus therefor
    • G03F7/34—Imagewise removal by selective transfer, e.g. peeling away

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a new and improved photographic method for the preparation of spirit duplicating masters.
  • the dye layer is seen to be left uncovered by the emulsion only in the areas which were, in contact with the silver image and the material comprising this selectively covered dye layerr may be used as a duplicating master.
  • dyestutl becomes transferred from the dye layer onto the silver halide emulsion layer in the areas Where the silver halide has been developed to a silver image so that after separation of the layers it is alsopossible to use the material having the silver halide emulsion layer (hereafter alternatively called-the photographic materia1) asa duplicating master.
  • FIG. l is an illustrative embodiment of the present method carried out with a direct-reading opaque original using reflex exposure and showing the materials in several stages and the processing steps between those stages, all with appropriate captions;
  • FIG. 2 is a similar embodiment carried out with a consisting of one or more aliphatic alcohols.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic view in side elevation of one form of apparatus for effecting the developing and pressing steps of the present method.
  • FIG. 4 is a view similar toFIG. 3 of a modified form of apparatus. y
  • FIGS ⁇ l and 2 are more or less idealized portrayals of the present invention, the thickness ot theiseveral-layers and supports, for example, being considerably exaggerated for sake of clarity and by no means necessarily representing what actually occurs in practice.
  • the following convention has been adopted to depict the dierent conditions of the emulsion: Standard cross-hatching indicates undeveloped,
  • the dye layer must, of course, be of such composition that the dyestutf is capable of being transferred to ⁇ print paper when this is contacted with the master in the presence of a suitable liquid, e.g., a liquid as usually employed for spirit duplicating and mainly By Way of example, good results have been obtained with certain of the commercially available dye sheets used in the preparation of spirit duplicating masters bymechanical means (e.g., by type-Writing). Good results have not been obtained with all of such dye sheets. In particular sheets in which the dyestul layer iscovered by a hydrophobic protective layer, eg., a wax layer, should not be used.
  • a hydrophobic protective layer eg., a wax layer
  • the dye layer used in a method accordingV tothe invention is-part of a sheetv material, e.g., a dye-coated paper.
  • a suitable dye layer may be applied to a. plate or other rigid supporting base and the image-bearing emulsion layer may be rolledl or otherwise brought into- Contact with suchf dye layer.
  • the photographic material may, e.g. comprise a lightsensitive unhardened or substantially unhardenedgelatin silver halide emulsion layer coated onto a flexible support, e.g. paper. form may be used for recording a multiplicity of images successively or simultaneously preparatory to the production ofY corresponding printing masters; itis also possible rto use as the dyestuif material a material in roll'formso that a complete series rof latent imagesK on the photographic material Vmay be developed and the printing masters may be produced in a continuous operation. However, normally it is more convenient for thetician material and the dyestuf material to be in the .form of sheets in a size suiicient for recording single images.
  • the photographic material maybe prepared for contact with the dyestutf layer by exposure of the lightsensitive layer to the matter to be duplicated followed by a panning development.
  • the primary intended use of the method according to the invention is for document copying.
  • the duplicating masters are generally prepared from positive originals, or from negative records of positive originals.
  • the invention is not limited to the preparation of masters for producing positive duplicated copies.
  • the invention is not limited to the preparation of masters for reproducing reading matter, and in some cases, eg., ⁇ in the reproduction of drawings, it is not always necessary for the master copy to be laterally reversed with respect to the original. Neither is the invention limited to the preparation of masters for producing positive duplicated copies.
  • the photographic image referred to in the principal claim of this specification may be a positive image, a negative image, a laterally reversed image or a directreading image. It is also to be understood that this image may be larger or smaller than or of the same size as the matter to be duplicated.
  • the exposed light-sensitive emulsion layer may be subjected to tanning development, e.g. by using a solution of tanning developing agent.
  • Various alkalis are suitable; alkali carbonates or alkali hydroxides are usually used in practice.
  • a softening agent for gelatin eg. urea
  • a development accelerator may be used if desired, e.g. a quaternary ammonium compound, a quaternary pyridinium compound or one or the other quaternary salts of organic nitrogen bases specilied in the specification of United States patent application Serial No. 37,101.
  • a photographic material which contains a tanning developing agent, e.g., pyrogallol or pyrocatechine or one of the compounds proposed in our United Kingdom patent specification 812,673 and tanning development of the exposed emulsion layer is effected in an alkaline solution, which does not itself contain a tanning developing agent.
  • the yalkaline solution may incorporate a softener for gelatin (eg. urea) as before referred to and the development may be effected at increased temperature.
  • a favorable developing temperature of the liquid containing alkali and urea is from 28 to 30 C.
  • an alkali carbonate is preferably used as alkali; alternatively or in addition some other alkaline compound, e.g. sodium phosphate, triethanolamine, alkalihydroxides, a bicarbonate etc. may be used. Due to the developing solution being free of any tanning developing substance, deterioration of the developing solution by oxidation of the tanning agent under the influence of the oxygen in the air is completely avoided, even when the development is carried out at relatively high temperatures. Accordingly, the development can be carried out at higher temperatures so that the development time can be shortened.
  • alkaline compound e.g. sodium phosphate, triethanolamine, alkalihydroxides, a bicarbonate etc.
  • the pressing together of the materials is effected las the photographic materials leave the tanning developer. This may be accomplished either by means of one or more pairs of rollers or by means of a roller or rollers and a cooperating non-rotating part or parts, mounted against the exit point from the developer.
  • the roller or rollers, and or the non-rotating co-operating part or parts where provided may be heated. Alternatively or in addition, means may be provided for heating the developer.
  • a top space 2 is provided which is separated from the liquid; 3 and 4 are pressure rollers.
  • An electric resistance 5 is provided under the developer compartment for heating the liquid in the tank. This resistance can be coupled t0 a thermostat in order to maintain the liquid at a constant temperature, e.g. between 28-30 C.
  • the roller 3 is mounted so that it can be displaced away from roller 4.
  • the roller 3 is moved away from the roller 4 and a light-sensitive sheet A which has been exposed is passed between the rollers into developing tank 1. Whilst the photographic material A is being developed, a hectographic dye sheet B is slipped into the top space 2.
  • the length of the sheets A and B is such that when they are inserted as shown into the developer space and the top space of the tank, end portions orf the two sheets extend between the rollers 3, 4.
  • the roller 3 Before withdrawing sheet A from the developer, the roller 3 is moved into operative position so as to grip the sheets A and B together against roller 4.
  • the developed photographic material A and dye sheet B are now drawn between the rollers.
  • the sheets A and B are subsequently stripped apart and the dye sheet is pressed against a paper sheet. Thereafter the paper sheet is stripped o and iS ready for use as -a duplicating master in a spirit duplicating process.
  • heating can take place by means of the pressure roller(s) 3 and/or 4.
  • the space 2. is not necessarily closed; sheet B may simply rest on the top of a one-compartment tank.
  • the materials A and B can be together pulled between the pressure rollers.
  • One or each of the rollers can be replaced by a rubber scraper.
  • One of the rollers can also be replaced by a flat steady bar.
  • the rollers can be operated either electrically or manually. If desired the developer space of tank 1 can have its entrance sealed by resiliently mounted closure means or by wedges of synthetic substance in order to reduce oxidation of the developer liquid by contact with the air.
  • the apparatus can be provided with a small drip tray or other container for receiving this squeezed out liquid.
  • a precipitating agent for the basic dyestut of the hectographic dye sheet.
  • Organic precipitating agents have been found very useful for this purpose. In general compounds are suitable which possess a relatively great anion such as for instance the watersoluble salts of diamine silbene derivatives (cf. our Dutch Patent 89,134) trichloro-acetic acid, salicylic acid, nitrophenol, benzene and toluene sulphonic acid etc.
  • the sticking vproperties ofthe gelatin can be influenced by the use of hygroscopic substances such as for instance glycerol, glycols, polyglycols, potassium ⁇ carbonates, wetting agents etc.
  • Organic solvents which are compatible with the alkaline liquid can likewise be added e.g. in amounts of 25 to 100 cm.s to promote the transfer of unhardened gelatinV onto the carbon paper. Examples of such solvents are: ethanol, methylglycol, isopropylalcohol, Carbitol, dioxane, butyrolactone etc.
  • a sheet material having an unhardened or substantially unhardened light-sensitive silver halide emulsion of the negative type is reilectographically exposed to an original to be reproduced.
  • the photographic material After exposure and developient in a tanning developer, the photographic material is pressed against a dye-sheetV of the type hereinbefore referred to composed of or containing a dyestutf layer.
  • a photographic material having an unharidened or substantially unhardened light-sensitive silver halide emulsion of the negative type i.e. an emulsion which on exposure to a text Iand development gives a silver image in the exposed areas is used.
  • this light-sensitive layer is projected a negative microfilm record of a text or drawing, taking care that the negative in the enlarger be turned with its back-side to the light source, so that by development of the photographic material a positive direct-reading image of the original text or drawing is obtained.
  • the photographic material ispressed against dye sheet of a commercial type hereinbefore referred to; the two materials adhering together are heated for a while, e.g. by pressing the back-side of the photographic material against a heated plate. Then the photographic material is stripped off from the dye sheet and is discarded.
  • the dye material 6- can now be used as a master sheet in a spirit duplicator to yield printed positive copies of the original.
  • a negative microlrn record of a text or drawing is projected onto a photographic material with a silver halide emulsion of the direct-positive type, taking care that the negative in the enlarger isturned with its image side to the lightsource, so that by development of the photographic material a negative counterpart, i.e. laterally reversed negative image of the original text'or drawing is obtained.
  • the photographic material After development in a tanning developer the photographic material is pressed against a dyestutf material such as a dye sheet as hereinbefore referred to and subsequently stripped olf; the dyestuff materialV is pressed against a sheet o-f paper, which is stripped off and can be used in a spirit duplic-ator to yield printed positive copies of the original.
  • a dyestutf material such as a dye sheet as hereinbefore referred to and subsequently stripped olf
  • the dyestuff materialV is pressed against a sheet o-f paper, which is stripped off and can be used in a spirit duplic-ator to yield printed positive copies of the original.
  • Example 1 To a contrasty silver halide emulsion of the type which by image-wise exposure and development gives a negative, are added 40 g. of urea per kg. of emulsion. The emulsion ⁇ is applied to paper an ddried; The light-sensitive paper obtained isV retlectographically exposed to a positive original, and thereafter developed for 35 seconds at 20 C. in a tanning developer of the following composition:
  • the two materials adhering together are fora while pressed with the back side of the photographic material against a plate heated at 35 to 40 C. Thereafter, the photograpldc material is stripped olf and discarded. After 5 to 60 seconds the dye-sheet is pressed against a sheet of ordinary paper. After l minute, the sheet of paper is stripped off from the dye-sheet.
  • This sheet of paper carries now a dyestulf-containing positive but laterally reversed image of the original, and can be used as duplicating master sheet from which tens of prints can be obtained by spirit duplicating, e.g. by means of one of the commercially available spirit duplicators.
  • Example 2 A photographic material which is of the same composition as the photographic material used in Example 1, is reflectographically exposed to the original to be reproduced, and developed for 20 seconds at 28 C. in the developer of Example l. The developed photographic material is then pressed against a hectographic dye-sheet as in Example l, without heating however. After 5 to l0 seconds this sheet is stripped off, and the dye-sheet is further pressed against a sheet of ordinary paper as in Example 1. This paper sheet is then stripped off from the dye-sheet and can be used as a duplicating master sheet in the same way as the paper sheet in Example l.
  • Anhydrous sodium carbonate g 30 Water to cm.3 1000 The further procedure is as in Example 1, thus: pressing of the photographic material against a dye-sheet, heating, stripping off the dye-sheet and discarding the photographic material.
  • the dye-sheet is pressed against a sheet of ordinary paper, the latter is stripped off, and can be used as a duplicating master sheet in the same way as the paper sheet in Example l.
  • Example 4 A photographic material A, which is of the same composition as the photographic material of Example 1, is reilectographically exposed to the original and developed for 20 seconds at 22 C. in the following solution:
  • Example 5 To a contrasty silver halide emulsion of the type which by image-wise exposure and development gives a negative are added g. of urea and 15 g. of pyrocatechol per kg. of emulsion. The emulsion is applied to paper and dried. The light-sensitive paper obtained is reflectographically exposed to the original to be reproduced. It is then developed and pressed against a hectographio dyesheet.
  • FIG. 4 of the accompanying drawings in which:
  • W a thermostatically heated resistance for heating liquid in tank T at 28-30o C.
  • A the light-sensitive material
  • B hectographic dye-sheet
  • G guides for material 1
  • 2 rubber rollers
  • One of the rollers can be replaced by a flat narrow plate so that squeezing occurs between a rubber roll and a steady wall. At least one of the rubber rollers can be replaced by a rubber scraper.
  • the tank T of this apparatus is filled with the following solution:
  • the exposed photographic material is immersed for 20 seconds into the solution and afterwards, by turning the rubber rollers the sheet is removed from the apparatus and at the same time pressed together With the hectographic dye-sheet. After 30 seconds, the dye-sheet is stripped off and pressed against a sheet of coated paper. This pressing together can again occur by leading the dye-sheet together with the paper sheet between the rubber rollers. After drying, the dye-sheet is stripped off from the sheet of coated paper.
  • the latter can now be used as master sheet for producing more than prints of the original in a spirit duplicator.
  • Example 6 A light-sensitive photographic material of the same composition as the photographic material used in Example 5 is refiectorgraphically exposed. This photographic material is developed and pressed against a hectograpln'c dye-sheet, whereby an apparatus as described with reference to FIG. 3 of the accompanying drawings is used, but the solution wherein development is carried out consists of:
  • Example 7 A photographic material which is of the same composition as the photographic material used in Example l is exposed in an enlarger to a negative microfilm record of a printed text, the back side of the microfilm being turned to the light source, and developed for 20 seconds at 28 C. in the developer of Example 1.
  • the further procedure is as described in Example 2: pressing of the photographic material against a hectographic dye-sheet, stripping off the dye-sheet, pressing the dye-sheet against an ordinary paper sheet and stripping off this paper sheet. The ordinary paper sheet is discarded, and the dye-sheet can be used as duplicating master from which tens of prints can be made by spirit duplicating.
  • Example 8 A photographic material of the same composition as the photographic material used in Example 3 is exposed as described in Example 7. Development occurs for 30 seconds at 22 C. in the following solution:
  • Anhydrous sodium carbonate g 30 Water to cm.3 1000 The further procedure is as in Example 1, thus: pressing of the photographic material against a dye-sheet, heating, stripping off the dye-sheet, pressing of the dye-sheet against an ordinary paper sheet, and stripping off this paper sheet. The ordinary paper sheet is discarded, and the dye-sheet can be used as duplicating master as described in Example 7.
  • Example 9 From a positive original to be printed is first made a transparent positive in the following way: a. sheet 0f negative material intended for application of the silver complex diffusion transfer process, commercially available as Gevacopy negative, is reflectographically exposed to the original. The Gevacopy negative is then brought together with a sheet of Gevacopy positive film, into an apparatus filled with developer for the silver complex diffusion transfer process. After leaving the apparatus the sheet of Gevacopy positive film is stripped off from the sheet of Gevacopy negative. The Gevacopy negative is discarded and a positive transparent print of the original is lef-t. As photographic material is used a support on which is coated a silver halide emulsion of the type which on exposure gives a direct positive as described in Example 4 of our United Kingdom patent specification No. 821,251.
  • the transparent posii 2. A method according to claim 1 wherein at least said emulsion layer is heated to a temperature of about 35-40 C. While being pressed against said dye-containing layer.
  • a method according to claim 1, wherein the silver halide emulsion is of a type which after image-wise exposure and development gives a silver image in the eX- posed areas and wherein the layer formed by said silver halide emulsion contains a tanning developing agent.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Silver Salt Photography Or Processing Solution Therefor (AREA)
  • Photosensitive Polymer And Photoresist Processing (AREA)
  • Non-Silver Salt Photosensitive Materials And Non-Silver Salt Photography (AREA)
  • Color Printing (AREA)
US101614A 1959-10-29 1961-02-21 Spirit duplicating process Expired - Lifetime US3159485A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB36800/59A GB981508A (en) 1959-10-29 1959-10-29 Improvements in or relating to the photographic production of master copies suitable for use in spirit duplicating processes
GB639960 1960-02-23
GB2515760 1960-07-19

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US3159485A true US3159485A (en) 1964-12-01

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US101614A Expired - Lifetime US3159485A (en) 1959-10-29 1961-02-21 Spirit duplicating process

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US (1) US3159485A (ja)
BE (1) BE596508A (ja)
CH (1) CH399906A (ja)
DE (2) DE1254964B (ja)
GB (2) GB981508A (ja)
NL (2) NL257379A (ja)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3620738A (en) * 1968-03-14 1971-11-16 Itek Corp Dye transfer color photography
US4226933A (en) * 1978-11-28 1980-10-07 Toppan Printing Co., Ltd. Method of manufacturing a decorative panel

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2852371A (en) * 1956-11-20 1958-09-16 Eastman Kodak Co Photographic duplicating process
US2903964A (en) * 1955-01-24 1959-09-15 Eastman Kodak Co Photographic spirit duplicating process
US3054692A (en) * 1959-11-13 1962-09-18 Columbia Ribbon & Carbon Novel hectograph methods

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2898852A (en) * 1957-06-10 1959-08-11 Eastman Kodak Co Photomechanical spirit duplicating process

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2903964A (en) * 1955-01-24 1959-09-15 Eastman Kodak Co Photographic spirit duplicating process
US2852371A (en) * 1956-11-20 1958-09-16 Eastman Kodak Co Photographic duplicating process
US3054692A (en) * 1959-11-13 1962-09-18 Columbia Ribbon & Carbon Novel hectograph methods

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3620738A (en) * 1968-03-14 1971-11-16 Itek Corp Dye transfer color photography
US4226933A (en) * 1978-11-28 1980-10-07 Toppan Printing Co., Ltd. Method of manufacturing a decorative panel

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB996963A (en) 1965-06-30
BE596508A (ja)
GB981508A (en) 1965-01-27
DE1254964B (de) 1967-11-23
NL257379A (ja)
NL261590A (ja)
CH399906A (fr) 1965-09-30
DE1168926B (de) 1964-04-30

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