US3156481A - Balanced pneumatic suspensions including an automatic level control - Google Patents

Balanced pneumatic suspensions including an automatic level control Download PDF

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Publication number
US3156481A
US3156481A US182443A US18244362A US3156481A US 3156481 A US3156481 A US 3156481A US 182443 A US182443 A US 182443A US 18244362 A US18244362 A US 18244362A US 3156481 A US3156481 A US 3156481A
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Prior art keywords
conduit means
pressure
piston
liquid
cylinder
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US182443A
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English (en)
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Dangauthier Marcel
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Societe dEtudes et Applications Industrielles Commerciales et Immobilieres
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Societe dEtudes et Applications Industrielles Commerciales et Immobilieres
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G17/00—Resilient suspensions having means for adjusting the spring or vibration-damper characteristics, for regulating the distance between a supporting surface and a sprung part of vehicle or for locking suspension during use to meet varying vehicular or surface conditions, e.g. due to speed or load
    • B60G17/02—Spring characteristics, e.g. mechanical springs and mechanical adjusting means
    • B60G17/04—Spring characteristics, e.g. mechanical springs and mechanical adjusting means fluid spring characteristics
    • B60G17/048—Spring characteristics, e.g. mechanical springs and mechanical adjusting means fluid spring characteristics with the regulating means inside the fluid springs
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G15/00—Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or type of combined spring and vibration damper, e.g. telescopic type
    • B60G15/08—Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or type of combined spring and vibration damper, e.g. telescopic type having fluid spring
    • B60G15/12—Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or type of combined spring and vibration damper, e.g. telescopic type having fluid spring and fluid damper
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G21/00—Interconnection systems for two or more resiliently-suspended wheels, e.g. for stabilising a vehicle body with respect to acceleration, deceleration or centrifugal forces
    • B60G21/02—Interconnection systems for two or more resiliently-suspended wheels, e.g. for stabilising a vehicle body with respect to acceleration, deceleration or centrifugal forces permanently interconnected
    • B60G21/06—Interconnection systems for two or more resiliently-suspended wheels, e.g. for stabilising a vehicle body with respect to acceleration, deceleration or centrifugal forces permanently interconnected fluid
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S280/00—Land vehicles
    • Y10S280/01—Load responsive, leveling of vehicle

Definitions

  • Pneumatic suspensions of this type have been known for a long time; the balancing-adapted to prevent inclination of the suspended mass under the effect of an unequal distribution of the load, of a slope in the road or of the centrifugal force when travelling round a bend-is achieved by providing intercommunication so as to balance the pressures between the springs or pneumatic supporting elements of the same set or pair of wheels and be connected by means of an anti-roll torsion bar the pistons of said springs or pneumatic supporting elements.
  • An arrangement of this type is for example described in the French Patent No. 637,592 to Messier, filed November 9, 1926.
  • the automatic level control is achieved by the piston of the pneumatic spring which, at the end of its reciprocations, causes admission of compressed air in the cylinder or its discharge to the exterior air.
  • the cylinder of the pneumatic supporting elements has connected thereto a pipe which, through the medium of a damped level corrector under the control of the up and down movements of the wheel or of the mid-point of the axle, is put in communication either with a liquid reservoir communicating with the exterior air or with a hydraulic presure accumulator so as to supply or discharge liquid as a function of the height at which the suspended part would tend to become stabilized when the vehicle is stationary, if no level corrector existed.
  • the cylinder of the pneumatic supporting element has connected thereto at two different levels: a pipe in constant communication with the outlet of a continously operating liquid pump and a pipe in intermittent communncation with a liquid reservoir com municating with the exterior air, said intermittent communication being controlled by the piston of the supporting element itself, thereby providing not a level correction but its automatic maintenance without any additional means or distributor.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a pneumatic suspension assembly which employs supporting elements which are of the type described in the aforesaid U.S. patent and some of which are modified to take into account considerations of position or size or to permit their adaptation to steering wheels and in which the balancing of the suspended mass is improved relative to the balanced suspension disclosed by the aforementioned French patent to Messier.
  • the conduit which puts the pneumatic supporting elements in communication with one another and permanently connects the latter to the outlet of the pump the latter being necessarily a volumetric pump
  • a calibrated orifice adapted to create a large increase in the static pressure of the liquid on the side of the depressed supporting element when the latter is temporarily isolated from the reservoir communicating with the exterior air, this pressure increase occurring above the calibrated orifice (with respect to the flow) which at this moment must allow through an increased liquid flow to the opposite supporting element, andcreating the necessary additional reaction torque to return the suspended mass to the horizontal position.
  • Another important feature of the invention resides in the construction of an independent suspension for the steering wheels of the vehicle which also has the features described hereinbefore but is so arranged as to take into account exacting considerations of location and size.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective assembly diagram of the suspension, some of the supporting elements being shown in section;
  • FIG. 2 is a sectional view on an enlarged scale of the hydraulic anti-tilt device
  • FIG. 3 is a vertical sectional view of the supporting element of a steering Wheel and of the device associated therewith, and
  • FIG. 4 is a partial sectional view on an enlarged scale of the supporting element shown in FIG. 3.
  • the suspension according to the invention has a number of pneumatic suspension supporting elements A, A, B, B, the elements A, A being associated with the steering wheels such as R and the elements B, B with the non-steering wheels, for example the driving wheels R.
  • the supporting elements comprise a chamber 1 for the elements A, A, a chamber 2 for the elements B, B which contain a cushion of air under pressure, the pressure of this air cushion being transmitted to a piston 3 for the elements A, A, and the piston 4 for the elements B, B.
  • a liquid such as oil is employed between the air cushion and the pistons in the cylinders 5 (elements A, A) and 6 (elements B, B) in which move the respective pistons 3 and 4, and the supporting elements A and A are interconnected by an intercommunication conduit and the supporting elements B and B are interconnected by an intercommunication conduit 8.
  • the cylinders of the supporting elements are connected to the suspended mass of the vehicle and their pistons are connected to the unsuspended mass.
  • the cylinders 6 of the elements B, B are connected to the suspended mass, symbolized by a vehicle body or shell 9, and their pistons 4 to an axle, for example the rear axle 10 of the vehicle.
  • the cylinders 5 of the elements A, A are connected to the unsuspended mass for example the stub axles 11 of the wheels R and their pistons 3 are connected to the suspended mass symbolized by an element of the vehicle body or shell 12.
  • the pistons 4 of the elements B, B are interconnected by an anti-roll torsion bar 13 whose transverse portion is journalled in bearings 14 connected to the suspended mass 9 and whose longitudinal arms 15 are connected by links 16 to the ends of the axle it connected to these pistons.
  • the cylinders 5 are interconnected, through the medium of elements which will be described hereinafter, by an anti-roll torsion bar 17 whose transverse portion is journalled in bearings 18 connected to the suspended mass 12 and Whose longitudinal arms 19 are connected to the cylinders 5. If desired, these torsion bars could be replaced by any other known equivalent devices.
  • the intercommunications conduits 7 and 8 and the anti-roll bars 13 and 1'7 contribute toward the transverse balance or equilibrium of the pneumatic suspension in accordance with the principle disclosed in said French patent to Messier, namely that if one of the cylinders undergoes with respect to its piston a certain relative displacement different from that undergone by the other cylinder with respect to its piston of the same set of wheelswhich tends to incline the suspended mass to one side or the otherthe elastic torsion of the anti-roll bar tends to reestablish the equilibrium, the pressures of the corresponding air cushions being balanced by the conduits 7 or 8, at any rate in the first operational stage.
  • the automatic level control is realized in accordance with the known method of introducing in the cylinders 5 and 6 a liquid separated from the air cushions 1 and 2 by a movable or deformable separator such as a diaphragm 1a, 2a, and connecting to the cylinders 5 or 6 of each pneumatic supporting element at two different levels of the space containing the liquid, a conduit in constant communication with the outlet of a continuously operating liquid pump 20 and a conduit in intermittent communication with a reservoir of liquid communicating with the exterior air, such as 21, this intermittent communication being controlled by the piston 3 or 4 of the supporting elements A, A or B, B itself, which insures an automatic control of the level as disclosed in said US. patent.
  • a movable or deformable separator such as a diaphragm 1a, 2a
  • An important feature of the invention resides in the fact of utilizing the displacements of the liquid between the pump and the cylinders of the supporting elements to create an automatic return etfect of the suspended mass in the case of a tilt of large magnitude, the anti-roll bars participating in this function only in respect of a roll of small amplitude.
  • the lower connections 31 of the cylinders 5 are interconnected by a conduit 32 connected to a common conduit 33 in turn connected to the low-pressure collector conduit 27.
  • the upper connections 34 of the cylinders 5 are interconnected by the intercommunication conduit 7 which is connected to a common conduit 35 itself connected to the highpressure collector conduit 30.
  • connection 28 of the supporting elements B, B communicate with the annular compartment 6 of the cylinder 6 which is separated from the latter by a sleeve 36, this sleeve being isolated at its base from said cylinder by a sealing joint 37 and communicating at its upper part with said cylinder by Way of the valved orifices pertaining to the hydraulic damper 23 which permit the flow of the liquid to the air cushions 2 through a large orifice 38 whereas the flow of the liquid in the opposite direction through the orifice 38 is damped by the valved orifices of the hydraulic damper 23 which allow this reverse flow.
  • the springs of the valves are calibrated in such manner as to provide a selective damping of the flow of the liquid in both directions in the known manher.
  • the intercommunication conduit 8 is connected to the common conduit 29 through the medium of a stop-valve housing 39 the valve 40 of which permits the flow of the liquid from the conduit 29 to the two branches of the conduit 8 but prevents the flow of the liquid in the opposite direction.
  • valve housing Disposed on both sides of the valve housing are two calibrated orifices or restricted passageways 41, 42 in the form of apertured diaphragms the anti-tilt effect of which will be explained hereinafter.
  • FIG. 2 shows a practical embodiment of this arrangement in which the diaphragm jets 41, 42 and the valve 40 are combined in a single unit in the form of a T- shaped coupling.
  • the screws 47, 48 couple the body 39a to the two portions of the conduit 8 and the coupling screw 45 couples this housing to the conduit 29.
  • the arrangement is similar as concerns the supporting elements A, A, except that it is necessary to take into account the space available for these elements and their adaptation to the steering wheels.
  • the connection of the supporting elements A, A to the suspended and unsuspended masses of the vehicle is reversed with respect to that of the supporting elements B, B.
  • the chamber containing the air cushion 1 is disposed the other way round to the chamber containing the air cushion 2 so that it is surmounted by the damper 22 and the piston 3 extends into the cylinder through the upper end of the latter.
  • the piston 4- of the elements B, B is preferably closed at its upper part by a disc 4% in order to reduce the amount of oil stored in the elements 13, B
  • the piston 3 of the elements A, A is constituted by a hollow plunger which is open at its lower part and which, in moving with respect to the orifice 5'9 of a jet 51 mounted in a sleeve 52 constituting a part of the wall of the cylinder, controls the intermittent communication between the cylinder and the low-pressure reservoir.
  • the volumetric pump 20 exactly compensates the escape of liquid by way of the conduit 25 and the pressure of the air cushion remains constant.
  • the drop in the pressure in the cylinder caused by the uncovering of the orifice 24a reduces the pressure in the supporting element and the air in the cushion 2 expands.
  • the conduit 8 initially performs its function of balancing the pressures between the two air cushions 2 whereas the anti-roll bar 13 intervenes owing to its torsional elasticityto reestablish the equilibrium by exerting a torque which tends to draw the piston 4 outwardly of the cylinder 6 of the element B and to push the piston 4 inwardly of the cylinder 6 of the element B.
  • the torsion bar is sufiicient in re-establishing the equilibrium, its elastic reaction being proportional to the angle of torsion. It will be observed that in this situation the pressure is equal in the two air cushions of the same set of wheels as occurs in the Messier arrangement mentioned hereinbefore.
  • the volumetric pump 2t can be of any known type and, if desired, in the form of a pair of pumps, one pump being supplied for each axle.
  • This flow distributor can be of any known commercially available type.
  • the pump can be controlled by a camshaft 54, for example driven by the motor of the vehicle, the cam of which actuates the driving element 56 of the pump.
  • the pump is preferably associated, as are most volumetric pumps, with an antihammer chamber 57 having an air cushion 55 of small capacity.
  • this chamber could have a capacity of 50 cm. (in comparison, the capacity of the chamber of each of the supporting elements enclosing an air cushion 1 or 2 would be about 1000 cmfi).
  • the outlet and inlet sides of the pump could be interconnected by a by-pass conduit 59 in which is inserted a safety valve 60.
  • the inlet pipe of the pump 20 advantageously includes an apertured diaphragm 2% which restricts the delivery of the pump to a maximum irrespective of the operational speed.
  • stop valves 4i tend to maintain the pressure on the downstream side in the supporting elements but that the seal obtained by the masking of the orifices 24a and 50 by the pistons 4 and 3 is not perfect owing to the necessary operational clearances, so that if the vehicle is stationary with the pump stopped during several hours leakage of liquid occurs, the pressure tends to drop and the suspended mass tends to sink.
  • This sinking is restricted by the toroidal sealing rings or the like 61 and 62 disposed in such manner as to pro ject from the wall of the cylinders of the elements A, A and B, B a little beyond the orifices 59 and 24a in the direction in which the pistons move into the cylinders, said pistons abutting against these rings in a perfectly iluidtight manner for a slight sinking of the suspended mass.
  • This slight sinking is taken up or compensated for in a few seconds as soon as the pump has been started up, since the volume of liquid necessary is very small.
  • the mounting of the sealing rings 62 of the elements B, B is effected as described in said US. Patent No. 3,088,726. The mounting of the sealing rings 61 will be described hereinafter.
  • the mounting of the supporting elements B, B in respect of wheels which are not steering wheels presents no particular problem. It is achieved preferably with interposition between the cylinder 6 and the vehicle body 9 of a rubber joint 63 and between the piston 4 and the axle 10 of a rubber joint 64.
  • the kinematic linkage connection between the suppor ing elements and the suspended mass comprises for example two pairs of members 87, 63 disposed in the form of a V and whose apex is connected to the base of the supporting element A, A and whose opposite ends comprise elements 69, 7t articulated to the suspended mass for pivotal motion about axes xx, .r'x' which are :arallcl with the longitudinal axis of the vehicle. It is advantageous to arrange that the articulation 65 of the forward member have a slight flexibility and that the connection '77. between the two members also have a certain flexibility, afforded for example by the interposition of rubber joints.
  • the piston 3 of the supporting element A or A is connected to the vehicle body 12 by an elastic joint 73 so as to take into account the variations in the inclination of the supporting element which constitutes one side of variable length of a triangulated system comprising the members 67, 68 and the vehicle body.
  • the brake plate 77 (FIG. 3) is rigid with the cylinder of the supporting element and, on braking, a large torque tends to swing the supporting element in a plane perpendicular to tiat of PEG. 3.
  • the braking forces tend to bend the supporting elements and cause the piston to jam in its cylinder.
  • the cylinder 5 is divided into two parts and consists of, on the one hand, a lower sleeve 52 carrying the jet 51 and the sealing ring 61 clampe between the lower end of this sleeve 52 and a cylinder 73 closed at its lower end, and, on the other hand, an upper sleeve 79 surrounding the system with a slight clearance but having at its ends bushings 8% and S1 of anti-friction material in which the piston 3 has a slide fit.
  • the sleeve 79 is fitted without clearance in the outer tubular body 82 of the supporting element whereas the lower sleeve 52 and the cylinder 78 are mounted to float therein owing to provision of a spherical bearing face of a flange 83 in the sleeve 52 (see FIG. 4) engaged with an anti-friction spherical faced bushing 34 in the body 82.
  • the centre 0 of the spherical bearing face is located substantially in the middle of the sleeve 30.
  • Sealing means 85 at the upper part of the body 8?. bears in a fluidtight manner against the piston 3.
  • the inside of the body 32 communicates with the low pressure reservoir by way of the connection 31.
  • the stub axle 11, the steering arm 65 and the brake plate 77 are rigid with the tubular body 82 which can turn about the piston 3 owing to the fact that its base is 9 connected to the apex of the V-shaped member 67, 63 by a swivel bearing 86.
  • a vehicle pneumatic suspension as claimed in claim 1 comprising a body having a first bore communicating with the outlet of the liquid pump, a stop valve in said first bore, and a second and a third bore communicating with said first bore and, respectively with each of the highpressure conduit means of said cylinders, said thin wall, being arranged in said second and third bores, respectively.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Vehicle Body Suspensions (AREA)
US182443A 1961-04-04 1962-03-26 Balanced pneumatic suspensions including an automatic level control Expired - Lifetime US3156481A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR857675A FR1293578A (fr) 1961-04-04 1961-04-04 Perfectionnement aux suspensions pneumatiques équilibrées à maintien automatique de la garde au sol

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DE (1) DE1430297B (de)
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GB (1) GB978944A (de)

Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3288486A (en) * 1963-05-11 1966-11-29 Fr D Entretien Et De Reparatio Vehicle suspension systems
US3309108A (en) * 1963-07-31 1967-03-14 Girling Ltd Vehicle suspension systems
US3346272A (en) * 1965-10-14 1967-10-10 Monroe Auto Equipment Co Vehicle suspension device
US3380748A (en) * 1966-06-03 1968-04-30 American Coleman Company Hydraulic suspension system for motor vehicles
US3466055A (en) * 1967-03-22 1969-09-09 Monroe Belgium Nv Vehicle leveling system
US3563565A (en) * 1967-07-03 1971-02-16 Roberto Perlini Telescope suspension for independent wheels of vehicles
US3612204A (en) * 1968-04-05 1971-10-12 Rolls Royce Vehicle wheel suspension
US3643970A (en) * 1969-05-14 1972-02-22 Poclain Sa Lockable suspension for vehicles
JPS5174952U (de) * 1974-12-10 1976-06-12
US4236726A (en) * 1977-08-09 1980-12-02 Henter Jr Theodore C Hydraulic suspension system for an individual vehicle wheel
USRE31212E (en) * 1967-03-06 1983-04-19 Monroe Auto Equipment Company Vehicle suspension device
US4673193A (en) * 1984-05-22 1987-06-16 Mitsubishi Jidosha Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Vehicle suspension apparatus
US6073714A (en) * 1999-02-25 2000-06-13 Freightliner Corporation Vehicle cab suspension system
US9475357B1 (en) * 2015-04-13 2016-10-25 Reyco Granning, Llc Strut and air spring IFS assembly maximizing available steering knuckle wheel cut
US9475354B1 (en) * 2015-04-13 2016-10-25 Reyco Granning, Llc IFS including strut pivotally secured to chassis with clevis ring
US9550401B2 (en) 2015-04-13 2017-01-24 Reyco Granning, Llc IFS including strut pivotally secured to chassis through torque tube assembly
US9550402B2 (en) 2015-04-13 2017-01-24 Reyco Granning, Llc Independent front suspension module for installation into a vehicle
US9676240B2 (en) * 2015-04-13 2017-06-13 Reyco Granning, Llc IFS including control arm and strut supported by steering knuckle load arm

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL7810749A (nl) * 1977-11-04 1979-05-08 Girling Ltd Ondersteuningseenheid voor voertuig.
FR2465604A1 (fr) * 1979-09-20 1981-03-27 Citroen Sa Suspension a jambe telescopique oscillante pour roue de vehicule
CH672615A5 (de) * 1987-02-12 1989-12-15 Walter Baiker Dipl Ing
DE4222688C1 (de) * 1992-07-10 1993-12-16 Porsche Ag Hydropneumatisches Feder-Dämpfer-System für Fahrzeuge
CN115506962B (zh) * 2022-09-28 2023-07-04 南通大学 一种用于海面的波浪能风能复合发电装置

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH96115A (fr) * 1920-02-10 1922-09-16 Messier George Louis Rene Jean Véhicule automobile avec suspension pneumatique.
GB280547A (en) * 1926-11-09 1928-05-10 George Louis Rene Jean Messier Improvements in or relating to suspension systems for vehicles
US1861821A (en) * 1929-11-29 1932-06-07 Schaum Fletcher Suspension for automobiles

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH96115A (fr) * 1920-02-10 1922-09-16 Messier George Louis Rene Jean Véhicule automobile avec suspension pneumatique.
GB280547A (en) * 1926-11-09 1928-05-10 George Louis Rene Jean Messier Improvements in or relating to suspension systems for vehicles
US1861821A (en) * 1929-11-29 1932-06-07 Schaum Fletcher Suspension for automobiles

Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3288486A (en) * 1963-05-11 1966-11-29 Fr D Entretien Et De Reparatio Vehicle suspension systems
US3309108A (en) * 1963-07-31 1967-03-14 Girling Ltd Vehicle suspension systems
US3346272A (en) * 1965-10-14 1967-10-10 Monroe Auto Equipment Co Vehicle suspension device
US3380748A (en) * 1966-06-03 1968-04-30 American Coleman Company Hydraulic suspension system for motor vehicles
USRE31212E (en) * 1967-03-06 1983-04-19 Monroe Auto Equipment Company Vehicle suspension device
US3466055A (en) * 1967-03-22 1969-09-09 Monroe Belgium Nv Vehicle leveling system
US3563565A (en) * 1967-07-03 1971-02-16 Roberto Perlini Telescope suspension for independent wheels of vehicles
US3612204A (en) * 1968-04-05 1971-10-12 Rolls Royce Vehicle wheel suspension
US3643970A (en) * 1969-05-14 1972-02-22 Poclain Sa Lockable suspension for vehicles
JPS5174952U (de) * 1974-12-10 1976-06-12
JPS5539157Y2 (de) * 1974-12-10 1980-09-12
US4236726A (en) * 1977-08-09 1980-12-02 Henter Jr Theodore C Hydraulic suspension system for an individual vehicle wheel
US4673193A (en) * 1984-05-22 1987-06-16 Mitsubishi Jidosha Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Vehicle suspension apparatus
US6073714A (en) * 1999-02-25 2000-06-13 Freightliner Corporation Vehicle cab suspension system
US9475357B1 (en) * 2015-04-13 2016-10-25 Reyco Granning, Llc Strut and air spring IFS assembly maximizing available steering knuckle wheel cut
US9475354B1 (en) * 2015-04-13 2016-10-25 Reyco Granning, Llc IFS including strut pivotally secured to chassis with clevis ring
US9550401B2 (en) 2015-04-13 2017-01-24 Reyco Granning, Llc IFS including strut pivotally secured to chassis through torque tube assembly
US9550402B2 (en) 2015-04-13 2017-01-24 Reyco Granning, Llc Independent front suspension module for installation into a vehicle
US9676240B2 (en) * 2015-04-13 2017-06-13 Reyco Granning, Llc IFS including control arm and strut supported by steering knuckle load arm

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR1293578A (fr) 1962-05-18
DE1430297B (de) 1971-08-26
GB978944A (en) 1965-01-01

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